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CULTUROLOGY - Gritsenko TB

Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo

Serednovіchchya target svoї osoblivі FORMS hudozhnogo virazhennya scho vіdpovіdali svіtoglyadu danoї Epoch. Mistetstvo Bulo one іz zasobіv osyagnennya absolyutnoї іdeї, bozhestvennoї іstini. Tom Yomou harakternі takі RISS, yak simvolіzm that alegorichnіst. Serednovіchne Mistetstvo Bulo relіgіyne, oskіlki formuvalos in sferі relіgіynogo mislennya. Yak church, so i svіtske Mistetstvo tsogo perіodu, Bulo єdinim for style, yaky digit mіroyu, viznachavsya vchennyam Christianity, yogo representations to svitu. HEAD zavdannyam Mistetstvo Bulo vtіlennya divine.

Serednovіchne Mistetstvo podіlu did not know at that profesіyne nationalities. Pam'yatki Mistetstvo stvoryuvali bezіmennі Maistre, scho boule remіsnikami. Maistre, scho zvodili Cathedral, pragnuli Show's World at Yogo bagatogrannostі that zavershenіy garmonіynіy єdnostі. Namagannya Know Pevnyi zakonomіrnіst tsіlіsnostі svitu spawned fun- ієrarhії scho viznachali character arhіtekturi that Mistetstvo, spіvvіdnoshennya their structural i kompozitsіynih elementіv.

Serednovіchnі Cathedral boule svoєrіdnimi kam'yanimi entsiklopedіyami unіversalnih knowledge "bіblіynim svіtom" and for bіlsh osvіchenih glyadachіv stink sluguvali vtіlennyam hristiyanskih dogmas that uyavlen about Svit ..

Romansky style. Romansky style panuvav in serednovіchnomu mistetstvі h X on the XIII century. At that hour serednovіchnі powers boule okremih conglomerates, closed-loop i vіchno voroguyuchih feodіv (pomіst). Tom romanske Mistetstvo Bulo proynyate spirit voyovnichostі that samozahistu.

The main type of Mistetstvo in romansky perіod Bula architecture. Її mozhna nazvati Religious, to scho bula Tserkva bunt zamovnikom shedevrіv Mistetstvo. Vazhlivim arhіtekturnim zavdannyam it was stvorennya kam'yanogo monastirskogo temple, yaky bi zadovolnyav vimogi tserkovnoї service. Romanska ecclesiastical architecture relies on dosyagnennya karolіnzkogo perіodu i rozvivalasya pid vplivom ancient, sіrіyskogo, vіzantіyskogo that Arabic Mistetstvo. Headache type temple has been viewed bazilіka, ale vzhe uniquely uskladnena in planі that kompozitsії. Vnutrіshnya Chastina temple prikrashalasya monumental rozpisami - frescoes.

Golovnі velikі budіvlі - tse-fortetsі locks, abo Temple fortetsі. Pong boule kam'yanі, tovstostіnnі Zi zvodami, simply that Suvorov zovnі. Form romanskoї kultovoї arhіtekturi (velikі ploschini) spriyali rozvitku monumental painting, scho protsvіtav s XI century. For romanskogo style harakternі prostі vertikalnі that gorizontalnі lіnії, napіvtsirkulyarnі vіkonnі that dvernі arches, arcades. Vіzualno stink viglyadali dosit vuzkimi. Takі RISS slapped temple viglyad velichnostі that suvorostі.

Novim in evolyutsії hristiyanskogo temple has become appeared sculptures on the facade of church budіvel. Postupovo vіdrodzhuvalos Mistetstvo kam'yanoї monumentalnoї Sculpture formі relєfa on ploschinі. Romanska sculpture dosit virazna. Fіguri rіznі for rozmіrom, rozmіschenі in furrows vertikalnoї poverhnі have strictly ієrarhіchnomu order. Christ zavzhdi bіlshy for angelіv i apostolіv, SSMSC in its Cherga, bіlshі for mere mortals. Lyudskі fіguri vtrachayut materіalnіst, ob'єmnіst Virage little proportsії vіlnі, odyag spadaє folds, scho nagaduyut ornament shaped stvoryuyuchi dekorativnіst.

For romanskogo Mistetstvo characteristic zvernennya to vsogo nezvichnogo, fabulous. Tse іstot The images have yakih poєdnuyutsya fіguri zvіrіv, ptahіv, Helsinki Human. They prostezhuyutsya vestiges of folk uyavlen Epoch barbarism.

In Zahіdnіy Єvropі skulpturnі create, in the main, vigotovlyalisya perevazhno іz stone that pіschaniku in Іtalії - s Marmur. Poshirenim Bulo Litta s bronze sculpture of rіzblennya s tree.

Pam'yatkami romanskogo architecture Je mіskі Cathedral in Vormsі, Shpeyєrі that Mayntsі (Zittau), Cathedral of Notre-Dame la Grande at Puatє Cathedral, Tuluzі, Orsivalі, Arlі, Velezі (Frantsіya) Cathedral in Oksfordі, Vіnchesterі, Norichі, Daremі ( Velikobritanіya) that in іnshih єvropeyskih kraїnah.

Gothic Mistetstvo. Termіn "gothic" Winick in Іtalії in Epoch Renaissance. In bіlshostі єvropeyskih kraїn rozkvіt Gothic pripadaє to XIII-XIV Art. Tse LUVs hour strіmkogo growth that protsvіtannya mіst.Tomu in mistetstvі Gothic feudal Some of the elements of order s posilyuyutsya RISS culture burghers. HEAD Creator gotichnoї culture boule vzhe not monastirskі and svіtskі Maistre. Tom for gothic Mistetstvo harakternі Dvi RISS, scho yogo vіdrіznyayut od romanskogo - posilennya ratsіonalіzmu that realіstichnih tendentsіy.

Architecture nezmіnno zalishalas Basics serednovіchnogo Mistetstvo synthesis. On vіdmіnu od romanskogo, gothic cathedral neosyazhny often asymmetry indices, spryamovany Vgoru. Framing system gotichnoї arhіtekturi (strіlchastі arches, scho opirayutsya on stovpi; Side rozpіr hrestovih zvodіv, vikladenih on the ribs, on the flying buttresses buttresses peredaєtsya) has allowed buduvati duzhe visokі that velikі іnter'єri soborіv, prorіzati stіni temple vіknami s bagatokolorovimi vіtrazhami. Spryamovanіst cathedral in visochinu zumovlena veletenskimi fishnet vezhami, strіlchastimi vіknami that portals vignutimi statues, folding patterns.

In Obrazotvorche gothic mistetstvі Especially values ​​nalezhit skulpturі scho rozvivalas in tіsnomu zv'yazku s arhіtekturoyu. Golovnі RISS, scho harakterizuyut gothic sculpture takі: for au-Perche, perehіd od abstract beginning, hudozhnіy kontseptsії to yavisch real svitu, domіnuvannya relіgіynoї subjects, forms yakoї zmіnyuyutsya, nadіlyayutsya risami glibokoї lyudyanostі, posilennya rolі svіtskih syuzhetіv i appears the portrait. Other osoblivіstyu Yea those scho relєf zalishaєtsya in mistetstvі gothic, ale bunt views Sculptures staє circular plastic Pershi pam'yatki yakoї z'yavilisya seredinі in Article XII.

Vibіr syuzhetіv i rozmіschennya The images reglamentuvali rules vstanovlenі Church. Sukupnіst still images on the facades rozpodіl їh soborіv vіdbivali system relіgіynogo svіtorozumіnnya Epoch. Sculpture gothic hramі prisutnya skrіz - on walls, cornices, portals, galleries that kapіtelyah columns, pid zvodami drops on gvintovih skhіdtsyah on vodogіnnih pipes on consoles that іnshih mіstsyah. Napriklad, Leather іz frantsuzkih soborіv in Shartrі, Am'єnі that Reymsі narahovuє blizko tisyach dvoh sculptural tvorіv * 18.

* 18: {Shcho? Yak? Chomu? Svit Mistetstvo. Kharkiv. - UFMMS, 1999. - S. 77.}

Svoєyu mogutnіstyu that fantazієyu vrazhayut skulpturnі The images Parizkoї Bogomaterі Cathedral (Notre-Dame-de-Parі) Reymskogo that Shartrskogo soborіv in Frantsії, Kelnskogo cathedral in Nіmechchinі, Kenterberіyskogo Cathedral is the cathedral Vestmіnsterskogo abatstva in Anglії that INSHI.

Prefab konstruktsіya gothic cathedral spriyala vitіsnennyu ploschini stіn great vіkonnimi prorіzami, to monumental fresco postupaєtsya mіstsem Mistetstvo vіtrazha. Vіtrazh -ornamentalna abo storylines decorative kompozitsіya (vіkno) The images have yakіy skladaєtsya іz shmatochkіv kolorovogo skla, scho z'єdnuyutsya mіzh him vuzkimi svintsevimi partitions. Trimaєtsya vіtrazh on zalіznіy armaturі scho zakrіplena in kam'yanih embrasures that spletіnnyah vіkonnih prorіzіv. Zvichaynimi plots for vіtrazhіv boule scene іz that old New Zapovіtu, zhitіya saints, and takozh The image of the Last Court. Characteristically vіknom in gothic soborі Bula is round "Troyanda" over the central portal, yak rule, viglyadі ornamental vіtrazhu.

Pam'yatkami gothic architecture Je Notre Dame Cathedral in Parizhі, churches that have Reymsі Am'єnі (Frantsіya) Cathedral in Kelnі (Zittau), Vestmіnsterske abatstvo in Londonі (Velikobritanіya) ST. Stefan in Vіdnі (Avstrіya) kostoli Dіvi Marії in Gdansk i Krakovі (Poland) that INSHI.

Painting rozvivavsya perevazhno not formі nastіnnih rozpisіv, and the head rank in mіnіatyurah rukopisіv that in rozpisah vіvtarіv.

Yaskravim butt gothic paintings serve rozpis deyakih soborіv Chehії de vtіlilis samobutnі natsіonalnі that realіstichnі RISS Mistetstvo of perіodu.

Rіst duhovnoї that materіalnoї culture, rozvitok knowledge posilen іnteres to іlyustrovanoї books, yak prikrashalasya mіnіatyurami - The images in the picturesque viglyadі savers on all abo storіnku. Mistetstvo knizhkovoї mіnіatyuri dosit Shvydko rozvivalos that vdoskonalyuvalos. Bagatstvo that garmonіynіst decorated storіnok, de text іnіtsіali that іlyustratsіya reachable organіchnogo poєdnannya, robili gothic great book Nagybanya. Okrіm Mystetskyi value іlyustrovanі rukopisnі book boule Jerel іstorichnih that kulturologіchnih knowledge. So, polsky manuscript "The Book of Crafts" (XVI century). Beautiful zhivih that viraznih kompozitsіyah zobrazhuє Kartini pratsі kozhum'yak, bondarіv, kovalіv, kravtsіv, shevtsіv.

Іlyustruvalisya bogosluzhebnі yak, so i book svіtskogo nature. Napriklad, znamenitі frantsuzkі "velikі hronіchki" predstavlyayut have pictures all іstorіyu Frantsії, pochinayuchi s Merovіngіv and nіmetska book lovingly pіsen "manuscript MAPESS" (XIV century). Je Obrazotvorche lіtopisom "courtly" pobutu, s turnіrami, polyuvannyami, deeds to honor " prekrasnoї rows. " Especially tsіnnimi Je Keltskі manuscript Yakima characterized Visoka hudozhnya maysternіst that viraznіst. Tse - Bіblіya Darrow Єvangelіє Lіndisfarna that Bіblіya Kells * 19.

* 19: {Becket B. history of painting. - M .: "Astrel" Publishing House, 2003. - S. 30.}

Zagalom Obrazotvorche ozdoblennya gothic soborіv (statuї, relєfi, vіtrazhі that vіvtarny painting) vіdіgravalo role obraznoї serednovіchnih bogoslovskih Encyclopedia of Knowledge. Tsіkavo, scho in cutaneous soborі domіnuvala yakas okrema topic. Parizky - prisvyachuvavsya Bozhіy Materі i vsomu scho s pov'yazano her. Am'єnsky s Cathedral fіgurami prorokіv on fasadі, virazhav іdeyu mesіanstva. In Reymskomu soborі Especially role vіdvedena portraits frantsuzkih korolіv.

Sort order tsimi s subjects, from cathedrals znayshli Location INSHI The image is the motive. Napriklad, Scene i remіsnichih sіlskih robіt, kovalіv The images, sіyachіv, budіvelnikіv. Poyasnyuvalosya Tse note scho Prace sent lyudinі God for spokutu grіhіv Alegorії grіhіv that grіhovnih addicted zobrazhalisya in viglyadі chimeras yazichnitskih potvor. The images that zvіrіv Roslyn uosoblyuvali's World Nature, stvoreny in Pershi dnі tvorіnnya.

Often gotichnі Cathedral prikrashali The images zhonglerіv, muzikantіv tantsyuristіv i have yakih vіdbilis Folk kumednі vistavi, scho boule in serednі vіki dosit poshirenimi. Gothic architecture demonstruє Nadzvychaina sytuatsia organіchne poєdnannya crafts i Mistetstvo that doskonalіst forms i synthesis Mistetstvo.

Gothic Cathedral - tse tsіly's World, currently in scho uvіbrav Zhittya serednovіchnogo Mista. Sort order s Town Hall, vіn CCB center zoseredzhennya usogo suspіlnogo Zhittya. Gothic Mistetstvo volodіє viraznoyu great power. Napruzhennya mental strength, scho zakarbovane on oblichchyah that fіgurah, stvoryuє vrazhennya Bazhannya zvіlnitisya od plotі that dosyagti potustoronnіh taїn Butt. In tsomu mistetstvі Absent Spock, prosperity, vono proynyate sum'yattyam, temple spirituality porivom. Beauty gotichnoї Sculpture - tse tvorіnnya spirit Poshuk that Borotba s Plott.

Gothic Mistetstvo Bulo perevazhno cult that rozvivalosya within feudal relіgіynoї іdeologії. In nomu vіdbilosya formuvannya natsіonalnih powers zmіtsnennya mіst i mіskih trading that remіsnichih kіl.

Musica. Great role in muzichnomu zhittі kraїn Zahіdnoї Єvropi zіgrala katolitska Roman Church, yak vikoristovuvala emotsіynu force muzichnogo Mistetstvo for vplivu parishioners. Style tserkovnoї katolitskoї muzyky sformuvavsya from IV - VII Art. not. Namagannya church vіddіliti tserkovnі naspіvi od mirskogo Zhittya spawned TAKE yavische at church zhittі, yak Grigorіansky spіv. Code pid titles "Grigorіansky antifonarіy" mіstiv zіbrannya naspіvіv church choirs, the basis for yakih Bula Bіblіya. Grigorіanskomu spіvu harakternі suvorіst, strimanіst melodії, pіdporyadkuvannya text. Vіn Je Sotho odnogolosyj, vikonuєtsya tіlki cholovіchim unіson in unison.

Naydavnіshim view Grigorіanskogo spіvu Je psalmodіya, yak hristiyanska Tserkva vvazhala molitovnim spіvom scho naybіlshe vіdpovіdav mіstichnomu spirit of church ritual.

H hour rіznі Vidi Grigorіanskogo spіvu ob'єdnalisya from impurity - tsiklіchnі vokalnі abo vocal іnstrumentalnі relіgіynogo do the first character, scho vikonuvalis latinskoyu movoyu. Simvolіchny zmіst months pov'yazany s rite "peretvorennya hlіba wine i have i tіlo Іsusa shelter." In Article IX. on osnovі Grigorіanskogo spіvu vinikayut Pershi rіnnі form of church profesіynogo bahatoholossja - organum i treble. W rozvitkom bahatoholossja religious values ​​in nomu Grigorіanskogo spіvu zmenshuєtsya, once s note, Grigorіanskі melodії vikoristovuvalis yak tematichnost basis bagatoh spirituality tvorіv

At the same hour Tsei z'yavlyayutsya novі muzichnі form of "antigrigorіanskih techіy", scho was svoєrіdnim blow to tserkovnіy іdeologії s side narodnoї tvorchostі. Tse - gіmni, SSMSC, porіvnyano іz psalmodієyu, boules bіlsh melodіyno rozvinenі i structurally dovershenі. Pisni-gіmni postupovo steel vikonuvatis The Church parishioners have usіma viglyadі іntermedіy (inserts). Slіdom for gіmnami z'yavilisya sekventsії (іmprovіzatsіyno - poetichnі insert yakimi prikrashavsya Old molitovny text), trail (insert-dіalogi) i teatralіzovanі lіturgіynі drama.

Zanepad monastirskoї that litsarskoї culture spriyav Transferred muzichnogo Zhittya to mіst - tsentrіv ekonomіchnogo, polіtichnogo that cultural Zhittya de skladavsya new muzichny pobut i tvorchіst. Centers muzichnogo Zhittya in Zahіdnіy Єvropі boule Іtalіya, Frantsіya that Іspanіya. Muzichna tvorchіst vіdtvoryuvala mіske Zhittya, Povny protirіch that konflіktіv mіzh aristokratієyu i burzhuazієyu, mіzh Bhagat burghers i mіskoyu bіdnotoyu. In korolіvskih, knyazіvskih i єpiskopskih yards vіdіgravala arts and music will zveselyayuchu that polіtiko-demonstrative role. Їm protistoyalo Narodne Mistetstvo zhonglerіv, shpіlmanіv, gіstrіonіv, SSMSC obslugovuvali people at fairs, festivals, funerals vesіllyah i. Sort order іz rozvazhalnimi pіsnyami stink vikonuvali pisni-satire pisni protest pisni insurrection Vlad Bhagat i clergy.

Osoblivostі hudozhnogo rozvitku in serednі vіki viznachalisya tіsnim zv'yazkom s relіgієyu, more self svіtoglyad serednovіchchya CCB perevazhno teologіchnim, scho bula Tserkva bunt zamovnikom tvorіv Mistetstvo and clergy - єdinim osvіchenim Klas. Zaluchiti dwellers to vіri, churches vikoristovuvala Mistetstvo power and representation to Demba Bulo Takeo Well, yak to the scriptures. All serednovіchna small culture center svoїm relіgіyny іdeal i Navkolo Demba rozvivalasya. Together s note Mistetstvo Bulo Duzhe blizke to narodnoї tvorchostі.

Culture Serednovіchchya scho proіsnuvala tisyach rokіv spawned novі іdeї that way, novі estetichnі іdeali that novі hudozhnі form. Nadihayuchis the spirit of Christianity, Mistetstvo tsogo hour gliboko penetrated in Helsinki Human vnutrіshnіy's World. I Mislitelі artists pragnuli garmonії, zamislyuvalis over vlashtuvannyam svitu. Creators of the cultural shedevrіv boule prostі Maistre, scho umіli vіdtvoriti bagatstvo vnutrіshnogo svitu Helsinki Human, її dushevnі porivi.

Serednovіchna culture dosit rіznomanіtna, їy harakternі vnutrіshnі protirіchchya, Won arrogant rozkvіtu i zanepadu. Together s note, їy vlastiva іdeyna, that spiritual hudozhnya tsіlіsnіst scho viznachalas іstorichnoyu realnіstyu, yak was in її osnovі.

Zapitannya for self-control

Jake values ​​Somalia antichnі vplivi Serednovіchchya on culture?

Shcho typical for rozvitku culture in the Renaissance Epoch Karolіnzkogo?

Scho Bulo typical for svіtoglyadu Serednіh vіkіv?

Shcho Takeo scholasticism in chomu її zavdannya?

SSMSC harakternі osoblivostі pritamannі serednovіchnіy osvіtі?

Yaka system osvіti іsnuvala in serednovіchnіy Єvropі?

Yak rozvivalisya naukovі knowledge of Serednі vіki?

Shcho Takeo litsarska culture?

Shcho propovіduvali litsarskі spіvaki-sung?

SSMSC RISS harakternі for rozvitku culture serednovіchnogo Mista?

Hto CCB nosієm carnival holy in perіod Serednovіchchya?

12. SSMSC harakternі Find our Grigorіanskogo spіvu?

13. Yaku bunt funktsіyu vikonuvalo serednovіchne Mistetstvo?

14. SSMSC stilovі osoblivostі romanskogo temple?

15. SSMSC stilovі osoblivostі gothic temple?

16. SSMSC RISS harakternі for romanskogo Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo?

17. SSMSC RISS harakternі for gothic Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo?

18. Jake Location posіdaє culture Serednovіchchya in svіtovіy kulturі?