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Fіnansi (zagalna teorіya) - Oparіn VM

STRAHUVANNYA

5.1. Organіzatsіya strahuvannya that feature the insurance potokіv

Pіdpriєmnitska sphere that zhittєdіyalnіst Helsinki Human postіyno pov'yazanі s rizikami - natural, pіdpriєmnitskimi, fіnansovimi toscho. In rezultatі stihіynogo dashing Chi pevnoї neperedbachenoї podії fіzichnim i Yurydychna ladies shaping can Buti zavdanі zbitki. When tsomu power postaє about dzherelo їh vіdshkoduvannya. Mozhlivі two varіanti. Purshia polyagaє in fact scho tsі zbitki pokrivayutsya for rakhunok fіnansovih resursіv scho perebuvayut in obіgu in danogo sub'єkta. However tse oznachaє їh vіdvolіkannya od main priznachennya - zabezpechennya zhittєdіyalnostі th vіdtvorennya virobnitstva. Naslіdki such vіdvolіkannya stale od obsyagіv zbitkіv i mozhut viyavitisya chi in skorochennі growth virobnitstva that masshtabіv zhittєdіyalnostі, chi in їh zmenshennі, chi vzagalі pripinennі. Tobto Tsey varіant duzhe rizikovany. Other varіant polyagaє in stvorennі spetsіalnih tsіlovih resursіv, priznachenih for vіdshkoduvannya zbitkіv - reserve insurance fondіv.

Stvorennya reserve insurance fondіv have their Cherga, Mauger zdіysnyuvatis in troh forms:

• Fondi samostrahuvannya;
• tsentralіzovane Strahov zabezpechennya;
• kolektivnі strahovі funds.

Samostrahuvannya ґruntuєtsya on іndivіdualnіy vіdpovіdalnostі th polyagaє in fact, scho cutaneous Yurydychna i fіzichna person formuє vlasnі strahovі (rezervnі) of the Fund for rakhunok i Vlasnyi resursіv dohodіv. Tse road i neratsіonalna form. The road to scho cutaneous sub'єkt guilty vitrachati Costa on їh stvorennya in Povny obsyazі mozhlivih zbitkіv scho yogo zmenshuє fіnansovі mozhlivostі. Neratsіonalna fact scho Won peredbachaє-wide suspіlstva viluchennya s obіgu digit fіnansovih resursіv. Vіdtak sphere samostrahuvannya obmezhena mіnіmalnimi require i virazhaєtsya nasampered in stvorennі fіnansovih rezervіv sub'єktami gospodaryuvannya that Pevnyi rezervuvannі koshtіv fіzichnimi individuals. Bіlsh wider tsya form in bankіvskіy sferі de vischy stupіn riziku i vstanovleno dosit Visokiy rіven vіdpovіdalnostі.

Tsentralіzovane Strahov zabezpechennya ґruntuєtsya on derzhavnіy vіdpovіdalnostі th peredbachaє vіdshkoduvannya vtrat for rakhunok zagalnoderzhavnih koshtіv. When tsomu Chastina Tsikh koshtіv vidіlyaєtsya okremі in Fondi, napriklad reserve fund Kabіnetu Mіnіstrіv. Vodnochase insurance vіdpovіdalnіst powers obmezhena Nadzvychaina sytuatsia podіyami, Aje derzhavnі fіnansi priznachenі for zabezpechennya funktsіy powers to yakih strahuvannya not nalezhit. Strahov zabezpechenіst potochnoї dіyalnostі Yurydychna i fіzichnih osіb Je їh the prerogative i do not Mauger Buti povnіstyu perekladena on power.

Samostrahuvannya i tsentralіzovane Strahov zabezpechennya mozhut zdіysnyuvatisya in naturalnіy i groshovіy forms. Before fіnansovoї Sistemi nalezhat strahovі vіdnosini in groshovіy formі.

Stvorennya Collective INSURANCE fondіv, tobto strahuvannya, ґruntuєtsya on solіdarnіy vіdpovіdalnostі uchasnikіv Tsikh fondіv. Sutnіst vіdnosin strahuvannya polyagaє in fact scho formuvannya INSURANCE fondіv zdіysnyuєtsya for rakhunok vneskіv usіh uchasnikіv and vіdshkoduvannya zbitkіv s Tsikh fondіv held for quiet, hto їh arrogant unaslіdok Pevnyi podіy i obstavin.

Strahuvannya Je naybіlsh dotsіlnoyu, ekonomnoyu, efektivnosti i ratsіonalnoyu the form of insurance stvorennya fondіv. Porіvnyano s samostrahuvannyam vono uniquely deshevshe, oskіlki bazuєtsya on solіdarnіy vіdpovіdalnostі. Vitrati Yurydychna i fіzichnih osіb on strahuvannya harakterizuyut їh fee for znizhennya rіvnya riziku fіnansovih vtrat. Organіzatsіya strahovoї Spravi zabezpechuє її nadіynіst ratsіonalnіst i: s one side, nayavnіst tsentralіzovanih koshtіv daє visokі garantії vіdshkoduvannya zbitkіv, s іnshogo - daє zmogu efektivnosti vikoristovuvati timchasovo vіlnі Costa fіnansovomu on market analysis.

W pozitsіy tsіlovogo formuvannya i vikoristannya INSURANCE fondіv - tse pererozpodіlnі vіdnosini mіzh timey sub'єktami scho splachuvali strahovі vneski, i timey, hto otrimuє vіdshkoduvannya zbitkіv. W glancing vzaєmovіdnosin okremih sub'єktіv Zi INSURANCE kompanіyami - tse fee hedzhuvannya riziku (fee spokіy) tobto obmіnnі vіdnosini. Rozmіschennya koshtіv INSURANCE fondіv on fіnansovomu Rinku vіdobrazhaє vіdnosini s drive torgіvlі timchasovo vіlnimi fіnansovimi resources tobto pererozpodіl resursіv mіzh uchasnikami strahuvannya that іnshimi sub'єktami fіnansovih vіdnosin.

Organіzatsіya strahovoї Spravi ґruntuєtsya on vidіlennі sub'єktіv strahuvannya i vіdnosin forms of insurance.

Main sub'єktami strahuvannya Je insurer, strahuvalnik i are insured.

Insurers - Yurydychna person - insurance kompaniia, yak dіє on pіdstavі vіdpovіdnoї lіtsenzії, beruchi on itself zobov'yazannya schodo stvorennya Collective insurance fund i s viplati Demba insurance vіdshkoduvannya. For method fіnansovoї dіyalnostі insurer Je zvichaynoyu pіdpriєmnitskoyu structures scho dіє on osnovі komertsіynogo rozrahunku. For the subject dіyalnostі (fіnansovimi resources) insurer Je fіnansovoyu іnstitutsієyu.

Strahuvalnik - Yurydychna chi fіzichna person, yak on pіdstavі vіdpovіdnoї lands Zi insurers splachuє strahovі vneski to the insurance fund.

Are insured - Yurydychna chi fіzichna lady yakіy nalezhit Strahov vіdshkoduvannya at nastannі insurance vipadku. Krіm order Mauger vidіlyatis Taqiy sub'єkt, yak otrimuvach insurance vіdshkoduvannya in quiet vipadkah, if yogo not Mauger otrimati are insured.

Fіnansova dіyalnіst insurers, scho Yea mainly sub'єktom zdіysnennya strahuvannya, zasnovuєtsya on zagalnih for usіh sub'єktіv pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі ambushes. Vodnochase perevazhna Chastina fіnansovih resursіv scho perebuvayut in їh rozporyadzhennі, tse Costa Collective INSURANCE fondіv. Tom treba chіtko rozrіznyati fіnansovu dіyalnіst bezposeredno strahovoї kompanії (in tsіlomu Won іdentichna іnshim sub'єktam - Scheme 13) i ruh koshtіv INSURANCE fondіv. Vodnochase tsі Fondi mozhut in furrows chinnogo zakonodavstva vikoristovuvatisya INSURANCE kompanіyami in їh fіnansovіy dіyalnostі. HEAD DIRECTLY such vikoristannya Je їh rozmіschennya fіnansovomu on market analysis that otrimannya Pevnyi dohodіv, nasampered od іnvestitsіynih that Credit operatsіy.

Vіdnosini strahuvannya Je dosit rіznomanіtnimi. Yak usually stink Yea dvo- chi tristoronnіmi. Dvostoronnі vіdnosini skladayutsya mіzh insurers i strahuvalnikom, yaky vodnochase Yea i are insured. Tristoronnі vіdnosini vinikayut mіzh insurers, strahuvalnikom i are insured.

In okremih vipadkah the insurance vіdnosinah Mauger Braty fate kіlka strahovikіv. Tse zasnovuєtsya on dvoh vіdnosin forms of insurance: i spіvstrahuvannya reinsurance. Spіvstrahuvannya - tse fate in strahuvannі vіdrazu kіlkoh strahovikіv. Reinsurance - tse the transmitted contract strahuvannya od one insurer to іnshogo. In Tsikh vіdnosinah vidіlyayutsya two sub'єkti: perestrahuvalnik i perestrahovik. Perestrahuvalnik - tse insurer, yaky peredaє another dogovіr strahuvannya, perestrahovik - tse insurer, yaky priymaє dogovіr strahuvannya i zobov'yazannya s Demba.

Strahovі vіdnosini harakterizuyutsya Rukh penny potokіv, skhemі The images at 17 (dashed lіnіyami zobrazheno vіdnosini reinsurance)

scheme 17

Groshovі flows strahuvannі

Yak can be seen s navedenoї scheme strahovі vіdnosini ohoplyuyut:

• strahovі platezhі;
• viplatu vіdshkoduvannya insurance;
• reinsurance;
• rozmіschennya timchasovo vіlnih koshtіv on fіnansovomu market analysis;
• otrimannya dohodіv od rozmіschennya koshtіv fіnansovomu on market analysis.

Strahovі platezhі - tse chi Therefore pererahuvannya odnorazovo

etapno koshtіv strahuvalnikom insurers. Je Pong Jerel formuvannya yak Collective insurance fund, so i dohodіv INSURANCE kompanіy. Adding to the insurance platezhіv zdіysnyuєtsya on osnovі INSURANCE tarifіv - rozmіru pay s odinitsі strahovoї sumi. Insurance tariffs (gross rate) skladaєtsya s dvoh Chastain - net rates that navantazhennya. Net rate vіdobrazhaє the Chastain rate, yak priznachena for viplati insurance vіdshkoduvannya. Vaughn deposits od zagalnih rozmіrіv insurance vіdshkoduvannya (viznachaєtsya on osnovі randomness doslіdzhen about the Quantity of insurance podіy i serednyu vartіst vіdshkoduvannya one podіyu) that kіlkostі strahuvalnikіv, ohoplenih CIM strahuvannya views. Navantazhennya vіdobrazhaє vitrati insurers, pov'yazanі h Carrying strahuvannya, that yogo Prybutok.

Insurance tariff - tse Cena strahuvannya. Tse chinnik konkurentsії mainly on the insurance market analysis. Chim bіlshe ohopleno strahuvalnikіv, PFM menshі vitrati insurers, team or zhchy rozmіr insurance rate i tim bіlshі mozhlivostі for zaluchennya novih klієntіv.

Strahov vіdshkoduvannya - tse viplata insurers are insured (abo otrimuvachu) povnoї chi chastkovoї sumi zbitkіv. Rozmіr insurance vіdshkoduvannya deposits od dvoh chinnikіv - strahovoї sumi i zbitku insurance. Strahov scrip harakterizuє scale danoї strahovoї operatsії, tobto yak on the bag of the insured chi Inshyj ob'єkt. Tsya scrip viznachaєtsya, s one side, vartіsnoyu otsіnkoyu ob'єkta strahuvannya and іnshogo h - i mozhlivostyami pobazhannyami strahuvalnika. Vіdnoshennya strahovoї sumi to vartіsnoї otsіnki ob'єkta strahuvannya harakterizuє Strahov zabezpechennya, not yak Mauger perevischuvati 100%. INSURANCE zbitok yavlyaє him vartіsnu otsіnku zapodіyanih vtrat are insured.

Іsnuyut rіznі Sistemi viznachennya rozmіru insurance vіdshkoduvannya. Basic methodological povnoї Yea i proportsіynoї vіdpovіdalnostі. When povnіy vіdpovіdalnostі insurers Strahov vіdshkoduvannya viplachuєtsya in rozmіrі zapodіyanih zbitkіv, ale not bіlshe strahovoї sumi. When proportsіynіy sistemі vіdpovіdalnіst rozpodіlyaєtsya mіzh insurers are insured i have proportsії, yak vіdobrazhaє spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh INSURANCE sumoyu i vartіsnoyu otsіnkoyu ob'єkta strahuvannya. Napriklad, insurance Yakscho scrip becoming half vartіsnoї otsіnki ob'єkta strahuvannya, you are insured bude viplacheno Strahov vіdshkoduvannya in rozmіrі 50% od sumi zapodіyanih zbitkіv.

Reinsurance, yak usually not suprovodzhuєtsya penny flows pov'yazanimi s peremіschennyam koshtіv insurance fund mіzh EYAD insurers. In vzaєmovіdnosinah mіzh perestrahuvalnikom i perestrahovikom skladayutsya groshovі flows scho harakterizuyut fіnansovі vіdnosini mіzh s drive them kupіvlі-sale dogovorіv strahuvannya. Yak usually stink zdіysnyuyutsya in formі komіsіynoї pay. Tsі vіdnosini not nalezhat to the insurance penny potokіv, oskіlki not stink harakterizuyut ruh koshtіv INSURANCE fondіv.

Vzaєmovіdnosini s fіnansovim Rink harakterizuyut rozmіschennya on nomu timchasovo vіlnih koshtіv INSURANCE fondіv otrimannya i od tsogo dohodіv. Tsі Income rozpodіlyayutsya on Dvi Chastain. A s they formuє income of insurance kompanіy i becoming Pevnyi Chastain їhnogo pributku. Another Chastina spryamovuєtsya bezposeredno on formuvannya INSURANCE fondіv. Vaughn harakterizuє zdeshevlennya strahuvannya for strahuvalnikіv for rakhunok vikoristannya їhnіh koshtіv (insurance platezhіv) fіnansovomu on market analysis. Tse vazhliva warehouses ratsіonalnogo th efektivnosti vikoristannya fіnansovih resursіv Kraina in tsіlomu.

Strahovі vіdnosini mіzh sub'єktami strahuvannya i groshovі flows regulyuyutsya vіdpovіdnimi lands mіzh insurers i strahuvalnikom, SSMSC toil Yurydychna force. The document yaky zasvіdchuє strahuvannya fact, the insurance nazivaєtsya polіsom (svіdotstvom). Vіn vidaєtsya insurers pіslya Splat insurance vnesku (single chi Perche). In insurance polіsі vkazuyutsya ob'єkt i kind strahuvannya, line dії contract i strahovі vipadki. Rozrіznyayut termіni "Insurance vipadok" i "Podiya insurance." INSURANCE vipadok - tse mozhliva Podiya, nastannya yakoї Mauger sprichiniti zbitki. Vaughn harakterizuє Pevnyi rizik, i od yakogo zdіysnyuєtsya strahuvannya. Strahov Podiya yavlyaє him podіyu scho factual came. Won Got Booty ofіtsіyno zareєstrovana. Tobto INSURANCE vipadok - tse mozhliva Podiya and insurance Podiya - tse one scho vіdbulasya.