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CULTUROLOGY - Gritsenko TB

8.5.3. I have Іmpresіonіzm simvolіzm lіteraturі

Frantsіya, Belgіya, OOO Russian Federation

In sferі poezії іmpresіonіzm zіmknuvsya s simvolіzmom. Tsey termіn zaproponuvav Jacques Moreas in stattі "Simvolіzm" y 1886 p. Find our Domіnuyuchoyu novoї tendentsії Moreas vvazhav viyav "prihovanoї blizkocti pervіsnim іdeyam". However vіn at the same hour pіdkreslyuvav scho artist simvolіst malyuє not a subject, a efekt, yaky that stvoryuє; sings opisuє not ob'єkt, a vrazhennya, yak that spravlyaє to Mitzi.

Klasichnim vzіrtsem іmpresіonіzmu she became simvolіzmu tvorchіst Paul Verlaine. Mayzhe odnochasno Verlaine ones realіstichnu poezіyu approving іmpresіonіzm i target "tramplіn simvolіzmu". In pershіy zbіrtsі "Satirichnі vіrshі" E series "Melanholіya", "Etching", "Sumnі peyzazhі" a tse oznachaє scho landscape "olyudnyuєtsya" nadіlyaєtsya vlastivostyami dushі, more soul zapozichuє іz zovnіshnogo svitu kraєvidi, zdatnі send out to the (zmalyuvati) її camp .

Simvolіstami boule takozh belgіyskі pismenniki M. Meterlіnk that E. Verhaeren.

Before іmpresіonіzmu nalezhit i novel talanovitogo frantsuzkogo pismennika Marcel Proust, yaky becoming a reformer romannoї form, - "We Poshuk vtrachenogo hour." Naturally, scho in one row z eskіzom, etyudom, lіrichnoyu mіnіatyuroyu divuє novel, yaky nalіchuє Ponad three tisyachі storіnok.

One іz vidatnih tvortsіv іmpresіonіstskoї criticism kіntsya XIXst. CCB Anatole France. Yogo mozhna vvazhati theorist іmpresіonіstichnoї іnterpretatsії Mistetstvo. "Mi bachimo's World deprivation krіz nashі pochuttya, SSMSC Yogo Yogo zabarvlyuyut deformuyut i" - wrote Anatole France, team itself tverdyachi scho criticism - ACP shvidshe emotsіyny, nіzh ratsіonalny.

Zittau th Avstrіya

In Nіmechchinі kіntsya XIX century. іmpresіonіzm spriymavsya ne stіlki yak hudozhnіy style navіt abo yak method skіlki svіtoglyad yak, i fіlosofіya navіt "style Zhittya". Ostannіy proyavlyavsya through nabіr rіznomanіtnih vlastivostey, right up to lyubovі mandrіv chi Maisternia pov'yazanih kravatok.

Before simvolіstіv in lіteraturі Tsikh kraїn nalezhat R.Rіlke, G.Gofmanstal i G.Gauptman.

Anglіya

B Anglії hudozhnі techії kіntsya stolіttya TER skladalisya not stіlki stilі Mistetstvo yak, yak skіlki stilі Zhittya. Nayyaskravіshy butt anglіyskoї spetsifіki - Wilde (Oscar Fіngal O'Flaertі Uїls) vіdomy, nasampered, yak playwright. Ale vіn vodnochase - author of the novel "Portrait Dorіana Gray" ese, numerical aforizmіv, amateur paradoksіv, yaky becoming Ponad mustache style - in mistetstvі i, i in zhittі. The images in the subject mistetstvі Mauger Buti tіlki beautiful, a real Zhittya rougher i potvorne. He Mistetstvo naslіduє Zhittya, a Zhittya is staying pid vplivom Mistetstvo: Zhittya XIX century. skopіyovane s romanіv Balzac pesimіzm zapozicheny Hamlet, a nіgіlіzm - at Turgenєva. Anglіysky estet visunuv tezu ppo nezalezhnіst Mistetstvo od іstini i moralі.

In svoїh komedіyah Oscar Wilde is not zavzhdi dotrimuvavsya Tsikh estetichnih printsipіv. Vіn naslіduvav traditsії salonnoї anglіyskoї p'єsi, yogo geroї - titulovanі aristocracy, the plot - uyavnі abo spravzhnі podruzhnі zradi toscho. However tsogo svitu The images Wilde vnіs zovsіm nespodіvany Components - avtorsku іronіyu, yak th nadaє Yomou hudozhnoї nepovtornostі. Bin stvoryuvav paradoksalnі situatsії in yakih yogo svіtskі, elegantni i krasnomovnі personazhі rozkrivalis already nіyak not іdealnomu svіtlі ( "Vіyalo ledі Uїndermіr", "Zhіnka not Varta uwagi", "Іdealny cholovіk").

Elements іmpresіonіzmu in tvorchostі of Ukrainian pismennikіv

In ukraїnskіy lіteraturі s kіntsya XIX century. vіdbuvaєtsya "іnternatsіonalіzatsіya lіteraturnih upodoban i іnteresіv" (I. Franko), Active osvoєnnya hudozhnogo dosvіdu zahіdnoєvropeyskih lіteratur, pragnennya to rozshirennya "rozumovogo vidnokrugu" (Lesya Ukrainka). Sort order s do updates traditsіynoї realіstichnoї ob'єktivnoї opovіdі, aktivіzatsієyu psihologіchnogo analіzu, posilennyam sub'єktivno - lіrichnih forms hudozhnogo virazhennya scho harakterizuyut tvorchіst, nasampered, pismennikіv Senior pokolіnnya (I. Nechuy-Levytskyj, І.Franko, I. Karpenko-Brown, Staritsky M., P. Grabovsky that іn) in lіteraturі sposterіgaєtsya virazne indulgence epіchnogo start vіdhіd od detailed zmalyuvannya pobutu, Poética zhittєpodіbnostі, pragnennya to kontsentrovanostі zmіstu, stvorennya uzagalnyuyuchih models lyudskih vіdnosin de vazhliva role nalezhit hudozhnіy umovnostі, folklore mіfologіchnіy fantastitsі . Tsі tendentsії vzhe perestayut vіdpovіdati klasichnim nastanovam realіzmu, yogo orієntatsії on subject-analіtichne vіdobrazhennya dіysnostі in forms of Zhittya. In mіfі literature shukaє round, Glibin that are Butt lyudskoї nature, quiet vіchnih started SSMSC give mozhlivіst maintained upstream zrozumіti suspіlno-іstorichnі processes, dosyagti temple stage i masshtabnostі hudozhnogo uzagalnennya. Zrostaє uwagi to fіlosofsko-etichnoї perspective, psihologіzmu, yak at tvorennі іndivіdualnih harakterіv so i doslіdzhennі masovoї psihologії

Tse viyavilosya in rіznomanіttі hudozhnіh napryamіv in ukraїnskіy lіteraturі 70-90 rokіv, if prodovzhuvali іsnuvati romantic type tvorchostі (Ya.ІTsogolev) prosvіtitelsky realіzm (I. Nechuy-Levytskyj) traditsії natural-fіzіologіchnogo Draw, scho slit yshli od Je Grebіnki (Gunn Barvіnok, M.Kononenko). Geroїchny pathos number realіstichnih tvorіv organіchno include Elements Romanticism zokrema hudozhnyu umovnіst, alegorizm. Vodnochase in tvorchostі I. Frank is the novoї hvilі molodih pismennikіv (Lesya Ukrainka, O.Kobilyanska, M.Kotsyubinsky) zarodzhuvalisya Ti RISS, SSMSC in svoїy tendentsії provіschali hudozhnє do updates lіteraturi twentieth century. When tsomu slіd urahovuvati scho vnutrіshnya natsіonalno-іstorichna determіnovanіst stilovih napryamіv not viklyuchaє їh direct chi oposeredkovanogo zv'yazku s second characteristic for іnshih lіteratur "styles Epoch". In tsomu vіdnoshennі, skazhіmo, realіzm Frank MAV bagato spіlnogo s realіzmom Balzac naturalіzmom Zola zokrema in fact scho pismenniki not tіlki poslugovuvalisya danimi science and th samі postachali for Naukova doslіdzhen empіrichny materіal that sintezovanі characteristics - danі about sotsіalnі yavischa th Process Epoch .

Ukraїnske Mistetstvo ostannoї chvertі XIX century.

Rozvitok hudozhnoї Culture - Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo that arhіtekturi - tіsno vplіtavsya in zagalnokulturny Development of Ukraine. Vid middle of the XIX century. mіske budіvnitstvo zhitlovogo that Gromadska priznachennya in zv'yazku s panuyuchim in Єvropі utilіtarizmom pereymaєtsya eklektikoyu - poєdnannyam rіznih іstorichnih stilіv in one arhіtekturnomu ansamblі. Ceped її napryamіv Especially poshiryuєtsya vіdensky renaissance. 3agalne arhіtekturne oblichchya of Ukrainian mіst priymaє vіdensku fashion. Zokrema, nayharakternіshim zrazkom tsogo style Je opernі Teatri Odessa, Lvov that of Kyiv.

Rіznovidom eklektiki staє psevdovіzantіysky (psevdorusky)'s Style. Vіn forcibly vprovadzhuvavsya in Ukraїnі in church budіvnitstvі, arhіtekturі, skulpturі. Faded style tsogo bula triєdnostі formula "autocracy-narodnіst-sobornіst". Rozpochalisya uryadovі restavratsіynі robots pam'yatok budіvnitstva knyazhoї Dobie, zokrema, Budova Chersonese Article IV-X. in Sevastopolі, Desyatinnoї Church in Kiєvі (HST.), chair of the cathedral in perebudovano Volodimirі-Volins'ka that Vasilіvsku Church in Ovruchі (XII century). toscho. Before tsogo zbudovanih pam'yatok directly nalezhat Volodimirsky Cathedral (pervіsny project - arhіtektor І.Shtrom, pіznіshe robot over budіvnitstvom cathedral prodovzhili arhіtektori P.Sparro, O.Berettі for participation R.Berngardta, K.Maєvskogo that V.Nіkolaєva) memory ' pendulum Prince Volodimir (arch. O.Ton sculptor V.Demut-Malinov that P. Klodt) in Kiєvі, Oleksandrіvska Church in Kam'yantsі. For pіdkreslennya values ​​"vozz'єdnannya" Ukraine Uryadov s Rosієyu tsarsky vidіliv Costa on vigotovlennya pam'yatnika B. Khmelnytskyi (sculptor M. Mikeshin) - sporudi energіynoї, dinamіchnoї, scho bula vstanovlena on Sofіyskіy ploschі in Kiєvі 1888 p 46 *.

* 46: {CULTUROLOGY: teorіya that Istoria culture. Navch. posіb. / In the red. І.І.Tyurmenko, OD Gurbulea. - K .: Center navchalnoї lіteraturi, 2004. - S. 302-303}.

Viznachnim hudozhno-osvіtnіm mortgage in Ukraїnі ostannoї chvertі XIX century. Bula Kiyivs'ka risuvalna School (1875-1901), a scho vіdіgrala klyuchovih s role in the new painting stanovlennі ukrajins'koho hour. Zasnovnikom school CCB M.І.Murashko. Bіlshu Chastain svoїh forces vіn vіddav pedagogіchnіy spravі. Tovarishem M.Murashka on peterburzkіy Academy Mistetstvo i postіynim other Mykoly Іvanovicha that it zasnovanoї school CCB І.Rєpіn. One s vіdomih tvorіv M.Murashka - painting "View on the Dnipro."

In ukraїnskomu zhivopisі tsogo hour provіdnu role vіdіgrayut vihovantsі Kiїvskoї risuvalnoї school M. Pimonenko, Murashko, S.Kostenko, G.Svіtlitsky, F.Krasitsky, G.Dyadchenko, K.Krizhitsky, F.Danilov. І.Seleznov. Zdobuvshi in shkolі start hudozhnoї literacy, bagato hto s її vihovantsіv shlіfuvav maysternіst in his Academy in Mistetstvo Peterburzі. G.Svіtlitsky that F.Krasitsky, zokrema, Zgoda navchalisya in maysternі І.Rєpіna.

Conversation piece G. Svіtlitskogo "Muzikante" spіvzvuchna to Mistetstvo zrіlogo realіzmu. Tsomu creates vlastive pogliblene experiences Budennogo epіzodu. Іnshim vchitelem G.Svіtlitskogo CCB A.Kuїndzhі. Vіn vіdkriv Yomou poetichnі mozhlivostі nіchnogo osvіtlennya - tse viyavilosya, napriklad have peyzazhі "Hati in mіsyachnu nich".

F. Krasitsky in svoїy tvorchostі poєdnuvav rіznі genre, scho Bulo vzagalі characteristic of Mistetstvo mezhі XIX-XX centuries. In yogo canvases eskіznogo plan pobutovі scenes poєdnano s landscapes, portraits selyanok nablizhayutsya to zamalovok etnografіchnogo nature. F.Krasitsky wrote perevazhno kamernі create. However, an hour before i mitets zvertavsya іstorichnogo genre. In ukraїnskomu mistetstvі іstorichny genre zavoyovuє sobі Location s deyakim zapіznennyam porіvnyano s Mistetstvo zahіdnih kraїn. F. Krasitsky zvertaєtsya іstorichnoї to those not zradzhuyuchi Svoge poklikannya: Istoria people for Demba, Selyanske sina - tse Istoria dnіv, spovnenih voєnnih i peacefully trudіv that schaslivih hvilin vіdpochinku. Cloth "Gіst іz Zaporіzhzhya" virіshene in pobutovomu planіV іnshomu Kljuchi virіshene large-scale canvases M.Іvasyuka "Bohdan Khmelnytskyi to V'їzd of Kyiv". Tsey artist is not CCU pov'yazany s stake risuvalnoї school M. Murashka that Peterburzkoyu Akademієyu: osvіtu M.Іvasyuk zdobuvav in Vіdnі that Myunhenі. Prote, so self yak M. Murashko, vіn CCB svoїy rіdnіy Bukovinі organіzatorom (1899) i kerіvnikom (until 1908) in pershoї kraї hudozhnoї school