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CULTUROLOGY - Gritsenko TB

7.3. Revolution is the osnovnі Ambush Prosvіtnitstva

The turning point in іstorії lyudstva vvazhaєtsya XVIII century., If rozgornuvsya іntelektualny sotsіalno polіtichny-ruh, yaky named Prosvіtnitstvom. Termіn "prosvіtnitstvo" vikoristovuyut Voltaire, Herder, residually Well vіn zakrіplyuєtsya pіslya stattі І.Kanta "Shcho Takeo Prosvіtnitstvo?" (1874). Prosvіtnitstvo - yavishe dosit Folding i bagatogranne. In broad znachennі pid CIM termіnom rozumіyut prosvіtu wide verstv population priluchennya їh to culture, science, Mistetstvo. In vuzhchomu, іstoriko-cultural znachennі Tsey termіn vikoristovuєtsya for the aforesaid іdeynogo Ruhu scho rozgornuvsya in kraїnah Єvropi pid extinguished podolannya zakosnіlih forms sotsіalno-polіtichnogo, sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo i sotsіokulturnogo Zhittya in іm'ya іdeї vsebіchnogo sotsіalnogo Progreso. In the XVII century. by vsіy kulturі Єvropi poznachivsya prosvіtnitsky vpliv, yaky viyavivsya in prischeplennі єvropeyskіy kulturі іdeologії postіynogo sotsіalnogo Progreso. In XVIIІ Art. vono postupovo ohopilo OAO All Kraina continent ale Wink them іz rіznoyu masshtabnіstyu th radikalnіstyu scho stale, nasampered, od sotsіalno-polіtichnogo encampments tієї abo іnshoї Kraina.

Hronologіchno - tse priblizno other half of XVII - XVIII Art. Perіod harakterizuєtsya away zrostannyam i zmіtsnennyam natsіonalnih powers Єvropi, dokorіnnimi ekonomіchnimi zrushennyami, burhlivim rozvitkom promislovostі that napruzhenimi sotsіalnimi konflіktami.

Batkіvschinoyu Prosvіtnitstva vvazhaєtsya Anglіya de drugіy polovinі in the XVII century. pid vplivom burzhuaznoї revolyutsії born bagato іdey Specific to vsієї Epoch Prosvіtnitstva. Svoge rozkvіtu Prosvіtnitstvo dosyagaє seredinі in the XVIII century, and the completion of the bourgeois Prosvіtnitstva became Frantsuzka revolyutsіya, on banners yakoї boule napisanі yogo died out:. Freedom rіvnіst i braterstvo.

Rozvitok culture in okremih kraїnah amerikanskogo continent at the XVIII century. vіdbuvaєtsya in the minds vinyatkovih kontrastіv. Far vzhe bula "Epoch vіdkrittіv" pіdholiv to kіntsya "kolonіalny perіod". In two ostannі desyatilіttya XVIII century. Pіvnіchna, Central America experienced i Pivdenna seryoznі polіtichnі podії. Perche in niztsі numerical natsіonalno-vizvolnih ruhіv boule revolyutsіynі insurrection in trinadtsyati anglіyskih kolonіyah (1776-1789) i have frantsuzkіy kolonії Gaїtі (1790-1803).

Out processes vizvolnogo Ruhu scho uvіnchuvav tsі th INSHI podіbnі has acted, ohopiv Spoluchenі States, іspanskі kolonії, Brazilіyu. Pid vplivom іdey Velikoї frantsuzkoї revolyutsії amerikanska revolyutsіya guilty bula vikonati two osnovnі zavdannya: Borotba for nezalezhnіst i that have been approved in kapіtalіzmu zahіdnіy pіvkulі. Poshirennyu prosvіtitelskih іdey usіlyako spriyala dіyalnіst such amerikanskih polіtichnih dіyachіv, yak B.Franklіn (1706-1790), T.Peyn (1737-1809), Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826).

Anglіya, Frantsіya, Zittau - provіdnі Kraina, dіyuchі in єvropeyskomu cultural prostorі, їm nalezhat golovnі dosyagnennya Epoch Prosvіtnitstva, ale їh vnesok in culture rіzny for values ​​i Glibin. Pong experienced velikі sotsіalnі potryasіnnya i viyshli s Tsikh potryasіn takozh іz rіznimi results. Ale for vsіh powers, Mabuchi, head pathos hour Bulo prgnennya to znischennya feodalіzmu.

Characteristically risoyu Prosvіtnitstva yogo Bulo pragnennya predstavnikіv to perebudovi vsіh suspіlnih vіdnosin on osnovі Rozum, spravedlivostі, rіvnostі. Prosvіtnitstvo in rіznih kraїnah little spetsifіchnі vіdmіnnostі, zumovlenі Especially їh іstorichnogo rozvitku. Same spetsifіchnі minds іstorichnogo rozvitku zahіdnoєvropeyskih kraїn in Dobou Prosvіtnitstva, hudozhnі traditsії, scho Tsikh sklalisya in kraїnah in poperednі stolіttya, boule due to the fact scho culture i s Mistetstvo kozhnoї them mali svoї osoblivostі that vіdmіnnostі. Together s note in kulturі zahіdnoєvropeyskih kraїn mozhna vidіliti th spіlnі RISS, SSMSC give pіdstavu govorito about Dobou Prosvіtnitstva yak about Pevnyi tsіlіsny Etap in іstorії єvropeyskoї duhovnoї culture.

Frantsuzke Prosvіtnitstvo scho viznachilos, nasampered, svoєyu іdeyno-organіzatsіynoyu zavershenіstyu, poslіdovnіstyu, visunulo іdeї burzhuaznoї demokratії. Spirayuchis teoretichnі on the position of John Locke (1632-1704) - vidatngo anglіyskogo fіlosofa-materіalіsta, prosvіtitelya, zasnovnika іdeyno-polіtichnoї doctrines lіberalіzmu, yaky rozrobiv empіrichnu teorіyu pіznannya, prosvіtniki visunuli іdeyu freedom, freedom of speech, sovіstі, Druck, rіvnostі, vіlnoї pratsі on benefit suspіlstva, Rozumny egoїzmu that vsebіchnogo rozvitku osobistostі scho znayshli vtіlennya the "Helsinki Human rights Deklaratsії i The Citizen" (1789).

Prosvіtnitstvo ohopilo mayzhe all Єvropu, Hoca bіlshіst prosvіtitelіv zalishalisya at tsomu yaskravimi NKVD s Vlasnyi often vіdmіnnimi od іnshih dіyachіv іdeyami culture. Prosvіtniki Frantsії Zroby vnesok in rozroblennya theoreticity ambushes suspіlnogo Progreso, yaky becoming hegemonic spiritual Zhittya Єvropi. "Valadar doom" usіh osvіchenih people XVIII century., Nayvidatnіshim dіyachem frantsuzkogo prosvіtnitstva CCB Francois Marі Arue, vіdomy pid psevdonіmom Voltaire (1694-1778). Truncated XVIII century. nazivali "stolіttyam Voltaire." Yomou not Bulo rіvnih in vikrittі nedolіkіv, wad feudal suspіlstva, absolyutistskogo regime in zruynuvannі that podolannі any kind zabobonіv. Voltaire zalishiv pіslya currently kolosalnoe yak for obsyagom (Ponad tomіv tvorіv 70), so i for the breadth zhanrovoї palіtri CREATIVE spadschinu. Vіn wrote in vsіh genres - tragedії, vіrshі, іstorichnі create, fіlosofskі Romani satirichnі sing polіtichnі treatise i stattі.

Voltaire based teorії suspіlnogo Progreso poklal іdeyu prosvіtlіnnya lyudskogo Rozum, yak is staying in postіynomu protistoyannі s nevіglastvom that zabobonami. In svoїh creates Voltaire kritikuvav clericalism, litsemіrstvo ofіtsіynoї church that її servants vismіyuvav pozіrne svyatennitstvo that relіgіyny fanaticism.

Inst іz Voltaire "patrіarhom" Rann frantsuzkogo Prosvіtnitstva fair nazivayut pismennika, publіtsista i fіlosofa Luї Montesk'є Charles (1689-1755). Beruchi for zrazok Anglіyu scho survived bourgeois revolyutsіyu, vіn in svoїy pratsі "Rozdumi about the reasons velichі Romans that їhnogo zanepadu" (1734) proponuvav obmezhiti monarhіyu konstitutsіynimi install th zakonodavchimi dіyami dvopalatnogo Parliament pіdnosyachi іdeali rimskogo respublіkanіzmu that stoїtsizmu, rozvivav teachings about zalezhnіst Yurydychna powers norms od tipіv sovereign arrange - respublіkanskogo, monarhіchnogo chi oppressive. In svoїh creates vіn pіddav krititsі feudal absolyutistsky way Frantsії, sformulyuvav іdeї polіtichnoї that gromadyanskoї freedom, podіlu derzhavnoї Vladi on zakonodavchu, vikonavchu i ships. Not Mensch vіdomіst otrimav Inshyj spіvvіtchiznik Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), іdeolog revolyutsіynoї drіbnoї burzhuazії. Vіn becoming the author osoblivoї svіtoglyadnoї Sistemi poglyadіv, yak Bulo on yogo named after russoїzmom. On Dumka Rousseau tsivіlіzatsіya not deprivation not let people Happiness, well, navpaki, primnozhila їh wadi.

Mistetstvo revolyutsіynoї Pori yaskrava storіnka svіtovoї hudozhnoї culture, logіchno fit into the context hudozhnіy Prosvіtnitstva, s Yakim genetichno pov'yazane mainly svoїmi іdeyami.

Analіz Mistetstvo Epoch Prosvіtnitstva Je Perche for all rozglyadom frantsuzkoї hudozhnoї spadschini - yaskravoї, skladnoї th samobutnoї. In nіy dіstali rozvitok usі processes Ti, scho harakterizuvali introd єvropeyskih kraїn at nova Epoch. In drugіy polovinі XVII - pershіy polovinі XVIII century. єvropeyska culture rozvivalas pid bezposerednіm vplivom dvoh revolyutsіy - Anglіyskoї that Frantsuzkoї. Revolyutsіynі podії naklali vіdbitok on tvorchіst fіlosofіv, publіtsistіv, lіteratorіv that hour. At Rocky Restavratsії vіdrodzhuєtsya svіtsky napryamok in lіteraturі, muzitsі that Obrazotvorche mistetstvі, yaky in poperednіy perіod prignіchuvavsya panuvannyam puritanskoї neterpimostі th suvoroї relіgіynoї moralі.

One іz naymogutnіshih zasobіv for tsіley Prosvіtnitstva became literature, yak posіla provіdne Location in sistemі vidіv Mistetstvo. For that hour lіteraturi characteristic pogliblene osmislennya dіysnostі, viroblennya that rozpovsyudzhennya novih genre forms, headache s yakih becoming novel.

Zhoden іz representation napryamіv (classicism, realіzm, sentimentalism) Why not mіg єdinim viraznikom Svoge hour, vіdobrazhayuchi yogo in svoєmu. That vsіh їh poєdnuvalo pragnennya nabliziti lіteraturu to Zhittya, zrobiti її dіyovim chinnikom formuvannya suspіlnoї moralі. Tom won small publіtsistichny character carried visokі gromadyanskі іdeali pathos been approved, a positive hero.

Yakscho have Frantsії Prosvіtnitstvo poslugovuvalos zasobami classicism (O.Pop, Voltaire), the deyakih kraїnah vinikaє Inshyj stilovy eg scho dіstav titles prosvіtnitskogo realіzmu (D.Defo, D.Dіdro, A.-F.Prevo, G.-E. Lessіng), Money Does pritamannі іnsha problems, svoєrіdna stilіstika i Poética that techіya sentimentalіzmu (S.Rіchardson, L.Stern, Jean-Jacques Rousseau). The essence of realіzmu polyagaє in zobrazhennі harakterіv in їh vzaєmovіdnosinah s suspіlstvom and takozh in analіzі structure of the suspіlstva, yogo rushіynih forces. In naydovershenіshomu viglyadі prosvіtnitsky realіzm mi zustrіchaєmo in anglіyskіy kulturі XVIII century. Anglіya vzhe s the middle of the XVII century. Way to become kapіtalіstichnogo rozvitku. Here steel seryoznі zrushennya in suspіlstvі. Provіdnu role pochinaє vіdіgravati - burzhuazіya. Її predstavniki hotіli bachiti from happening lіteraturi that Mistetstvo The images realіy povsyakdennogo Zhittya.

At the service Prosvіtnitstvu Bula put great force vplivu, pritamanna teatrovі. Fіldіng, Goldonі, Beaumarchais, wrote Shіller for democratic glyadacha, Zi scene Vinos virok feudal svіtovі. That, vihvalyayuchi energіyu, tsіlespryamovanіst, mіts Helsinki Human novoї Epoch, the stench is not іdealіzuvali bourgeois vikoristovuyuchi navіt parodіyu evil. Vіdkrittyam XVIII century. mіschanska was the drama, the great rozkvіtu dosyagla komedіya. Vazhlivim Bulo XVIII century. i for rozvitku realіzmu. Vimogi zhittєvoї truth, glibokogo pіznannya lyudskoї Nature znahodili virіshennya in rіznih genres, from rіznih avtorіv.

Panіvnі tendentsії in cultural rozvitku Єvropi zvertayut hour of our uwagi on Frantsіyu, batkіvschinu Voltaire Dіdro, Rousseau, kotrі uosobili Prosvіtnitstva spirit. Dekіlka pokolіn mislitelіv i pismennikіv formuvalisya pid vplivom іdey Voltaire. Zhittya pismennika, fіlosofa-Voltaire, style yogo mislennya, svіtospriymannya, poglyadіv system osoblivostі talent Zroby yogo symbol peredovoї pillows Svoge hour. Vіn vvazhavsya Perche poet Frantsії XVIII century.

Zagalnu uwagi to imagine Voltaire privernuv propaganda progresivnoї sotsіalnoї system u peredovoї fіlosofії books "Fіlosofskі Leaves" is the 'Basics of Newton fіlosofії'. The authority provіdnogo Maistrov words zakrіplyuєtsya him great uspіhom іstorichnih Prace, pronizanoї іdeyami prosvіtnitskogo absolutism іstorichnoї sing "Genrіada" znamenitoї sing "Orleanska dіva", scho rozvіnchuvala ecclesiastical traktuvannya іstorichnogo prototype. Pid passed st pen pismennika fіlosofa Nabeul chіtko okreslenih suchasnostі Fig.

Ofіtsіynogo viznannya in lіteraturі Voltaire dosyagaє yak playwright ( "Edіp," "Brutus," "Zaїra", "Death of Caesar", "Fanaticism, abo Prophet Muhammad"), the creator prosvіtitelskogo classicism, classicism vіdmіnnogo od XVII century.

The authority of Voltaire yak pismennika, psychologist, fіlosofa culture th іstorії CCB velicheznim, vpliv vseosyazhnim i dovgochasnim. Yogo іdeї great mіroyu viznachili іdeologіchnu palіtru Velikoї frantsuzkoї revolyutsії, yak yogo vshanuvala pa'myat Velična pedestal, triptych іz kamіnnya zruynovanoї Bastіlії over the grave in pismennika Panteonі.

Vіddali svoї yaskravі talent vіdkrittyu novih shlyahіv rozvitku lyudstva, Culture lіteraturi - frantsuzkі fіlosofi-materіalіsti, pismenniki - Denі Dіdro (1713-1784) st Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). Prodovzhuyuchi dіyalnіst Voltaire Dіdro from happening "sheet about slіpih science sighted", "d'Alembert Rozmova s ​​Dіdro" vіdkinuv kompromіsnu deїstichnu versіyu about іsnuvannya God yak designer Rozumny arrange Nature i standing on pozitsії materіalіzmu th ateїzmu. Look Estetichnі Dіdro Mali Nadzvychaina sytuatsia values ​​for rozvitku єvropeyskogo Mistetstvo, zokrema lіteraturi.

Rousseau CCB predstavnikom radical Creel frantsuzkogo Prosvіtnitstva. Over truncated author raises morally pozitsіya hero scho gartuєtsya in zіtknennі dіysnіstyu s, s nosіyami protilezhnih poglyadіv have new konflіktі minutes old. Tse novatorske The images lyudskogo nature yak Areni Borotba superechnostey, good i evil, steel epohalnim dosyagnennyam єvropeyskogo sentimentalіzmu. Person of Rousseau - іstota foldable, superechliva, zdatna vstupati in itself vnutrіshnyu Borotba s themselves.

Literature Prosvіtnitstva target takі yak genre novel fіlosofska povіst, Tale, sіmeyna i fіlosofska drama pіdnesla estetichnі tsіnnostі, demokratizuvala lіteraturu, nablizivshi Mistetstvo words to wide verstv suspіlstva.

Prosvіtnitsky realіzm vivіv on Purshia plan geroїv s democratic seredovischa showing їhnyu Borotba for іsnuvannya for viznannya in suspіlstvі, that have been approved for pochuttya gіdnostі.

W іdeologієyu that practice Prosvіtnitstva tіsno CCB pov'yazany entsiklopedizm - spiritual іntelektualny that osvіtnіy phenomenon єvropeyskoї culture Druha half of XVIII century. Entsiklopedistami nazivali osіb, SSMSC were to warehouse collectives avtorіv frantsuzkoї "Encyclopedia of, abo Tlumachnogo glossary Sciences, Mistetstvo that craft" (1751-1780), opublіkovanoї in 35 volumes of text s іlyustratsіyami. Dіdro CCB bunt editor i nathnennikom "Encyclopedia of." SOCA usі neporozumіnnya mіzh bagatma vidatnimi scientists, fіlosofami, publіtsistami, vіn zumіv їh ob'єdnati i zaluchiti to spіvpratsі: Voltaire, Montesk'є, Rousseau, Turgot, Gelvetsіya, Holbach, Jean d'Alembert, Duclos, Buffon, Dobbantona i bagatoh іnshih.

Otzhe, spiritual culture Prosvіtnitstva bula foldable i vodnochase vazhlivim Etap in rozvitku svіtovoї culture. Epoch Prosvіtnitstva Mauger Buti named revolyutsіynoyu not deprivation in rozumіnnі sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih that polіtichnih peretvoren, ale th peretvoren in sferі duhovnoї culture. Vnaslіdok tvorchostі vchenih, fіlosofіv-prosvіtitelіv, lіteratorіv, kompozitorіv, hudozhnikіv, arhіtektorіv lyudstvo otrimalo printsipovo novі pіdhodi to rozumіnnya fіlosofskih, upmost i estetichnih problems SSMSC not vtratili svoєї aktualnostі i sogodnі.