home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 5. Іnflyatsіya i zaynyatіst population

Vazhlivoyu warehouses makroekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi Je tsіnova hundred-bіlnіst. Stay in your Cherga, digit mіroyu deposits od stіy-kostі groshovoї system.

Іnflyatsіya Je factor usіh zaznachenih protsesіv. Yak-sotsіalno ekonomіchne yavische Won vinikla slit in the XVI century. Against small locally-tions, obmezheny character. Lachey s rozvitkom rinkovoї Economy іnflyatsіya nabuvaє postіynogo nature.

Sogodnі bagato ekonomіstіv i polіtikіv nazivayut іnflyatsіyu in-horn suspіlstva number one naybіlsh Suvorov podatkom. Vaughn tіsno pov'yazana s Problems zaynyatostі population bezrobіttyam i, i materіalnim spirituality blagopoluchchyam people їh DOBROBUT.

Іnflyatsіya - tse znetsіnennya pennies vnaslіdok torn down zakonіv trumpery obіgu i masi appeared pennies, not zabezpechenih trademark masoyu.

Not slіd ototozhnyuvati іnflyatsіyu s emіsієyu pennies abo іz zros-tannyam tsіn. Emіsіya - tse zakonodavche zumovleny Key infrastructure dodatko-voї masi pennies in obіg. Koli Tsey processes obslugovuє ob'єktivnі require zabezpechennya bezperervnostі Ruhu INCREASING obsyagu inventory materіalnih tsіnnostey then vіn not Je іnflyatsіynim chinni-com. Jerel іnflyatsії Emіsіya Yea, if won generally produces up perepovnennya kanalіv trumpery obіgu, nadlishkovih appeared, and by the same, znetsіnenih pennies.

Vazhlivim Wink іnflyatsії Je zrostannya tsіn. However іnflyatsіya not Mauger Buti deprivation pov'yazana Sotho s penny phenomenon. Tse warehouse not sotsіalno-ekonomіchne yavische, porodzhene disproportsіynіstyu od-creation in areas rіznih rinkovogo Gospodarstwa, naslіdok disba Lans mіzh sukupnim popitom i sukupnoyu propozitsієyu.

Іnflyatsіyny processes Mauger i vіdbuvatis without zrostannya tsіn. On-butt, so been called to come nepomіtna іnflyatsіya vіdbuvaєtsya vnaslіdok de formatsії structuring virobnitstva, "vimivannya" tovarіv cheap chi znizhennya Assortment of Quality is good for brain nezmіnnostі tsіni.

In his Cherga can bring Cheema prikladіv, if not zrostannya tsіn Je Wink chi іnflyatsії the cause. Sered reasons neіnflyatsіy-tion zrostannya tsіn - pіdvischennya of Quality tovarіv through vprovad-zhennya dosyagnen NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso; monopolіzatsіya rin-ku; tsiklіchnі that sezonnі Oscillations; Reigning regulyuvannya ekonomі-ki; Introduction rates Chi novih vidіv podatku; stihіynі dashing toscho.

Іnflyatsіyne zrostannya tsіn zumovleno nadlishkovoyu kіlkіstyu pennies in obіgu.

Otzhe, іnflyatsіya - Nadzvychaina sytuatsia folding, bagatofaktorne sotsіal-but-ekonomіchne yavische. Sered chinnikіv yogo rozvitku - vnutrіshnі that zovnіshnі, ekonomіchnі that neekonomіchnі, monetarnі that nemonetarnі.

Bagatomanіttya chinnikіv that Jerel іnflyatsіynogo processes vpli-vaє on Quantity rіznovidіv tsogo yavischa ambiguous tlumachen yogo sutnostі. In Tsikh minds vazhlivogo values ​​nabuvaє vіrne rozumіnnya reasons that basically chinnikіv іnflyatsії scho Dusty zmogu viznachiti efektivnosti mehanіzm protidії її negatively sotsіalno-ekonomіchnim naslіdkam.

Sered chiselnih vidіv іnflyatsії, klasifіkovanih for rіznimi Cree-terіyami, vidіlimo nayposhirenіshі.

1. For rates іnflyatsіynogo processes:

a) the natural (іnertna, more precisely, "povzucha" positive toscho), the pi-zrostannya tsіn for yakoї stanovlyat 5-10 vіdsotkіv of Year;

b) goloduyucha (krokuyucha, stribkova) s pace rіchnimi zrostan-nya tsіn in furrows vіdsotkіv 20-200;

c) gіperіnflyatsіya, if tsіni schodenno zrostayut 1-20 vіdsotkіv.

2. Іnflyatsіya popitu (golovnі chinniki s side spherical obіgu buying-tsіv, spozhivachіv) that іnflyatsіya Offers (domіnuyuchі the reasons lie in sferі virobnitstva, strukturі yogo vitrat).

3. Vnutrіshnya i zovnіshnya (іmportovana).

4. Zbalansovana i nezbalansovana, Yakscho rozglyadati rіvnovagu groshovoї that tovarnoї masi.

5. Pomіtna i nepomіtna and otzhe, ochіkuvana i neochіkuvana, re-dbachuvana i neperedbachuvana.

6. Regulovana (s nizkimi pace rozvitku) i neregulovana, ruynіvna (s temple pace).

Krіm You can nazvati Credit іnflyatsіyu; іnflyatsіyu, zumovlenu podatkami; Structurally іnflyatsіyu; іnflyatsіyu, viklikanu pіdvischennyam zarobіtnoї pay, that INSHI rіznovidi.

Otzhe, іnflyatsіyu not possible on v'yazuvati chi ototozhnyuvati h od-it factor chi specific reasons Won vіdbivaє OAO All ailments Economy.

In the minds of natural rіvnya іnflyatsії, tobto її іnertsіynostі, Kero-vanostі, kontrolovanostі, peredbachuvanostі, deyakі ekonomіsti Application-form a positive significance on її. Pomіrna іnflyatsіya stimulyuє con kurentsіyu, zbalansovuє popit i propozitsіyu, penny-fіnansovі that materіalno-tehnіchnі resources zumovlyuє priskorennya NAUKOVO-the-nіchnogo pereozbroєnnya virobnitstva.

Bіlshіst vchenih vkazuyut on umovnu pozitivnіst іnflyatsії at-native rіvnya abo vzagalі zaperechuyut Tsey Positive efekt vnas-lіdok yogo korotkochasnostі.

Perehіd same іnflyatsіynogo processes for prirodnі mezhі Got Rui-nіvnі naslіdki, porodzhuє gostrі sotsіalno-ekonomіchnі problem. Sered main negative proyavіv іnflyatsії slіd zaznachiti:

perepovnennya kanalіv trumpery obіgu paperovimi groshima scho generally produces up їh znetsіnennya;

pіdvischennya tsіn on produktsіyu masovogo vzhitku scho generally produces up padіnnya kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі natsіonalnoї groshovoї odi-nitsі;

zagalne trivale nerіvnomіrne znizhennya real dohodіv usіh verstv population Especially osіb s vіdnosno fіksovanimi nomіnal-their incomes;

znetsіnennya penny zaoschadzhen population;

diferentsіatsіya population pererozpodіl natsіonalnogo income i natsіonalnogo bagatstva for rakhunok perevazhnoї kіlkostі population;

disproportsіynіst suspіlnogo vіdtvorennya, haotichnіst virob-nitstva, zatrimka realіzatsії tovarіv vnaslіdok skorochennya plateau spromozhnogo population;

pіdriv groshovoї, fіnansovo-kreditnoї, podatkovoї systems;

stimulyuvannya spekulyatsії, ekonomіchnoї zlochinnostі, posilennya tіnovoї Economy;

dezorganіzatsіya gospodarskih zv'yazkіv, Renaissance naturally th obmіnu;

zatrimka іnvestitsіynogo Process, Process Heat the strimuvannya-madzhennya;

neuhilne pіdvischennya kursіv іnozemnih currency, relief zovnіshnoekonomіchnih pozitsіy Kraina;

spotvorennya ekonomіchnoї Informácie, pokaznikіv, Especially for brain prihovanoї іnflyatsії;

sotsіalno-polіtichne napruzhennya in suspіlstvі.

In zv'yazku s CIM zrostaє values ​​aktivnoї deflyatsіynoї polіtiki.

Slіd rozrіznyati dezіnflyatsіyu i deflyatsіyu.

Dezіnflyatsіya - processes zmenshennya tempіv zrostannya tsіn.

Deflyatsіya - tse znizhennya zagalnogo rіvnya tsіn.

Antiіnflyatsіynі not come in mozhut mother Sotho monetary ha rakter.

Gliboke vzaєmoperepletіnnya rіznih іnflyatsіynih chinnikіv VJ magaє Complex deflyatsіynih zahodіv. Especially important for tse ekonomіk perehіdnogo perіodu.

Rіznі Vidi іnflyatsії toil svoї osoblivі mehanіzmi and otzhe, i od-povіdnі methodological regulyuvannya. Ostannі shaping can Buti rinkovimi (eco-nomіchnimi) i nerinkovimi (admіnіstrativnimi) dovgo- i short-string.

Got Antiіnflyatsіyny mehanіzm system such zahodіv:

profіlaktichnі Roads Ahead schodo prevent іnflyatsії reasons;

zusillya scho vgamovuyut іnflyatsіyu itself;

dії, spryamovanі on podolannya negatively rіznobіchnih naslіdkіv іnflyatsії.

Sered mainly vazhelіv deflyatsіynoї polіtiki slіd vidіliti:

zbіlshennya opodatkuvannya population;

Reigning zmenshennya vitrat on sotsіalnі warming up;

Frozen zarobіtnoї pay;

obmezhuvane kredituvannya;

zbіlshennya central bank rate pozikovogo vіdsotka, norms obov'yazkovih rezervіv komertsіynih bankіv;

skorochennya obsyagіv sale Reigning tsіnnih paperіv od on Crete Rinku Zahid yak, scho Reigning zmenshuє Borg, toscho.

Zvichayno, yak svіdchit practice complex deflyatsіynih zahodіv vprovadzhuєtsya naperedodnі groshovoї reform. However, such trivalіst zahodіv not slіd zatyaguvati, Aje at Perche pores stink mo-horror viklikati negativnі naslіdki - skorochennya dіlovoї asset-nostі, znizhennya tempіv ekonomіchnogo zrostannya, bezrobіttya.

Carrying deflyatsіynoї polіtiki s odnochasnoyu lіberalіzatsієyu tsіn Got NAME "shokovoї terapії". Boxed vіdnovlennya іnflyatsії on-zivaєtsya reflyatsієyu.

On Suchasnyj etapі ekonomіchnogo rozvitku uniknuti іnflyatsії nemozhlivo, Won became nevіd'єmnoyu risoyu rinkovoї Economy.

Zavdannya polyagaє in fact dwellers not dopustiti temple tempіv іnflyatsії, pererostannya її in gіperіnflyatsіyu, spriyati postupovomu znizhennyu іntensivnostі іnflyatsіynih protsesіv.

Practice i theoreticity doslіdzhennyami bringing vzaє-mozv'yazok іnflyatsії i bezrobіttya. Vahom vnesok in theoreticity wasps mislennya vzaєmodії dvoh naydestruktivnіshih faktorіv makroeko-nomіchnoї nestabіlnostі

Zroby anglіysky ekonomіst keynsіanskogo directly A. Fіlіps. Uvazhno vivchivshi danі schodo bezrobіttya i nomіnalnoї zarobіtnoї pay at Velikobritanії for 1861-1957 pp., Vіn viyaviv nelіnіynu zalezhnіst mіzh dinamіkoyu nomіnalnoї Zaro-bіtnoї pay i rіvnem bezrobіttya. Yakscho pripustiti scho one іsnuє Cove spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh rates for Change pay zarobіtnoї i tsіn, the model Fіlіpsa Mauger Buti peretvorena in spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh without robіttyam-i pace zmіni rіvnya tsіn yak vazhlivogo іnflyatsії parameter.

Kriva Fіlіpsa grafіchno zobrazhuє vibіr mіzh іnflyatsієyu that no-robіttyam i vkazuє at Auburn proportsіynu zalezhnіst dinamіki їh pokaznikіv: cpm vischy rіven bezrobіttya, Tim Mensch prirіst but-mіnalnoї zarobіtnoї pay, i navpaki (Fig. 36).

Kriva Fіlіpsa daє kontseptualnі orієntiri schodo varіantіv VJ forest ekonomіchnoї polіtiki: abo dostatno Visoka zaynyatіst s poppy-mum ekonomіchnim zrostannyam against the minds of Shvidky pid-vischennya tsіn, chi dostatno stabіlnі tsіni against for minds digit bezrobіttya.

Dovgі Rocky curve Fіlіpsa Bula Basics sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo regulyuvannya in kraїnah rozvinutoї rinkovoї Economy. Bagato for-hіdnih ekonomіstіv infections vihodyat i s of scho іsnuyut odnonaprav ruh-tions for Change in zarobіtnіy platі i tsіnah and takozh rіznospryamova-nіst mіzh tsimi values ​​i bezrobіttyam.

However podії 70 - cob 80 rokіv superechili іdeї for alternative zv'yazku "rіven іnflyatsії - rіven bezrobіttya" vtіlenіy in krivіy Fіlіpsa. In Tsei hour nasampered ekonomіtsі in the US, Winick lo yavische stagflyatsії - іnflyatsії scho suprovodzhuєtsya stagnatsієyu virobnitstva i Visoko rіvnem bezrobіttya in kraїnі, odnochasnim pіdvischennyam rіvnya tsіn i rіvnya bezrobіttya. Tse viklikalo criticism obgruntovanostі krivoї Fіlіpsa yak nadіynogo regulator eco-nomіtsі.

Suchasna teorіya іnflyatsії gruntuєtsya on kontseptsії natural rіvnya bezrobіttya - neoklasichny ekonomіchny example. Natural PI-Wen bezrobіttya - tse naynizhchy pіdtrimuvany rіven, yaky Mauger Buti at kraїnі without riziku zrostannya іnflyatsії. Tse Taqiy rіven under-vikoristannya resursіv for yakogo markets Agricultural Art pratsі that markets Agricultural Art tovarіv zba-lansovanі. For teorієyu natural rіvnya Absent permanent Wee-forest mіzh bezrobіttyam that іnflyatsієyu and dovgostrokova curve Fіlіpsa

Je vertically.

However pribіchniki teorії Economy Offers, Wink yakoї Je gіpoteza natural rіvnya, takozh not toil єdinih poglyadіv on trial-Lema vzaєmozalezhnostі іnflyatsії that bezrobіttya. So, predstavniki teorії on adaptive ochіkuvan (eg monetaristsky) viznayut alternativnіst іnflyatsії that bezrobіttya, іsnuvannya krivoї Fіlіpsa in korotkochasnomu perіodі. In dovgostrokovomu perіodі curve Fіlіp sa nabuvaє viglyadu vertikalnoї pryamoї, tobto alternativnoї for-lezhnostі іnflyatsії i bezrobіttya not іsnuє.

Teorіya ratsіonalnih ochіkuvan scho vinikla pіznіshe, bring, scho makroekonomіchna polіtika Je neefektivnoyu, oskіlki її the results-tachi zavchasno vrahovuyutsya robіtnikami. Zvіdsi viplivaє, scho not іsnuє navіt korotkochasovogo alternative zv'yazku mіzh іnflyatsієyu that bezrobіttyam.

Hoca bagato ekonomіstіv viznayut kontseptsіyu natural rіvnya, many zapitan in nіy zalishayutsya without vіdpovіdі.

Analіz Suchasnyj tendentsіy in ekonomіtsі zahіdnih kraїn bring dієvіst osnovnoї zalezhnostі modelі Fіlіpsa - indulgence іnflya-tsіynogo processes suprovodzhuєtsya zrostannyam bezrobіttya. Tse svіd-ing about skladnіst, bagatomanіtnіst sposobіv realіzatsії that forms Wink Glibin sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih zakonomіrnostey. W-ba gatochiselnih alternatives vnih mozhlivostey slіd vіdshukati TAKE poєdnannya rate іnflyatsії i rіvnya bezrobіttya for Yakima sukupny non-negatively efekt bezrobіttya i іnflyatsії LUVs bi mіnіmalnim.