home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 2. Zmіna Georeferencing i rolі in Helsinki Human virobnitstvі in protsesі NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso

Naukova-tehnіchny progressive oznachaє formuvannya new techno logіchnogo method of virobnitstva. Vіn vіdbuvaєtsya postupovo, ale nevpinno, Aje just past about velicheznі virobnitstva scale. The I sogodnі slit of order s visokotehnіchnim avtomatizovanim virob-nitstvom іsnuyut the Branch, Praca de zastosovuyut Manual.

Odne s nayvazhlivіshih not tіlki ekonomіchnih and second sotsіalnih zavdan - zmenshennya chastki fіzichnoї ruchnoї pratsі in virobnitstvі. Tse potrebuє іstotnih for Change in the minds Zhittya i pratsі Helsinki Human, vimagaє osvoєnnya bіlsh folding profesіy, scho deprivation for people mozhlivo dostatnіm s cultural, osvіtnіm that profesіynim rіvnem.

Sogodnі in NAUKOVO-populyarnіy i spetsіalnіy lіteraturі bagato uwagi pridіlyaєtsya "deserted tehnologіyam" tobto such automata-tizovanim, gnuchkim system, SSMSC nіbito povnіstyu usuvayut people-well, s virobnitstva. Prote on praktitsі, hoch Quantity personnel yaky obslugovuє TAKE ustatkuvannya, th znizhuєtsya, Helsinki Human role in virob-nitstvі not tіlki not zmenshuєtsya and, navpaki, uniquely zrostaє. Zvichay, but the nature of Helsinki Human trudovoї dіyalnostі at tsomu іstotno zmіnyuєt Xia: Won in the main vikonuє funktsії proektuvalnika, programіs-one nalagodzhuє tehnologіchnu entire system. Until then. "Deserted tehnologіya" in materіalnomu virobnitstvі dopovnyuєtsya digit zbіlshennyam kіlkostі fahіvtsіv, zaynyatih rozrobkami novih-nologіchnih those systems that ustatkuvannya. Tsі pratsіvniki Je practical ESTATE-kіntsevogo virobnitstva nicknames. So, on the one zavodі zmіnu mozhut pratsyuvati deprivation 10-20 chol, and konstruktorskomu office at tsomu zavodі -. Kіlka hundreds.

Person of poєdnuє fіzichnu i, i rozumovu dіyalnіst. Prote spіvvіd-wearing mіzh tsimi warehouses pratsі rіzne. W rozvitkom suspіl-tion virobnitstva on osnovі novoї tehnіki tehnologії i have zagalnih vitratah pratsі pіdvischuєtsya values ​​її rozumovoї Chastain. Vini-kan g bagato profesіy, SSMSC all less then peredbachayut vikonannya fі zichnih Act reasonably-i all bіlshe - rozumovih. Tse E-ustatkuvannya adjusters, the operator on the automaticity lіnіyah, gіdro-, the heat of the atomic elektrostantsіyah that іn.

On the cob XX century. Nabeul poshirennya organіzatsіya virobnitstva method for amerikanskogo іnzhenera F. Taylor, scho gruntuvalasya on funktsіonuvannі robіtnika yak dodatka easy to machine, yaky in vikonannі pevnoї operatsії reachable automatism. Taylor System has been viewed typical for masovogo streaming virobnitstva, Won led to zrostannya digit produktivnostі pratsі. The essence of її polyagala in fact scho poєdnuvalis in odne tsіle Lyudin i machine. Reachable tse nasampered ratsіonalіzatsієyu that priskorennyam ruhіv Helsinki Human listed її Act reasonably have vіdpovіdnіst s robots machines. Same zavdyaki tsomu vinikla system "Person - machine."

For Tsikh minds rozumova dіyalnіst Helsinki Human obmezhuvalasya, usuva-lasya od virobnichogo processes, oskіlki Bula nepotrіbnoyu. Tse-Minouche not generally produces up znizhennya rolі profesіynih knowledge robіtni-kіv, їh іntelektualnogo rіvnya, Bulo real pіdporyadkuvannya pratsі kapіtalu, spotvorennya osobistostі Helsinki Human.

In drugіy polovinі ninіshnogo stolіttya mozhlivostі zrostannya produktivnostі pratsі for rakhunok naybіlsh ratsіonalnogo vikoris-tannya fіzichnih mozhlivostey Helsinki Human boule vicherpanі. Zavdannya polyagalo in fact dwellers lead in ruh mozhlivostі i Rozum Helsinki Human Spirit. In zv'yazku s CIM viniklo bagato teorіy "lyudskih vіdno-syn", "sotsіalnogo partnership" that іnshih, spryamovanih to those dwellers bring, scho pіdpriєmtsі that robіtniki through purchase aktsіy that fate in rozpodіlі pributku Je rіvnopravnimi sotsіalnimi partners. In ryadі kraїn (Yaponії, the US is the іnshih, Especially in Skandinavskih) tsі teorії away realіzuvati on praktitsі.

S Person of vikonavtsya virobnichih operatsіy all bіlshe peretvo ryuєtsya-in controller i setup man collapsible ustatkuvannya, of auto-cal systems. Vid rіvnya її osvіti, Culture profesіynoї Meister-nostі deposits їh funktsіonuvannya. Uskladnennya materіalno-recho-vortices znaryad virobnitstva stimulyuє appeared robіtnika novoї of Quality:

vіlnogo, osvіchenogo, cultural, rozvinenogo fіzichno yak, so i ro-zooms, yaky koristuєtsya benefits virobnitstva i gliboko zaіntere-popping in Yogo rozvitku i vdoskonalennі. Tom napriklad the US, mіnіmalna trivalіst osvіti robіtnikіv (vrahovuyuchi rіznogo race course without vіdrivu od virobnitstva) 14.5 dosyagaє rock. Here hotіlosya b pіdkresliti, scho in nashіy kraїnі asignuvannya on osvіtu not vіdpovіda-yut vimogam NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso, scho on poznachaєtsya of Quality pіdgotovki spetsіalіstіv on rozvitku science i tehnіki.

Perehіd to a wide zastosuvannya obchislyuvalnoї tehnіki, іnformatiki, komp'yuterizatsії bagatoh areas dіyalnostі Helsinki Human, stvorennya rozgaluzhenoї system of personal knowledge komp'yuterіv-menuvav іnformatsіyny coup in svіtі, yaky vnіs yakіsno novі RISS at Praca i Zhittya Helsinki Human. Ninі dokorіnno zmіnyuєtsya vzaєmo-exposure The novih pokolіn tehnіki i novih pokolіn people. Novimi resting-lіnnyami tehnіki vvazhayutsya takі vdoskonalenі zasobi pratsі, SSMSC Hoca used in one abo in kіlkoh parameters prinaymnі 2 Razi re-vazhayut poperednі for svoєyu efektivnіstyu. Zmіna pokolіn tehnіki suprovodzhuєtsya zmіnoyu pokolіn people bezposerednіh virobni-

kіv. Vvazhaєtsya scho protyagom stolіttya zmіnyuєtsya pokolіnnya three people.

Suchasna NTR made іstotnі zmіni in suspіlno ekonomіchny-roses-round: zmіna pokolіn novoї tehnіki Pocha uniquely viperedzhati zmіnu pokolіn pratsіvnikіv. Teper for Zhittya one pokolіnnya peo-ple have advanced Galuzo virobnitstva zmіnyuєtsya kіlka pokolіn tehnіki. Suchasna STR ohoplyuє mayzhe Vier desyatirіchchya. For Tsei hour is low іstorichny promіzhok in elektronіtsі zmіnilosya cho Thiry pokolіnnya komp'yuterіv, stvoryuєtsya p'yate, odne pokolіnnya suputnikіv zv'yazku zamіnyuєtsya novim in avіatsії vikoristovuyut reaktivnі dvigun, target nadzvukovі lіtalnі aparata.

Tse svіdchit about those, scho not fіzichne starіnnya machines and morally viklikaє zamіnu dіyuchoї tehnіki a new, scho naukovі knowledge in urechevlenіy vtіlenі yak, so i in zhivіy pratsі morally zastarіvayut. Shvidi-kіst tsogo processes viznachaєtsya hour, for yaky nayavne knowledge, in addition chislі th kvalіfіkatsіya robіtnika half znetsіnyuєtsya.

Starіnnya s knowledge of science i tehnіki vіdbuvaєtsya nerіvnomіrno. Vono kolivaєtsya in furrows of 5-7 rokіv in Galuzo scho shvidshe rozvivayut Xia, 10-12 rokіv at 10-15 rokіv іnshih i have deyakih NAUKOVO-butt, which she іnzhenerno-tehnіchnih Galuzo.

Sche on the cob XX century. lyudinі vistachalo the entire perіod її-bodied voї dіyalnostі knowledge zdobutih pid hour zagalnogo that profesіynogo navchannya. STR zmіnila situatsіyu dokorіnno. All Shirshov staє colo profesіy i spetsіalnostey, knowledge of yakih Shvydko starіyut and Nabu-ta kvalіfіkatsіya znetsіnyuєtsya. Dwellers pіdtrimuvati neobhіdny rіven knowledge Lyudin guilty perіodichno pіdvischuvati his kvalіfіka-tsіyu. System osvіti peretvoryuєtsya on bezperervnu, gnuchku, yak at razі require daє mozhlivіst pіdvischuvati abo zmіnyuvati kvalіfі-katsіyu pratsіvnikіv s vіdrivom i without vіdrivu od virobnitstva: Viho-vuє in lyudinі potyag to postіynogo zdobuttya novih knowledge umіnnya ovolodіvati іnformatsієyu, spriymati sotsіalno-ekonomіchnі, science-in-tehnіchnі innovations.

Sort order s traditsіynoyu osvіtoyu poshiryuєtsya "Elektron" gra-motnіst people yak postupovo, ale nevpinno ohoplyuє all bіlshe colo profesіy. Won Got Why obov'yazkovoyu for vsіh, oskіlki VJ znachaє kvalіfіkovanі st spetsіalіstіv, їh zdatnіst obroblyati i vetch-ristovuvati іnformatsіyu.

Poverhovy looking at suchasnі processes, viklikanі STR, stvoryuє vrazhennya, Niby strіmke i large-scale zrostannya znaryad virobni-tstva, urechevlenoї pratsі vіdbuvaєtsya on fonі Neznachny Change log in Ms-vіy pratsі, lyudskomu faktorі virobnitstva. The I spravdі on fonі ocean-skih supertankerіv, veletenskih aerobusіv, komp'yuterіv four or tog about pokolіnnya scho vikonuyut mіlyoni operatsіy per second, the very Person of viglyadaє primensheno. Prote naspravdі tse not. Hoch vitrati on tehnіchnі zasobi virobnitstva duzhe Shvydko zrostayut, ale th vitrati on vihovannya, osvіtu, profesіynu pіdgotovku one robіt-nick, zdatnogo pratsyuvati on Pevnyi robochem mіstsі, stanovlyat digit scrip. About Tse svіdchat danі kraїn s rozvinutoyu ekonomіkoyu.

Yakscho vrahovuvati Costa, SSMSC Power vidіlyaє on navchannya in doshkіlnih, serednіh that vischih The Teaching mortgages on virobniche navchannya, pіdvischennya kvalіfіkatsії that perekvalіfіkatsіyu pratsіvni-kіv (to them dodayutsya osobistі vitrati people on the books pridbannya, peredplatu perіodichnih Vidanov, payment navchannya toscho) on Viho-vannya dіtey, receptionists Health Protection, the vitrati on vіdtvorennya robochoї Sealy stayut not tіlki porіvnyannimi s vartіstyu materіalno-recho-Vågå bagatstva suspіlstva. Before w hoch Yakima velicheznim Je ostannє, Lyudin - smut bagatstvo suspіlstva.

On osnovі zrostannya suspіlnogo virobnitstva zmіnyuєtsya spіv-vіdnoshennya mіzh zaynyatіstyu in materіalnomu that nematerіalnomu virobnitstvі, Especially in sotsіalnіy sferі. Ninі in rozvinenih kraї-nah chastka zaynyatih in sotsіalnіy sferі bіlsha, nіzh zaynyatih in materіalnomu virobnitstvі. Tse pov'yazano s tim, scho produktivnіst pratsі in materіalnomu virobnitstvі on osnovі NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso zrostaє i daє mozhlivіst spochatku at vіdnosno and potіm i absolutely menshіy kіlkostі zaynyatih in materіalnomu virobnitstvі zabezpechuvati require suspіlstva i perevoditi all bіlshe pratsіv-nikіv in scope, yak zadovolnyaє sotsіalnі, kulturnі that duhovnі pot Rebi people.

Ranіshe in vіtchiznyanіy statistitsі to warehouse sukupnogo suspіlno th pratsіvnika include deprivation robіtniki, sluzhbovtsі, іnzhenerno-tehnіchnі pratsіvniki, SSMSC bezposeredno take / participation in stvorennі materіalnih benefits that virobnichih poslug. Scope poslug Bula little rozvinutoyu and її vpliv on suspіlne virobnitstvo- mayzhe Nepo-mіtnim. Sogodnі in zv'yazku іz zrostannyam vimog to Helsinki Human to її fіzichnih that rozumovih zdіbnostey stupіn rozvitku sotsіalnoї spherical bezposeredno vplivaє on rozvitok Economy i culture Kraina, Tom is not possible not to vіdnositi sukupnogo suspіlnogo pratsіvnika vchitelіv, lіkarіv, pratsіvnikіv culture, pobutovogo that zhitlovo- to use the municipal-Gospodarstwa, pasazhirskogo Transport toscho. Pong vіdіgrayut dedalі INCREASING role in rozvitku Economy i suspіlst Islands. Axis chomu ninі at viznachalnіy rolі materіalnogo virobni-tstva treba zabezpechuvati prіoritetny rozvitok sotsіalnoї sphere.

Vodnochase treba zaznachiti, scho in kraїnah, SSMSC rozvivayutsya that rolling up rinkovih vіdnosin, zrostannya zaynyatih in sferі ob slugovuvannya vіdbuvaєtsya for rakhunok rozdrіbnoї torgіvlі, nadannya rіznih pobutovih poslug toscho, not for rakhunok obslugovuvannya materіalnogo virobnitstva. Tse naslіdok not Progreso and vіdstalostі form prihovanogo bezrobіttya.

On Suchasnyj etapі posilyuєtsya processes peretvorennya science bezposerednyu productive force, science organіchnogo poєdnannya i virobnitstva. In sferі science that Naukova obslugovuvannya in Ukraїnі zaynyato Ponad 1.5 million chol.

Naukovі doslіdzhennya and takozh on computer science vplivayut zros-tannya suspіlnogo product. Result Naukova doslіdzhen Je pro-mіzhnim and nerіdko kіntsevim product suspіlnogo virobnitstva. In zagalnomu obsyazі virobnitstva Shvydko zrostaє naukoєmna pro-duktsіya, yak Yea result vtіlennya Naukova rozrobok. Yakіst ta-cal tovarіv, їh assortment, tehnіko-ekonomіchnі pokazniki viznacha-yut ninі NAUKOVO-virobnichy potentsіal Kraina.

Vreshtі-Rasht іstotno zmіnyuєtsya spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh Galuzo of materіalnogo virobnitstva, nasampered mіzh promislovіs-bye i sіlskim Gospodarstwa.

Schodo promislovostі then trivaly hour chastka zaynyatih in nіy zros-tala. Teper tsya tendentsіya in rozvinenih kraїnah vzhe not sposterіga-єtsya, Nablizilas to tsogo i bіlshіst skhіdnoєvropeyskih kraїn, if all prirіst promislovoї produktsії dosyagaєtsya for rakhunok pіdvischennya produktivnostі pratsі with absolute skorochennі chi-selnostі pratsіvnikіv.

Vazhlivim directly yakіsnogo vdoskonalennya sukupnogo suspіl-tion pratsіvnika Je Shvidky pіdvischennya zagalnoosvіtnogo rіvnya pratsіvnikіv, іntelektualіzatsіya pratsі.

Ostannіm hour in Ukraїnі in zv'yazku іz structural transfor-matsієyu іstotnih Change log arrogant trammel vischih that profesіynih Nav-initial zakladіv. Pereprofіlovano 250 vocational schools, have vischih The Teaching mortgages zmensheno pіdgotovku studentіv of 60-іnzhener them spetsіalnostey i zbіlsheno (15 vіdsotkіv) s ekonomіchnih, Yurydychna that іnshih spetsіalnostey. Zdіysnyuєtsya perehіd on bug-torіvnevu pіdgotovki spetsіalіstіv system. Vpershe in Ukraїnі roses Roble i zaprovadzheno єdiny Reigning perelіk spetsіalnostey that kvalіfіkatsіynih rіvnіv.

All values ​​bіlshogo nabuvaє pіdvischennya kvalіfіkatsії that ne-repіdgotovki kadrіv. Napriklad have Frantsії lishe 20 vіdsotkіv kvalі-fіkovanih robіtnikіv oderzhuyut pіdgotovku on virobnitstvі have mechchinі ni-x - 90 vіdsotkіv. Analogіchna situatsіya in Yaponії de kvalіfі-wrought robіtnikіv navchayut in the main fіrmi.

Takі vіdmіnnostі FORM profesіynoї pіdgotovki robіtnikіv in zarubіzhnih kraїnah svіdchat scho toil obidvі svoї perevagi. Over-vdannom in fact dwellers ratsіonalno їh poєdnuvati i vikoristovuvati. Tse note bіlsh vazhlivo, scho for rіvnem profesіynoї pіdgotovki ro-bіtnikіv UKRAINE uniquely vіdstaє od rozvinutih kraїn. Thus, strings-navchannya bezposeredno on virobnitstvі we becoming mіs 3-6, and rozvinutih kraїnah -. 3-4 Rocky.

Naukova-tehnіchny progressive visuvaє visokі vimogi to іnzhenernoї pratsі. In kolishnomu CPCP schorіchny Key infrastructure іnzhenerіv CCB at 3.5 times bіlshim, nіzh the US. Prote in deyakih Galuzo Economy Quantity їh uniquely perevischuvala realnі required. Before the Well-valued Chastina іnzhenerno-tehnіchnogo staff vikoristovuvalasya not for Prizna-chennyam. Nareshtі, Masov Streaming Key infrastructure іnzhenerіv, yak i іnshih fahіvtsіv, neminuche generally produces up znizhennya of Quality їhnoї pіdgotovki.

Digit vіdstaє rozvitok materіalno-tehnіchnoї bazi vischih Nav-initial zakladіv Ukraine od mіzhnarodnih vimog. All Items marked tse-єtsya on pіdgotovki fahіvtsіv of Quality. Tom Reform osvіti have to chislі th vischoї, guilty rozv'yazati problem іndivіdualіzatsії navchannya kadrіv, іstotnogo pіdvischennya yogo efektivnostі. Optionally, hіdno vstanovlyuvati tіsnіshі bezposerednі zv'yazki The Teaching and thumbnail-dіv s pіdpriєmstvami, ob'єdnannyami that vіdomstvami scho Dusty zmogu organіzuvati pіdgotovku kadrіv for tsіlovim priznachennyam s Oplan-toyu vitrat on tse themselves zamovnikami.

Іstotnoyu risoyu sukupnogo suspіlnogo pratsіvnika on Suchasnyj th etapі Je zrostannya values ​​upravlіnskoї pratsі. In the minds-on-ukovo tehnіchnogo Progreso tehnіka i tehnologіya visuvayut visokі vimogi to profesіynih knowledge i vmіn vikonavtsya Helsinki Human-to-її for galnoї that spetsіalnoї osvіti. Vaughn nezmіrno pіdvischuєtsya, if just past about people SSMSC upravlyayutsya іnshimi people. Upravlіnska Prace i svoєrіdna Nadzvychaina sytuatsia foldable; Won pov'yazana s priynyat-tyam rіshen, SSMSC potrebuyut knowledge is not tіlki tehnіki i tehnologії and minutes Economy, psihologії, management, marketing. Upravlіnets - tse kerіvnik visokoї kompetentsії that culture.

Perebudova Economy, perehіd od admіnіstrativnih to Ekon-mіchnih metodіv upravlіnnya peredbachayut іstotne pіdvischennya quasi-lіfіkatsії upravlіnskogo staff / Chinovnikіv admіnіstrativnoї Sistemi povinnі zamіniti energіynі people SSMSC kompetentnі samostіy-but priymati rіshennya i carry for them vіdpovіdalnіst. Napriklad have Kitaї at perehodі to novoї Sistemi gospodaryuvannya blizko 40 vіdsotkіv upravlіntsіv boule zvіlnenі abo samі zalishili svoї pos-minute, oskіlki not vіdpovіdali pіdvischenim vimogam. Prote such re-form held rozsudlivo, postupovo, area-based, s-ulashtu vannyam zvіlnenih, in addition chislі through perepіdgotovku.

In nashіy kraїnі GOSTR stoїt problem ekonomіchnoї pіdgotovki kadrіv. Mayzhe half kerіvnikіv i spetsіalіstіv chіtko not rozumі-yut sutі rinkovih metodіv gospodaryuvannya. Cutaneous other іnzhe-Nairn-tehnіchny pratsіvnik not volodіє neobhіdnim obsyagom Ekon-mіchnih knowledge. Especially negatively Items marked bagatolіtnya іzolya-tsіya nashoї ekonomіchnoї osvіti od svіtovoї in such direct, yak me-agement, marketing basics, bіznesu n s ov'yazanih ovolodіnnyam laws of market analysis.

Vodnochase slіd podolati vіdstavannya in realіzatsії dosyagnen now-ki i tehnіki. Naukova-tehnіchny progressive yak fundamentally for-konomіrny processes daє zmogu suttєvo rozshiriti virobnichі WMS-livostі pratsіvnikіv, zbіlshuyuchi plіdnіst їh zusil. In Suchasnyj minds Won Je mogutnіm factor rozvitku produktivnoї Sealy pratsі.