Fіnansova dіyalnіst sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya - Tereshchenko OO

12.8. Planuvannya lіkvіdnostі

Planuvannya lіkvіdnostі (platospromozhnostі) pіdpriєmstva zdіysnyuєtsya on osnovі zіstavlennya prognozіv penny nadhodzhen i viplat protyagom planned perіodu. Before the main іnstrumentіv planuvannya lіkvіdnostі nalezhat fіnansovy operational plan (budget) that budget robochem kapіtalu.

In razі operational fіnansovogo planuvannya per unit planuvannya Mauger brothers day Tyzhden, chi mіsyats decade. Perіod planuvannya lіkvіdnostі (schodenne, schotizhneve, schodekadne, schomіsyachne) deposits od specific brain dіyalnostі pіdpriєmstva, obsyagu schodennih oborotіv penny koshtіv, nayavnoї Informácie for prognozuvannya.

HEAD zavdannyam korotkostrokovih fіnansovih byudzhetіv Je operational zabezpechennya kerіvnitstva pіdpriєmstva іnformatsієyu about ochіkuvanі groshovі nadhodzhennya that vidatki for zavchasnogo virіshennya mozhlivih platospromozhnіstyu s problems. Otzhe categorically іmperativom (nastіynoyu vimogoyu) whether yakogo korotkostrokovogo fіnansovogo planuvannya Je principle zabezpechennya platospromozhnostі pіdpriєmstva protyagom odinitsі planned perіodu (day Tyzhden, mіsyats) * 16.

* 16: {Boemle M. Unetrnehmensfinanzierung. - S. 120.}

Yak usually fіnansovy operational plan for 12 months at skladaєtsya s rozbivkoyu on okremih mіsyatsyah. Tsey view planuvannya Got revolving character: іz zakіnchennyam Perche mіsyatsya planned perіodu pochinaєtsya planuvannya penny nadhodzhen that vitrat mіsyatsya scho slіduє for ostannіm mіsyatsem vkazanogo perіodu and takozh konkretizuyutsya planovі pokazniki іnshih months at. For the largest of companies s great obsyagami penny potokіv fіnansovih planіv Mauger Buti nedostatno for operational upravlіnnya platospromozhnіstyu quarterly chi mіsyachnih. In such pіdpriєmstvah dotsіlno zaprovaditi schomіsyachne planuvannya s rozbivkoyu for decades i navіt for days.

Fіnansovy operational plan yavlyaє him the balance sheet, scho mіstit іnformatsіyu about groshovі nadhodzhennya that vidatki pіdpriєmstva. For structures vіn Mauger skladatisya s such elementіv (div Table 12.6..):

zalishok penny koshtіv on the cob planned perіodu;

groshovі nadhodzhennya;

groshovі vidatki;

zalishok (defіtsit) Penny koshtіv on kіnets planned perіodu;

operatsії within zbalansuvannya planned pokaznikіv.

W metoyu zaprovadzhennya control vikonannya fіnansovogo budget in formі fіnansovogo plan of order іz planned pokaznikami, dotsіlno enter column vіdobrazhennya danih factuality.

table 12.6

The structure of the operational plan fіnansovogo pіdpriєmstva

Planned perіod / Pokazniki

Mіsyatsі

the I

II

III

...

plan

fact

plan

fact

plan

fact

1. Penny Zalishok koshtіv on the cob perіodu

Groshovі nadhodzhennya od realіzatsії produktsії

Dovgostrokovі loans bankіv

Korotkostrokovі loans bankіv

Komertsіynі pozichki (Advances oderzhanі)

Nadhodzhennya od emіsії oblіgatsіy

Nadhodzhennya od realіzatsії non-negotiable aktivіv

Nadhodzhennya od realіzatsії fіnansovih іnvestitsіy

Income od uchastі in kapіtalі

INSHI fіnansovі Income

Zakіnchennya Table. 12.6

Planned perіod / Pokazniki

Mіsyatsі

the I

II

III

...

plan

fact

plan

fact

plan

fact

2. Vsogo penny nadhodzhen

Vidatki on zakupіvlyu sirovini, materіalіv

Zarobіtna board that narahuvannya on neї

Podatki in budget

Vidatki on admіnіstrativnі vitrati

Vidatki on zbut

Viplata divіdendіv

Vidatki on pridbannya non-negotiable aktivіv

Vidatki on pridbannya fіnansovih іnvestitsіy

Repayment komertsіynih pozichok

Repayment bankіvskih pozichok

SPLAT protsentіv for loans

INSHI vitrati

Vsogo penny vidatkіv

3. Nadlishok / defіtsit penny koshtіv on kіnets perіodu

4. Operatsії s pokrittya defіtsitu koshtіv

Zbіlshennya statutory kapіtalu

Zaluchennya bankіvskih pozichok

Dodatkovі dezіnvestitsії

5. Vikoristannya nadlishku koshtіv

Povernennya vneskіv uchasnikіv i zasnovnikіv

Repayment bankіvskih pozichok

Korotkostrokovі fіnansovі vkladennya

6. Zalishok koshtіv on kіnets perіodu s urahuvannyam operatsіy for paragraphs. 4 i 5

Warehouse okremih pozitsіy plan Mauger rіznitisya fallow od galuzevoї nalezhnostі pіdpriєmstva that rіvnya detalіzatsії forward-pokaznikіv. Mozhlive takozh skladannya fіnansovogo operational plan in rozrіzі okremih proektіv, vidіv produktsії, tsentrіv pributkovostі (expenses), pіdrozdіlіv toscho.

On perevazhnіy bіlshostі of companies mainly warehouses penny nadhodzhen Je groshovі revenues od realіzatsії produktsії. However rezultatі nadannya platіzhnih vіdstrochok pokuptsyam chi them torn down rozrahunkovo-platіzhnoї distsiplіni faktichnі obsyagi penny nadhodzhen in okremih perіodah zdebіlshogo not zbіgayutsya s obsyagami realіzatsії produktsії (Wholesale tsіnah) in Tsikh perіodah. W metoyu prognozuvannya penny nadhodzhen od realіzatsії in okremih perіodah s urahuvannyam koefіtsієnta іnkasatsії debіtorskoї zaborgovanostі dotsіlno skladati forward-grafіk nadhodzhen penny. Tsey grafіk formuєtsya on osnovі analіzu vhіdnih penny potokіv in poperednіh perіodah, galuzevoї spetsifіki (i tendentsіy) zdіysnennya rozrahunkіv, dosvіdu spіvpratsі s distrib'yutorami, іnshimi types spozhivachіv that s vikoristannyam Informácie schodo minds rozrahunkіv, yak mіstitsya in ukladenih contracts. In protsesі prognozuvannya rekomenduєtsya vikoristovuvati method ekstrapolyatsії: obsyagi ochіkuvanih penny nadhodzhen have planned perіodі mozhna sproektuvati on osnovі pobudovi that analіzu ryadіv dinamіki (divas breather 11..).

In Table. 12.7 Predicted imposed grafіk penny nadhodzhen i repayment debіtorskoї zaborgovanostі for minds, scho rozrahunki for vіdvantazhenu produktsіyu zdіysnyuyutsya such rank:

protyagom 1st mіsyatsya s time vіdvantazhennya produktsії nadhodit 20% koshtіv for neї;

protyagom 2nd mіsyatsya - 30%;

protyagom 3rd mіsyatsya - 40%;

protyagom 4th mіsyatsya - 8%;

beznadіyna zaborgovanіst - at serednomu 2% od obsyagіv realіzatsії.

Skladannya revolving fіnansovogo plan Mauger zdіysnyuvatisya in this order:

1. osnovі budget realіzatsії slіd viznachiti obsyagi ochіkuvanoї viruchki od realіzatsії in rozrіzі okremih months at.

2. Skladannya forecast grafіka penny nadhodzhen od realіzatsії produktsії (tovarіv, robіt, poslug).

table 12.7

Predicted grafіk penny nadhodzhen od realіzatsії produktsії (tovarіv, robіt, poslug)

yew. UAH

On pochatokplanovogo rock

Mіsyatsі

We planned rotsі

Pokaznik

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

Prognoznі obsyagi realіzatsії Wholesale tsіnah

50

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

150

1200

Zalishok debіtorskoї zaborgovanostі on kіnets planned perіodu

220

168

168

168

170

168

166

164

162

160

158

158

200

200

Repayment zaborgovanostі poperednіh rokіv

92

65

thirty

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

2

217

Nadhodzhennya od realіzatsії for okremі perіodi, mіsyatsі)

the I

10

15

20

4

49

II

20

thirty

40

8

98

III

20

thirty

40

8

98

Zakіnchennya Table. 12.7

On pochatokplanovogo rock

Mіsyatsі

We planned rotsі

Pokaznik

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

IV

20

thirty

40

8

98

V

20

thirty

40

8

98

VI

20

thirty

40

8

98

VII

20

thirty

40

8

98

VIII

20

thirty

40

8

98

IX

20

thirty

40

8

98

X

20

thirty

40

90

XI

20

thirty

50

XII

thirty

thirty

Vsogo nadhodzhen

102

100

100

98

102

102

102

102

102

102

100

108

1220

3. W vikoristannyam danih schodo forward-obsyagіv realіzatsії that virobnitstva, planned kalkulyatsіy sobіvartostі produktsії formuєtsya budget virobnitstva Where Money Does vіdobrazhayutsya neobhіdnі costs for planned vigotovlennya obsyagіv produktsії.

4. osnovі budget virobnitstva, іnshih chastkovih byudzhetіv (materіalnih budget costs, personnel costs toscho) rozrahovuєtsya require in Costa on fіnansuvannya aktivіv werewolf.

5. Vіddіl postachannya in spіvpratsі іz buhgalterskimi services responsible rozrobiti budget costs sirovinu (materіali) is the budget virobnichih zapasіv have yakih s rozbivkoyu on okremih mіsyatsyah vkazuyutsya Sumi penny koshtіv scho pererahovuvatimutsya postachalnikam for sirovinu, materіali toscho. For tsogo analіzuyutsya platіzhnі minds vіdpovіdnih dogovorіv delivery, price lists postachalnikіv and takozh s danі rozshifrovki that serednogo rіvnya kreditorskoї zaborgovanostі item, robots Hotel, SSMSC Mali Location in poperednіh perіodah.

6. Accountant, vіdpovіdalny for Obl_k zarobіtnoї pay, once s fіnansovim director skladaє budget vitrat on zarobіtnu fee on osnovі: vіdobrazhenoї in byudzhetі virobnitstva potrebі in virobnichomu personalі; in byudzhetі admіnіstrativnih vitrat - potrebі in admіnіstrativnomu personalі and takozh s vikoristannyam vіdpovіdnih nakazіv schodo vstanovlennya Posadov okladіv. When tsomu vrahovuyutsya takozh vitrati Zi Splat obov'yazkovih narahuvan zarobіtnu on board, and takozh line viplati zarobіtnoї pay that pererahuvannya platezhіv in the budget.

7. osnovі vіdpovіdnih dogovorіv, nakazіv, danih zvіtnih perіodіv toscho skladayutsya іnshih vitrat budget, in addition to chislі budget vitrat zbut budget admіnіstrativnih vitrat toscho and takozh grafіki vіdpovіdnih vidatkіv penny.

Characterization of the order that Zborov obrobki Informácie dіє for zvichaynoї operatsіynoї dіyalnostі, if vіdsutnі suttєvі Oscillations in obsyagah virobnitstva, realіzatsії produktsії that directly dіyalnostі pіdpriєmstva. In razі Well planuvannya Change log in fіnansovo-gospodarskіy dіyalnostі, SSMSC zumovlyuyut ruh koshtіv in rezultatі іnvestitsіynoї that fіnansovoї dіyalnostі in protsesі skladannya fіnansovogo plan vikoristovuєtsya іnformatsіya, yak mіstitsya in vіdpovіdnih chastkovih budgets. Napriklad, vrahovuyuchi іnformatsіyu scho mіstitsya in byudzhetі virobnitstva i plans fіnansovih vkladen, viznachaєtsya required in kapіtalі for fіnansuvannya non-negotiable aktivіv that skladaєtsya budget іnvestitsіy s specific grafіkami vіdpovіdnih vitrat penny.

On osnovі zіstavlennya penny nadhodzhen i vitrat viznachaєtsya defіtsit chi nadlishok penny koshtіv have planned perіodі. Nadlishok koshtіv spryamovuєtsya, yak usually on fіnansuvannya dodatkovih іnvestitsіy, repayment dovgostrokovih pozichok chi viplatu divіdendіv (Yakscho nayavne vіdpovіdne dzherelo). In razі defіtsitu fіnansovogo budget slіd get used zahodіv schodo dodatkovogo zaluchennya resursіv іz zovnіshnіh Jerel chi zmenshennya vidatkovoї Chastain, in t. Ch. Shlyakhov restrukturizatsії zaborgovanostі, vikoristannya lіzingu zamіst kupіvlі mainly zasobіv toscho.

On praktitsі often traplyayutsya situatsії, if vіdbuvaєtsya zatrimka platezhіv for vіdvantazhenu produktsіyu, vzaєmozalіk zustrіchnih platezhіv, zmenshuєtsya obsyag realіzatsії produktsії, dіyut INSHI chinniki, SSMSC prizvodyat to factuality zmenshennya dohіdnoї Chastain budget. W metoyu usunennya pozaplanovogo defіtsitu lіkvіdnostі vinikaє neobhіdnіst operational pereglyadu (koriguvannya) budget. Zbalansovanostі mozhna dosyagti EYAD Shlyakhov:

1) pokrivayuchi defіtsit resursіv zbіlshennyam dohіdnoї Chastain to neobhіdnogo rіvnya (Yakscho pіdpriєmstvo Got vіlny access to rinkіv kapіtalіv);

2) zmenshuyuchi planovі obsyagi penny vidatkіv (Yakscho pіdpriєmstvo Got obmezhenі mozhlivostі fіnansuvannya).

In Persha vipadku fіnansovy budget bude vtorinnim, oskіlki spochatku formuєtsya vidatkova Chastina, the basis yakoї Je іnformatsіya schodo costs (mіstitsya in chastkovih (Parvin) budgets). Yakscho Well dzherela fіnansuvannya pіdpriєmstva obmezhenі then іnformatsіya about mozhlivі groshovі nadhodzhennya basis for Boudet rozrobki vsіh іnshih byudzhetіv. In danomu razі yak bude Pervin sama fіnansovy budget, and OAO All INSHI budget rozroblyatimutsya, vihodyachi s maximum rіvnya costs.

Pereglyad vidatkovoї Chastain budget dotsіlno rozglyadati kolegіalno (for participation kerіvnitstva pіdpriєmstva, kerіvnikіv structural pіdrozdіlіv pіdpriєmstva) at tsomu mozhlivі rіznomanіtnі pіdhodi to problem pereglyadu vidatkіv. Rekomenduєtsya vikoristovuvati pіdhіd to pereglyadu vidatkіv budget scho bude zasnovany on viroblenіy sistemі prіoritetіv fіnansuvannya (payment) Flow vidatkіv pіdpriєmstva. Before prіoritetnih mozhut nalezhati takі vitrati (vidatki) Budget:

zarobіtna board robіtnikіv in rozrahunku on virobnichu programa pіdpriєmstva;

platezhі in pozabyudzhetnі funds;

vitrati on zakupіvlyu komplektuyuchih virobіv (materіalіv) neobhіdnih for vikonannya virobnichoї prog pіdpriєmstva i zabezpechennya funktsіonuvannya virobnichih primіschen i Sistemi komplektatsіy (іnzhenernih trammel);

Payment spozhitoї elektroenergії;

splat podatkіv from budget vsіh rіvnіv.

Pіdkreslimo scho fіnansovі service of companies povinnі rozrobiti Vlasnyi system prіoritetnih platezhіv, vrahovuyuchi konkretnі dіyalnostі minds.

Vazhlivim chinnikom, yaky slіd vrahovuvati at skladannі fіnansovogo operational plan, Je neobhіdnіst dotrimannya rules that printsipіv fіnansuvannya pіdpriєmstva. Planuvannya required in kapіtalі that zahodіv schodo її pokrittya slіd zdіysnyuvati, vrahovuyuchi rules gorizontalnoї that vertikalnoї balance sheet structure. Same to operational budget fіnansovy dotsіlno іntegruvati byudzhetuvannya in balance. Tse will give zmogu quickly perevіriti Yakimov rank come in for zabezpechennya potochnoї platospromozhnostі vplivayut on zagalnu fіnansovu rіvnovagu pіdpriєmstva, zokrema pokazniki fіnansovoї Nezalezhnosti, lіkvіdnostі toscho, SSMSC rozrahovuyutsya on osnovі okremih balance sheet items. Nayvazhlivіshim іnstrumentom perevіrki uzgodzhenostі pokaznikіv balance is the operational plan for fіnansovogo zabezpechennya stabіlnoї fіnansovoї rіvnovagi Je prognozuvannya robochem kapіtalu (Working Capital Prognosen). For bіlshoї ob'єktivnostі planuvannya robochem kapіtalu to warehouse werewolf aktivіv dotsіlno not include all debіtorsku zaborgovanіst and deprivation Chistu realіzatsіynu vartіst potochnoї debіtorskoї zaborgovanostі.

Budget robochem kapіtalu bazuєtsya on planuvannі Change log in skladі korotkostrokovih aktivіv that pasivіv, otzhe, bezposeredno not stosuєtsya fіnansovih rezultatіv (zvіtu about pributki that zbitki). Mainly methane byudzhetuvannya robochem kapіtalu polyagaє in prognozuvannі pokaznikіv lіkvіdnostі for Change in the planned perіodі scho stvoryuє base for operational upravlіnnya lіkvіdnіstyu. Yakscho protyagom planned perіodu obsyag robochem kapіtalu zalishaєtsya stabіlnim, the tse oznachaє scho fіnansuvannya pіdpriєmstva zdіysnyuvatimetsya vіdpovіdno to the principle kongruentnostі strokіv.

Yak svіdchit practice planuvannya lіkvіdnostі Je Slabko mіstsem of companies that small serednogo bіznesu. In Shveytsarії, napriklad, korotkostrokovі fіnansovі Plagne skladayut deprivation blizko 20% i 40% Malih serednіh of companies. Lachey 10% of companies usіh tsієї groupies skladayut Ruhu plan Penny koshtіv * 17 (Cash-flow plan). On vіtchiznyanih pіdpriєmstvah tsі digits Je slit viraznіshimi.

* 17: {Lanz R. Controlling in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen. - Bern-Stuttgart, 1990. - S. 68.}