Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Rozdіl 24 Ekonomichna RІVNOVAGA the I TSIKLІCHNІST SUSPІLNOGO VIROBNITSTVA

§ 1. Ekonomichna rіvnovaga i tsiklіchnіst

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For svoїm zmіstom ponyattya "Ekonomichna rіvnovaga" dosit simple. Pid him rozumіyut Taqiy camp Economy, Money Does dosyagaєtsya with stale urіvnovazhennya that vzaєmne zbalansuvannya structures scho pro-tistoyat one odnіy (i virobnitstvo spozhivannya, popit i-propositional tsіya toscho). In rinkovih systems urіvnovazhennya dosyagaєtsya zavdyaki rinkovomu mehanіzmu through vstanovlennya vіdpovіdnih proportional-tsіy. Rіvnovaga vіdbivaє vnutrіshnіy camp rinkovoї system sa-yak mouporyadkovuєtsya. For viznachennyam P. Samuelson, rіvnovaga - tse Taqiy camp Economy, Money Does zberіgaєtsya at zdatnіst її to samoregulyuvannya: from vipadku vіdhilennya ekonomіchnoї Sistemi od zbalansovanogo become automatic and vklyuchayutsya dіyu in Sealy, SSMSC namagayutsya vіdnoviti porushenі strukturnі zv'yazki.

Automaticity mehanіzmom samonastroyuvannya ekonomіchnih zv'yaz-kіv Je mehanіzm doskonaloї konkurentsії, scho not zaznaє dії monopolії. Otzhe, Ekonomichna rіvnovaga Je competitive rinkovoyu. Formuvan-nya її vіdbuvaєtsya for Pevnyi minds: for au-Perche, funktsіonuvannya on market analysis ekonomіchno samostіynih sub'єktіv; Alternatively, eat-mozhlivіst-particle vikoristannya virobnichih resursіv i vіlne tsіnoutvorennya;

in tretє, vіdsutnіst monopolії that admіnіstrativnogo vtruchannya der zhavi in ​​pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі; in chetvetre, nayavnіst rozvinutoї rinkovoї іnfrastrukturi. In the minds sogodennya in SIS temі ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi of order s rinkovimi vіdnosinami znach Location-not Got Reigning regulyuvannya.

Formuvannya ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi nemozhlive without pogliblennya suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі. Same suspіlny podіl pratsі, i yogo rіven character scho pritamannі tіy chi іnshіy ekonomіchnіy sistemі, zooms-lyuyut suttєvі Find our mehanіzmu rinkovoї rіvnovagi, principles yogo formuvannya i funktsіonuvannya, viznachayut spetsifіku yogo dії in specific іstorichnih minds. Stupіn rozvitku that ekonomіchnі mezhі suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі in its Cherga, stale od mozhlivostey dosyagnennya strukturnoї zbalansovanostі ekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv, їhnogo rіvnovazhnogo camp. Vzaєmozv'yazok mіzh ekonomіchnoyu rіv Novy-i suspіlnim podіlom pratsі harakterizuєtsya tim, scho to-syagnennya pershoї Je minds vdoskonalennya macrostructure suspіl-tion virobnitstva. Ob'єktivnu zumovlenіst character i rіvnya rozvitku suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі th protsesіv for yakih vіn Je-mate rіalnoyu basis mozhlivostey dosyagnennya ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi mozhna rozglyadati one yak s nayvazhlivіshih zakonіv rinkovoї Economy.

For zmіstom system ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi bagatorіvneva. The eco-nomіchnіy teorії rozmezhovuyut rіvnovagu obmіnu, virobnitstva, Rose-podіlu that spozhivannya. In sukupnostі stink formuyut zagalnu SIS topic ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi vіdtvoryuvalnogo processes. Odnochasno vidіlyayutsya minds statichnoї rіvnovagi i minds rіvnovagi ekonomі-ki scho dinamіchno rozvivaєtsya. When tsomu static rіvnovagu Rose-glyadayut samotsіl not yak and yak deprivation poperednyu skhodinku curvature of up-chennya printsipіv zbalansovanostі ekonomіchnih protsesіv scho Real but rozvivayutsya. In teorії takozh vidіlyayut ponyattya povnoї the one-hour tkovoї, timchasovoї that postіynoї rіvnovagi.

Epіtsentrom formuvannya rіvnovagi in rinkovіy ekonomіtsі Je in Helsinki Human is required. Tom vihіdnoyu Lanka bagatostrukturnogo fur-nіzmu rinkovoї rіvnovagi Je rіvnovaga mіzh platospromozhnim Popi-i propozitsієyu that population.

In rinkovіy ekonomіtsі mainly Lanka vrіvnovazhennya popitu Offers Yea i The natural Rate produktsії scho realіzuєtsya, abo Cena rіvnovagi. Won in formuєtsya tochtsі peretinu curve popitu i pro-pozitsії th viznachaєtsya yak base Rate to Change log yakoї zmushena at-stosovuvatisya ekonomіka: zrostannya tsіni lead to rozshiren-nya Offers porіvnyano s popitom and padіnnya - to rozshirennya

popitu porіvnyano s propozitsієyu.

Just past about іdealnі minds virobnitstva i realіzatsії produktsії - nayavnіst konkurentsії ekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv i for yakih automatic and zabezpechuєtsya rіvnіst popitu Offers i. Virobnitstvo-zhuє rocks income, SSMSC obov'yazkovo kupuyutsya Flea vіdpovіdnoї Var-tostі, i propozitsіya tovarіv itself stvoryuє neobhіdny popit.

Tsya vzaєmozalezhnіst popitu i bula Offers Vpershe obgrun Tov slit in 1803 p. in robotі frantsuzkogo ekonomіsta JB Say's "Treatise polіtichnoї ekonomії". Won Got NAME "Say's Law". The eco-nomіchnіy lіteraturі, in fact i chislі robots in Karl Marx, "the law of Say's" fair kritikuvavsya for yogo absolyutizatsіyu that form-vannya on tsіy osnovі іdealіstichnih uyavlen about Povny garmonіyu rin-kovih vіdnosin.

Naybіlsh zagalnі minds formuvannya ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi simple i rozshirenogo vіdtvorennya boule obgruntovanі K. Mark catfish in another tomі "Kapіtalu". Podіlivshi entire structure suspіl virobnitstva-tion on the I that II pіdrozdіli - virobnitstvo zasobіv VJ robnitstva i virobnitstvo predmetіv spozhivannya Marx curvature of three-IAS osnovnі minds proportsіynoї realіzatsії їhnіh warehouses hour-ting - sec, V is the m. Golovna s them, on yakіy gruntuyutsya Dvi INSHI minds polyagaє in rіvnostі sumi zmіnnogo kapіtalu i dodatkovoї vartostі the I pіdrozdіlu velichinі vikoristanogo in virobnichomu tsiklі postіy-tion kapіtalu II pіdrozdіlu, tobto the I (V + m) = IIc.

Obgruntovanі Marx schemes realіzatsії sukupnogo suspіlno th product SSMSC vіdobrazhayut minds Yogo simple that rozshireno th vіdtvorennya widely zastosovuyut in praktitsі ekonomіchnogo pro-gramuvannya i planuvannya bagatoh kraїn have to chislі kraїn Sunset. On osnovі schemes rozshirenogo vіdtvorennya amerikansky Ekon-mіst V. Leontєv rozrobiv method analіzu mіzhgaluzevih zv'yazkіv the principle of "vitrati - Key infrastructure", yaky Nadab teorії rіvnovagi novі

mozhlivostі practical zastosuvannya.

Away rozvitok ekonomіchnoї teorії rіvnovagi zooms in gliblennya diferentsіatsії structuring vіdtvoryuvalnogo cycle i-viyav lennya on tsіy osnovі novih napryamіv rіvnovazhnoї vzaєmodії. Vazhlivim vneskom in teorіyu was vidіlennya of order h Rink zasobіv virobnitstva i predmetіv spozhivannya poslug market analysis. Marx, Ana lіzuyuchi minds realіzatsії seredinі in the XIX century., Abstraguvavsya od Demba, Aje on the hour rinok poslug slit LUVs not nevіd'єmnoyu structural Lanka vіdtvoryuvalnogo cycle. In Suchasnyj minds TAKE abstragu-vannya nedorechne: in bіlshostі zahіdnih kraїn in sferі poslug, yak rozvivaєtsya for svoїmi spetsifіchnimi laws pratsyuє 60-70 od-sotkіv zaynyatogo population.

For analіzu minds rіvnovagi suchasnoї structuring rinkovoї Ekon-mіki of order s tretinnim sector virobnitstva - Rink poslug - Especially values ​​nabuvaє i printsipovo new sphere ekonomі-ki - іnformatiki sphere. Vіdtvoryuvalnі processes in tsіy sferі toil Vlasnyi spetsifіku. For Tsikh minds absolyutizatsіya schemes vіdtvoryuvannya, mehanіchne nakladannya їh on the structure Suchasnyj ekonomіchnih pro-tsesіv not vіdpovіdayut realnіy dіysnostі, obmezhuyut mozhlivostі practical zastosuvannya teorії ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi.

Stalіst ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi viznachaєtsya takozh breadth of market analysis: cpm Shirshov rinok, team menshі Oscillations yogo tsіn i tim blizhchі stink up vartіsnih proportsіy. Vazhlivoyu minds dosyagnen-nya ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi Je rozvitok natsіonalnogo market analysis to INTER-natsіonalnih between. Formuvannya tsіlіsnoї Sistemi svіtovogo Gospa-States pripuskaє rіvnovagu not deprivation mіzhgaluzevoї structuring the Varna obmіnu and second vzaєmnu zbalansovanіst ekonomіchnih resur-sіv - Basic faktorіv virobnitstva.

Stan ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi not static. Strukturnі zv'yazki dinamіchnі, zavdyaki chomu zdіysnyuєtsya vdoskonalennya їh. For svoїm character rinkova rіvnovaga zavzhdi vіdnosna. Tom ekonomіchny rozvitok Mauger Buti yak The images tsiklіchny ruh od rіvnovagi, yak sklalasya to torn down її i Dali to formuvannya on bіlsh Viso who rіvnі novoї rіvnovagi bіlsh collapsible order.

In teorії tsiklіchnostі rіvnovagu rozglyadayut yak vihіdny camp ekonomіchnoї dinamіki. Koli strukturnі vіdtvoryuval torn down, they zv'yazkіv dosyagayut kritichnoї quantities vіdbudova will rіvno-crowbars zdіysnyuєtsya stribkopodіbne - through ekonomіchnі crisis. In tsomu vipadku ekonomіchnі Creasy vikonuyut funktsіyu spetsifіch-tion іnstrumentu nasilnitskogo podolannya disproportsіy scho ve had arisen, i BUILD UP porushenoї rіvnovagi. Vіdnoviti torn down rіv-Novy possible not tіlki nasilnitskim, krizovoe and second-evolyutsіy him Shlyakhov, oskіlki rіvnovagi mozhna dosyagti i on osnovі zastosu-vannya zasobіv antitsiklіchnoї polіtiki powers ta mіzhderzhavnih ob'єdnan. Mozhlivіst virіvnyuvannya krivoї ekonomіchnogo zros-tannya on іnstitutsіonalnіy osnovі not daє pіdstav vvazhati mozhli-Wim usunennya faktorіv tsiklіchnostі. Exposure The ostannіh sub'єktivnoyu Yea, i їh slіd obov'yazkovo vrahovuvati in ekonomіchnіy polіtitsі. Otzhe, Ekonomichna polіtika yak on mіkro-, so i on makrorіvnі upravlіnnya in tartaric mіstiti in sobі antitsiklіchnі Elements.

Mozhlivostі zastosuvannya antitsiklіchnoї polіtiki not odnoznachnі in rіznih ekonomіchnih systems i specifically іstorichnih minds. Zrozumіlo scho urazlivіst ekonomіchnoї polіtiki skhіdnoєvropeyskih kraїn that kolishnogo CPCP gruntuvalasya to ensure scho bagato rokіv in її strukturі not Bulo elementіv antitsiklіchnogo regulyuvannya.

Tsiklіchnіst yak ob'єktivna zakonomіrnіst ekonomіchnogo Rozwi-ku for svoїm zmіstom bagatostrukturna. Yakscho based kriterіyu KLA-sifіkatsії poklast dovgotrivalіst, the mother won bude: malі cycle (korotkostrokovі Oscillations dіlovoї aktivnostі, SSMSC prodovzhuyutsya Rocky W-4); serednі loop (lines 7-11 rokіv); velikі cycle (ne-rіodichnіst yakih becoming rokіv 40-60); vіkovі tsiklіchnі kolivan-nya, napriklad vіkovі cyclic lіderstva.

Prote kriterіy dovgotrivalostі deprivation one s mozhlivih. Tipi tsiklіv rozrіznyayutsya neodnoznachnіstyu materіalnoї Basics of Rozwi-ku, character vplivu on ekonomіchnі processes. Zdaval, scho in wasps nova klasifіkatsії tsiklіv mozhna poklast їh sama, she tsya spetsifіka vіdnosna: cause-naslіdkovі zv'yazki scho viklikayut to Zhittya Ti Chi INSHI cycle funktsії, SSMSC stink vikonuyut, bagato in chomu pereplі-melt. Krіm of rіznі cyclic nakladayutsya one on odny scho uskladnyuє їhnyu diferentsіatsіyu. Otzhe, i tsomu vipadku in unit-load unіfіkatsіya їh nepripustima.

In strukturі tsiklіchnogo ekonomіchnogo rozvitku nayrelєfnіshe virazhayutsya serednі promislovі cycle. Pong nayblizhche mutually-єmodіyut s malimi cycles i naydієvіshe vplivayut on rozvitok ekonomіchnih protsesіv. Same to serednі cyclic viznachayutsya yak bazovі.