Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 2. Modifіkatsіya competitive rinkovogo mehanіzmu

In ekonomіtsі rinkove rozvinutih kraїn posilyuyutsya yak monopolіzatsії processes, so i іntensivnіst konkurentsії. Taqiy rozvitok for-konomіrny, oskіlki monopolіya that konkurentsіya - tse Dvi side of one of the processes that i Ruhu kapіtalu.

In bіlshostі Promyslova rozvinutih kraїn vіdsutnya galuzeva єdina monopolіstichna formal structure, yak b gave zmogu counter-lyuvati virobnitstvo i rinok in Povny їh obsyazі. Zdebіlshogo Galois zevy control zdіysnyuє kіlka great korporatsіy. Such the structure Mr. Rinku nazivaєtsya olіgopolіstichnoyu.

Yak i monopolіya, olіgopolіya Mauger Buti bіlateralnoyu i Vlasnyi olі-gopolієyu. In bіlateralnіy olіgopolії popit on produktsіyu kіlkoh pro-davtsіv formuyut kіlka spozhivachіv, while Vlasnyi olіgopolії kіlkom seller protistoyat chislennі Username Lost Password. In such structures, market analysis processes that monopolіzatsії konkurentsії tіsno pov'yazanі one s one.

Olіgopolіstichna structure obumovlyuє novі FORMS vnutrіshno-galuzevogo vzaєmozv'yazku kompanіy, odnorіdnih for galuzevoyu spe-tsіalіzatsієyu. Obmezhene great number of companies in the Branch chi on okremih Rink stvoryuє ob'єktivnі basis for vzaєmodії in rіznih directly virobnichoї chi komertsіynoї polіtiki. Nayposhirenіshoyu Form vzaєmodії sub'єktіv olіgopolії Je Venue of spіlnoї Rink voї polіtiki s metoyu indulgence vnutrіshnogaluzevoї konkurentsії. Main zasobom її realіzatsії Je monopolіstichne regulyuvannya tsіn tovarіv. Cena skladaєtsya monopoly is not in the minds tіlki panuvan-nya on market analysis odnієї monopolії. Praktikuyuchi "lіderstvo in tsіnah" olіgopolіsti vstanovlyuyut i pіdtrimuyut monopoly visokі tsіni on produktsіyu analogіchnogo assortment.

Іnshoyu Form vzaєmodії Je koordinatsіya virobnichoї dіyalnostі through regulyuvannya obsyagu i abo assortment produktsії, viznachennya

dovgostrokovoї spetsіalіzatsії. Over the minds panuvannya in the Branch-olіgopo lіstichnoЇ structuring Leather s її uchasnikіv Got zmogu monopolіzuvati vuzko spetsіalіzovany rinok, ustanoviti on nomu monopolnі tsіni that obmezhiti konkurentsіyu.

Nezvazhayuchi on mozhlivostі uchasnikіv olіgopolіstichnoї the structure-ri market analysis in the Branch koordinatsії spіlnoї dіyalnostі, їhnі privatnі іnte-Resi not zavzhdi vіdpovіdayut grupovogo olіgopolіstichnim. Schіlnіst rinkovih zv'yazkіv fіrm-olіgopolіstіv deposits directly od magnitude monopoly pributku: monopolistic koordinatsіya vіdnosin for VJ sokokontsentrovanogo kapіtalu dotsіlna Doty, Pokey won garantuє monopoly Prybutok have nasty razі panuє konkurentsіya. Con-kurentsіya olіgopolіstichnih structures in Visoko harakterizuєtsya gostroti stage. Zmenshennya kіlkostі virobnikіv-prodavtsіv at the Branch vnaslіdok bankrutstva odnієї s fіrm - uchasnits olіgopolії nadaє іnshim scho vizhili, zmogu rozshirennya zbutu market analysis. Іnten-sivnіst konkurentsії is staying at zvorotnіy zalezhnostі od of uchasnikіv rinkovoї olіgopolії: less then denote zalishaєtsya prodavtsіv, team bіlshy vigrash in formі pererozpodіlu Rinku zbutu stench of-rimuyut vnaslіdok ekonomіchnoї zagibelі svoїh konkurentіv. Zvіdsi postіyne pragnennya olіgopolіstіv to diferentsіatsії product for-bezpechennya nalezhnoї of Quality Yogo, do updates assortment.

W olіgopolієyu pov'yazana appeared novoї FORMS vnutrіshnogaluzevoї konkurentsії - netsіnovoї. In the minds priblizno odnakovih fіnanso-in-tehnologіchnih resursіv perevazhna bіlshіst konkuruyuchih ve likih korporatsіy vіdmovlyaєtsya od zastosuvannya tsіnovih metodіv vplivu on supernika, oskіlki tse, on au-Perche, do duzhe doro th; in other words, is not practical zmіnyuє rinkovі pozitsії. Ekonomіchno vigіd-nіshe vikoristovuvati netsіnove supernitstvo. W mid-50 Ro-kіv - perіodu rozgortannya STP - nayvazhlivіshimi methods ve dennya vnutrіshnogaluzevoї konkurentsії stayut do updates that tovarіv svoєchasny vihіd them on rinok s; Assortment of Quality polіpshennya that produktsії; udoskonalennya forms zaluchennya that obslugovuvan-nya pokuptsіv.

In ostannі desyatilіttya pid vplivom protsesіv іnternatsіonalіzatsії gospodarskogo Zhittya sposterіgaєtsya zrostannya rolі tsіnovoї con kurentsії. Dіyalnіst transnatsіonalnih korporatsіy pіdrivaє mono-pole regulyuyuchі Sealy within natsіonalnih olіgopolіy against rozmivannya natsіonalnih olіgopolіy yak naslіdok zagostrennya mіzh-narodnoї vnutrіshnogaluzevoї konkurentsії slit not oznachaє zmenshennya tsієї FORMS organіzatsії kapіtalu and deprivation svіdchit about large-scale perehіd od natsіonalnoї to mіzhnarodnoї olіgopolії.

Sort order s monopolіstichnoyu konkurentsієyu in olіgopolіstichnih structures zagostryuєtsya konkurentsіya drіbnogo that serednogo pid-priєmnitstva s great fіrmami. Tsomu spriyaє yak system pіdryadnih i subpіdryadnih vіdnosin mіzh them, so i Venue of pid-priєmstvami, SSMSC not included in olіgopolіyu, samostіynoї rinkovoї polіtiki often spryamovanoї to those dwellers to become a member olіgopolіs-particle-ugrupovannya. Appeared novih konkurentіv vіdbivaєtsya on rinkovіy polіtitsі olіgopolіy. In bagatoh vipadkah Won Veda to Zgura-Tuwani i tіsnіshoї koordinatsії їhnoї dіyalnostі, Especially schodo viznachennya tsіni produktsії abo vstanovlennya Pevnyi bar'єrіv on the high road to start in olіgopolі Stična rinok novih chlenіv.

Viniknennya olіgopolіstichnoї structuring Rinku not usuvaє mіzhga-luzevoї konkurentsії, yak in the minds rozshirennya chastkovoї spherical pla-nomіrnostі on mіzhgaluzevomu Rinku th zagostrennya Borotba for part-ku in kіntsevomu popitі Nabeul spetsifіchnoї FORMS supernitstva mіzh tsіlimi GROUP Galuzo, ob'єdnanih the concern. Diversifіkatsіya VJ robnitstva became vazhlivim zasobom Borotba for rinok.

To concern tsіnova konkurentsіya ekonomіchno vipravdana. For Relief pributku od Key infrastructure alone vidіv produktsії vіn Mauger vikoristovuvati dempіngovі come in at Rink іnshih Galuzo at-dushuyuchi note by konkuruyuchі vuzkospetsіalіzovanі virobnitstva. Diversifіkatsіya concern yde such rank, scho spetsіalіzatsіya hundred-suєtsya tіlki virobnichih pіdrozdіlіv gospodarskih odinits. Well Samі gospodarskі odinitsі manevruyut on rіznih galuzevih Rink.

Vazhlivoyu sphere osvoєnnya great kapіtalom novih vidіv VJ robnitstva became the Branch visokoї tehnologії. Zavoyovuyuchi them pevnі pozitsії, diversifіkovanі Concern rozv'yazuyut odnochasno kіlka zavdan: for au-Perche, zabezpechuyut ekonomіchny vpliv concern in novih Galuzo; Alternatively, domagayutsya zrostannya masi that rate pributku on sukupny kapіtal concern; in tretє, stvoryuyut mind-vie for modernіzatsії traditsіynogo virobnitstva on osnovі prog-sive tehnologіy that novoї tehnіki scho vzhe viroblyayutsya in furrows samoї gospodarskoї odinitsі. All-tse viznachaє konkurentospromozh nіst kozhnoї yogo Lanka.

Thus, the slit in the 80 Ti Rocky Pocha Masov vtorgnennya avtomobіlebudіvelnih fіrm in scope visokoї tehnologії. Amerikanska FIRMA "General Motors" for p'yat rokіv bought bіlshe ten dosit great kompanіy zavdyaki tsomu i got into the Branch aerokosmіchnoї promislovostі, robototehnіki, piece іntelektu that іn. Nіmetska FIRMA "Daimler-Benz" protyagom a rock viyshla on Pershe Location Sered Promyslova gіgantіv Kraina i peretvorilasya in velichezny tehnologіchny concern vstanovivshi control provіdnoyu motorobudіvnoyu fіrmoyu "MTU", yak vipuskaє dvigun for lіtakіv, tankіv that vіyskovih korablіv, i zahopivshi advanced tehnologіchnu kompanіyu "Dornє" - lіdera in virobnitstvі avіakosmіchnoї tehnіki that she elektronіki including warehouse to Svoge "AEG" - one s provіdnih elektrotehnіchnih fіrm.

Diversifіkatsіya daє zmogu great korporatsіyam poєdnuvati direct-TISK my i have gnuchkіst konkurentnіy borotbі, spriyaє zapobіgannyu appeared novih great competitive kompanіy in malomonopolіzova-

Galuzo them. Proniknennya novі in the Branch and in takozh ranіshe malospe-tsіalіzovanі obmezhuє in tsіlomu chiselnіst virobnikіv i zvuzhuє sphere-ru competitive rinkovih vіdnosin.

Otzhe, rinkovy mehanіzm yak mehanіzm urіvnovazhennya popitu that Offers from pevnі іstorichnі perіodi nabuvaє rіznih forms. Yogo rozvitok viznachaєtsya vzaєmodієyu dvoh forces - konkurentsії that mo-nopolії. Modifіkuyuchis, olіgopolіstichna structure zberіgaє Bazo-woo role in pіdpriєmnitskіy ekonomіtsі. Won Je dostatno mobіlnim i gnuchkim systemic tsіlim, pіddaєtsya vplivu dotsentrovih yak, so i vіdtsentrovih tendentsіy.

Perche, nayvazhlivіshoyu, funktsієyu konkurentsії, yak Won V-konuє on vsіh Etap rozvitku rinkovoї Economy, Je vpliv directly on tsіnoutvorennya processes. Osoblivіst tsієї funktsії in Suchasnyj mind-wah viyavlyaєtsya in fact scho colo sub'єktіv konkurentsії vіdchutno zmіnilosya, vnaslіdok chogo provіdnoyu Form її became olіgopolіs-konkurentsіya is analytic, yak oposeredkovuє rinkovі zv'yazki mіzh them tighter-i schodo fіnansіv virobnitstva gospodarskimi odinitsyami. For Tsikh minds vіdpovіdnostі narodnogospodarskogo mіkroekonomіchno i-th optimumіv mozhna dosyagti tіlki through competitive rinkovy mehanіzm.

Ekonomіchno samostіynі velikі gospodarskі odinitsі zastosovu-yut takі methodological pіdvischennya mіkroekonomіchnoї efektivnostі, SSMSC not vіdobrazhayut realnі result їhnoї gospodarskoї dіyalnostі. Panіvne virobnitstvі position at i on market analysis shtovhaє korporatsії on dosyagnennya optimіzatsії gospodarskoї dіyalnostі stіlki not for rakhunok ekonomії on vitratah virobnitstva, ratsіonalnogo Vico ristannya faktorіv virobnitstva toscho, skіlki for rakhunok dictates tsіn, tobto for rakhunok spozhivachіv.

Monopolіzatsіya negatively vplivaє on tsіnoutvorennya. Yakscho in rіvnyati zrostannya tsіn in naybіlsh monopolіzovanih i malomonopo-lіzovanih Galuzo Economy, the pokaznik pershoї groupies Galuzo CCB uniquely vischy for an alogіchny pokaznik Druha groupies. For example, a treasure, for 30 rokіv Druha half of the XX century. (H 1950 to 1980 p.) Іndeks Wholesale tsіn in 15 provіdnih Galuzo US zrіs at 3.7 times. For Tsei samy perіod tsіni on produktsіyu mashinobuduvannya i chornoї meta lurgії de rіven monopolіzatsії nayvischy, zrosli vіdpovіdno 4.2 i 4.51 times. In naymensh monopolіzovanih Galuzo such napriklad, yak i textile sewing, rіven tsіn pіdvischivsya 1.95, but Hromada, who gospodarstvі - 2.39 times. Torn down competitive Rink Vågå mehanіzmu zumovlyuє nevipravdane zavischennya tsіn, pogіrshen-nya pozitsіy spozhivacha, that in the minds samostіynostі gospodarskih odinits konkurentsіya vіdіgraє vazhlivu role. In hodі zmagannya for groshі pokuptsya Won zmushuє prodavtsіv zbivati ​​tsіni, privodyachi tim himself in vіdpovіdnіst mіkro- that makroekonomіchnі optimum. Zvіdsi zmіtsnennya rinkovih pozitsіy konkurentіv that zavoyuvannya them-but vortices rinkіv zbutu chi rozshirennya Old potrebuє polіpshennya of Quality produktsії, Poshuk novih th "vidіv toscho.

Another Ekonomichna funktsіya konkurentsії - stimulyuvannya science-in-tehnіchnogo Progreso. Velikі pіdpriєmstva Wkra superechlivo vplivayut on rozvitok science i tehnіki. Dosyagshi monopoly position in the market analysis, high gospodarska odinitsya povіlno imple-guє on vimogi NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso before one o'clock, Pokey is not vіdchuє zagrozi vtrati exclusive rights to market analysis zbutu. So, the US naynizhcha chastka vitrat on naukovі doslіdzhennya in sumі sale vіdrіznyaє concern SSMSC steel rinkovimi monopolіstami. Tse Bulo typical for fіrm "Eksson," "ATT," "General Motors" is the іn.

Zastіynі yavischa in rozvitku NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso trivia-yut Doty, Pokey is not on the market analysis z'yavitsya strong competitors, scho mill zagrozoyu monopoly position Pevnyi great korporatsіy. Zdebіlshogo competitors such Je іnozemnі fіrmi. Pogliblennya protsesіv іnternatsіonalіzatsії gospodarskogo Zhittya kraїn stvoryuє ob'єktivnі minds for posilennya NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo supernitstva, stimulyuє rozvitok NAUKOVO doslіdnih robіt-i-tive zrostannya produk suspіlstva forces. Digit posilennya pozitsіy yaponskogo ka-pіtalu in US avtomobіlebuduvannі, napriklad, sprichinilosya to zrostannya vitrat to conduct Naukova doslіdzhen at "Jena-Ral motor". Sort order іz zagalnim podvoєnnyam vitrat on naukovі doslіdzhennya protyagom ostannogo desyatilіttya concern іnvestuvav sotnі mіlyonіv dolarіv on zmenshennya masi avtomobіlіv that ENERGO-єmnostі їhnіh dvigunіv. Analogіchna situatsіya sklalas i in "ATT". Yak tіlki protektsіonіstskі bar'єri stopped zahischati yogo mono-pole provisions concern rіzko zbіlshiv asignuvannya on naukovі rozrobki.

Suchasna konkurentsіya Got kіlka rіvnіv. For neї is typical ten-to dentsіya olіgopolіstichnoї situatsії on rіvnі great korporatsіy, monopolnoї - at vіdnosinah їh s drіbnimi that serednіmi fіrmami i digit mіroyu doskonaloї on rіvnі ostannіh. Cutaneous s Got Tsikh rіvnіv his spetsifіku, zberіgayuchi at tsomu zagalnі RISS Conca rentsії. Over the minds of the convertible rinkovogo gospodaryuvannya competitors-they vіdnosinah bere lot i power.

Hoca Suchasna konkurentsіya on rіvnі great korporatsіy i Vista paє yak olіgopolіstichna and її sub'єkti easy rolling od Borotba to talk time i navpaki, navіt in vipadku directly bezposerednіh mіzh-i fіrmovih contract zv'yazkіv rinok zalishaєtsya vazhlivim, and often the first basic mehanіzmom viznachennya suspіlne neobhіdnih VJ spending on virobnitstvo product yak s yakіsnogo so i h kіlkіsnogo side. In Suchasnyj minds konkurentsіya commodity form kapіtalu zamіnyu-

єtsya konkurentsієyu in peredvirobnichіy i virobnichіy areas. Regu-lator suspіlnogo processes vіdtvorennya all bіlshe staє Conca rentsіya productive i navіt kapіtalu trumpery.

Modifіkatsіya ekonomіchnih funktsіy konkurentsії in gospodarskіy sistemі pov'yazana s її samovdoskonalennyam. Rozvitok-monopoly forces regulyuyuchih nadaє novih Figure funktsіonalnomu priznachennyu competitive rinkovogo regulyuvannya against Cena, yak i ranіshe for-lishaєtsya rinkovoyu kategorієyu i zberіgaє role regulator rozpodіlu virobnichih resursіv, bearing-down i potentsіalіv.