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Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 3. Sotsіalno-Ekonomichna sutnіst Sistemi Suchasnyj svіtovogo Gospodarstwa. Osoblivostі dії ekonomіchnih zakonіv

Svіtove Gospodarstwa yak system skladaєtsya s sotsіalno-Ekon-mіchnih pіdsistem scho pіdporyadkovuyutsya Pevnyi vnutrіshnіm i call-nіshnіm zakonomіrnostyam.

Okremі natsіonalne organіzovanі Gospodarstwa kraїn rozvine-noї rinkovoї Economy, kraїn rinkovoї Economy, Szo-rozviva yutsya, that powers perehіdnoї od tsentralіzovano kerovanoї to rin-kovoї Economy in svoїy superechlivіy єdnostі stanovlyat materіalnu basis Retschow zmіst svіtovogo Gospodarstwa i yogo odnochasno Je Main sotsіalno- ekonomіchnimi pіdsistemami. Mіzhnarodnі eco-nomіchnі vіdnosini pov'yazuyut tsі Gospodarstwa have tsіlіsnu system. Suchasna form іsnuvannya svіtovogo Gospodarstwa Je naslіdkom bug-tovіkovogo rozvitku productive forces that pogliblennya podіlu pratsі.

Osnovnі sotsіalno-ekonomіchnі pіdsistemi Suchasnyj svіtovogo Gospodarstwa viznachayut for such kriterіyami, yak 1) rіven i ha rakter rozvitku productive forces have vzaєmozv'yazku їh s organіza-tsіyno-ekonomіchnimi vіdnosinami, tobto Zi stage rozvitku rin-ku vseredinі tієї chi іnshoї Kraina; 2) spetsifіka bagatoukladnostі Economy; 3) osoblivostі sovereign regulyuvannya gospodarsko th Zhittya (spіvvіdnoshennya pozaekonomіchnih that ekonomіchnih forms i metodіv regulyuvannya, Powers role in tsomu protsesі). To dwellers vіdnesti specific kraїnu (abo grupu kraїn) to pevnoї sotsіalno-ekonomіchnoї pіdsistemi, potrіbna nayavnіst usіh troh zgadanih Cree-terіїv.

Purshia kriterіy - rіven i rozvitku nature of productive forces in vzaєmozv'yazku s organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnimi vіdnosinami - stosuєtsya structuring virobnitstva, nature chinnikіv ekonomіch-tion zrostannya i, zreshtoyu, steps zadovolennya rіznomanіtnih potreb people. Vіn viznachaє mozhlivostі okremih kraїn in mіzhder-zhavnih ekonomіchnih zv'yazkah have mіzhnarodnіy spetsіalіzatsії. Ex-treasure vіdchutna rіznitsya in rіvnyah rozvitku productive forces of neighborhood-IIR kraїn zumovlyuє rіznі mozhlivostі їh schodo mіzhnarodnoї spetsіa-lіzatsії, Especially in Galuzo obrobnoї promislovostі. However podіl pratsі mіzh them Je odnієyu s foundations gospodarskoї vzaєmodії, stand-lennya virobnichih zv'yazkіv mіzh pіdpriєmstvami rіznih kraїn s me-toyu virobnitstva pevnoї kіntsevoї produktsії.

Napriklad, at that hour, if Kraina rozvinenoї rinkovoї Ekon-mіki zaprovadzhuyut іnformatsіynі tehnologії in materіalnomu that nematerіalnomu virobnitstvі, stvoryuyut MEREZHI bankіv danih, rozshiryuyut obmіn іnformatsієyu toscho, Rasht kraїn vіdchuvaє defі-op resursіv rozvitku not pіdgotovlena to virіshennya problems someone pleksnoї modernіzatsії . Tse bezumovno, utrudnyuє stikuvannya Ekon-mіchnih structures rіznih kraїn.

HEAD channel mіzhnarodnih zv'yazkіv stayut komp'yuternі system. So, the US lishe 5 vіdsotkіv іz schorіchnih 1.3 trillion odi-nits dokumentіv zberіgayutsya on paperі. For takoї situatsії UKRAINE, napriklad, Zi svoєyu paperovoyu arhaїkoyu viyavlyaєtsya nespromozh-Noah nagromaditi i vikoristati neobhіdnu іnformatsіyu. Іnforma-tsіyno-Komp'yuterniy tehnologіya Je Suchasnyj basis of productive forces. Vnaslіdok tsogo zmіnyuyutsya yak character virobnichogo proce-su, so i galuzeva Economy structure.

In rіznih pіdsistemah provіdna role nalezhit rіznim Galuzo scho zumovlyuє tehnіchnu diferentsіatsіyu pіdsistem i, yak naslіdok, їhnyu sotsіalno-ekonomіchnu diferentsіatsіyu. Strukturnі zrushennya i mіzh-galuzeve transfusion robochoї Sealy Je samostіynimi factors zros-tannya efektivnostі virobnitstva, 'Especially in promislovostі. In kraї-nah s rozvinenoyu rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu protyagom ostannіh 10 15 rokіv chіtko viyavlyaєtsya tendentsіya to skorochennya zaynyatostі in traditsіynih Galuzo s temple rіvnem trudoєmnostі virobnitstva (nutritive, textile, apparel toscho) and takozh in kapіtaloєmnih Galois zyah (metalurgіya). However, in parallel zaynyatіst zrostaє naukoєmnih Galuzo, SSMSC viznachayut sogodnі NAUKOVO-tehnіchny progressive i Tempi zrostannya efektivnostі virobnitstva (priladobuduvannya, elektrotehnіka toscho). Tsya tendentsіya zumovlyuє vіdpovіdny pіdhіd kraїn rozvinenoї rinkovoї Economy to mіzhnarodnoї spetsіalіzatsії peredusіm in vіdnosinah mіzh him.

In sferі organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosin toil Location yak directly vzaєmozv'yazok mіzh kraїnami rіznih pіdsistem in formі obmі-well products that Hotel, virobnichoї kooperatsії toscho, so i non-direct vzaєmovpliv - demonstratsіyny efekt gospodaryuvan-nya. Svoєrіdnі іmpulsi rozvitku vihodyat, yak usually kraїn rozvinenoї s Economy. Mіzh kraїnami rіznih pіdsistem zalishaє-tsya suttєvy RPPOs at the head pokaznikah rozvitku, zapochat-wrought diferentsіatsієyu їhnіh vnutrіshnіh organіzatsіyno-Ekon-mіchnih vіdnosin. Tsei RPPOs bіlsh-Mensch exactly vіddzerkalyuєtsya in dvoh aggregate pokaznikah - gross vnutrіshnomu pro-duktі per capita is the NKVD spozhivannі in per capita-lennya.

Rozglyanemo other kriterіy viznachennya sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih pіdsistem - spetsifіku bagatoukladnostі Economy.

Kraїnam rozvinenoї rinkovoї Economy vlastiva tehnologіchna i sotsіalno-Ekonomichna bagatoukladnіst. Prote in rіznomanіtnih forms visokoorganіzovanogo rinkovogo Gospodarstwa on osnovі rozvitku privatnoї that suspіlnoї vlasnostі, іndivіdualnih freedoms that legal іnstitutіv funktsіonuyut dosit nalagodzhenі mehanіz mi samorozvitku; Gospodarstwa visokoіntegrovane. In kraїnah rin-kovoї Economy, Szo rozvivayutsya, spetsifіka bagatoukladnostі polyagaє in perevazhannі monetized forms gospodaryuvannya Yea i ha teristic risoyu virobnichih vіdnosin in Tsikh kraїnah, and chastka monetized, traditsіynih gospodaryuvannya forms in folk mu gospodarstvі Tsikh kraїn neodnakova; Dosit suttєvo vіdrіznyaєt Xia won, napriklad have kraїnah Tsentralnoї Africa that Pіvdenno-Shіdnoї Azії. Suchasnі tovarnі FORMS takozh diferentsіyovanі for rіv-it Svoge rozvitku yak useredinі tієї chi іnshoї Kraina, so i in rіznih kraїnah (napriklad, drіbnotovarny Brazilії way from that in Burkіna Faso).

Spetsifіka kraїn perehіdnoї od tsentralіzovano kerovanoї to rinkovoї Economy polyagaє in zapochatkuvannі processes rozderzhav-lennya i privatizatsії, formuvannі Suchasnyj bagatoukladnogo state-podarstva.

Tretіy kriterіy - osoblivostі sovereign regulyuvannya Gospa-darskogo Zhittya. Spetsifіka bagatoukladnostі in kraїnah rinkovoї Economy, Szo rozvivayutsya, that in kraїnah perehіdnoї od tsentralі-Jz kerovanoї to rinkovoї Economy vіdbivaєtsya in Slabko stupenі suspіlnoї іntegratsії. In Tsikh kraїnah osobistіst not vidіlena s collectives (communities patrіarhalne Gospodarstwa abo sutsіlne oderzhavlennya Economy), the freedom of the individual is the іnstituti demokratії nerozvinenі. Skladnostі in rozvitku Tsikh kraїn polyagayut in fact scho for rіznih rіvnіv sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih that tehnіko-ekonomіchnih pokaznikіv mehanіzm samorozvitku vіdsutnіy abo, abo Je Wkra non-efektivnosti. Perevazhannya pozaekonomіchnih forms i metodіv orga-nіzatsії Gospodarstwa, zaprovadzhuvanih power that characterized the vsіh kraїn s malorozvinenoyu system rinkovih vіdnosin. Slіd zaznachiti, scho mill Taqiy vіdtvoryuєtsya, oskіlki in sprobah virі-shiti sotsіalno-ekonomіchnі problemi perevazhayut methodical Total-tion pererozpodіlu natsіonalnogo income SSMSC sprichinyuyut con-boo in gromіzdkomu prosharku upravlіntsіv. Tse blokuє self regulation-vannya Economy (in kraїnah scho rozvivayutsya) chi perehіd od pro-verse to bіlsh folding, ale vodnochase Mensch stіykih forms rinkovoї organіzatsії (at kraїnah perehіdnoї od tsentralіzovano kerovanoї to rinkovoї Economy).

So, zagalnovіdomo scho Kraina kolishnі command admіnіstra-tivnoї Sistemi sprobuvali pass Etap іndustrіalіzatsії on "Cray-serskih" shvidkostyah. Prote tsya meta chastіshe pov'yazuvalasya s on lіtichnoyu orієntatsієyu, not s vnutrіshnіmi sotsіalno-ekonomіchnimi peredumovami. Skazhіmo, vzaєmozalezhnіst mіzh respublіkami co-superfluous CPCP on Purshia look, Bula logіchno obgruntovanoyu that mіtsnoyu. Against and znyattі polіtichnogo frame Won viyavilas krih-koyu, oskіlki not gruntuvalas on commodity-penny vіdnosinah, ekonomіchnih іnteresah.

Naybіlsh adequacy require rozvitku productive forces viyavilis laws of commodity i virobnitstva pіdpriєmnitstva. Zresh-toyu, yak stink zooms utvorennya svіtovogo Gospodarstwa so i yogo rozvitok away. Vіdomo scho sutnіst pіdpriєmnitstva polyagaє in pragnennі to samozrostannya kapіtalu. Whether yak pereshkodu kapі-tal roztsіnyuє obmezhennya yak, yak Got Booty obov'yazkovo podolane. Vihіd kapіtalu for natsіonalnі mezhі nevіddіlny od Becoming i rozvitku pіdpriєmnitstva that svіtovogo Gospodarstwa. Zvіdsi zagal-him at Suchasnyj sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih pіdsistemah svіtovogo Gospa-States Je rozvitok inventory penny vіdnosin on osnovі bagatouk-ladnoї Economy, konkurentsії mіzh order, SSMSC in nayuzagalnenіshіy formі vіdbivayut naslіdki rozvitku pіdpriєmnitstva yak at natsіo-functional boundaries, so i pose them . When tsomu sama pіdpriєmnitstvo Yea i odnochasno reason, i naslіdkom Glibin protsesіv in produk-tive forces in SSMSC natsіonalnih furrows on Pevnyi etapі obmezhu-yut pragnennya to samozrostannya kapіtalu.

Hoca sotsіalno-ekonomіchny rozvitok in deyakih kraїnah (for example, a treasure in Skandinavskih) vіdbuvaєtsya in napryamі od rinkovoї eco-nomіki to zmіshanoї and od zmіshanoї - up Economy uzgodzhen, inventory groshovі vіdnosini zalishayutsya ob'єktivnoyu Basics vzaє mozv'yazku-i vzaєmozalezhnostі bezposerednіh sub'єktіv svіtovogo Gospodarstwa, yak i spіlny іnteres in ekonomіchnomu progresі that at the global rozv'yazannі sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih problems.

In spіlnomu іnteresі in ekonomіchnomu progresі that at the global rozv'yazannі sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih problems yak at fokusі converging i kontsentruyutsya problems pov'yazanі s rozvitkom Helsinki Human, zabez cookies її maybutnogo. Not vipadkovo Sered kriterіїv otsіnki con kurentospromozhnostі rіznih kraїn on fonі svіtovogo Gospodarstwa yakіst robochoї Sealy posіdaє Pershe Location, viperedzhayuchi takі show-nicks, yak yakіst produktsії, rinkova orієntatsіya that rіven new in kolіnnya bіznesmenіv. Yakіst robochoї Seeley, in his Cherga, deposits od pristosuvannya suchasnoї Helsinki Human minds to natural sotsіal i-tion seredovischa, scho pid zmіnyuyutsya vplivom NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso, suchasnoї urbanіzatsії od, od uspіhіv in borotbі s epіdemіya-mi i nayvazhchimi zahvoryuvannyami toscho.

Optimally rozv'yazannya podіbnih problems zagalnoplanetarnogo scale potrebuє vzaєmodії yak NAUKOVO-tehnіchnih so i sotsіal-but-polіtichnih faktorіv, koordinatsії zusil powers formal scho

but nalezhat to rіznih sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih pіdsistem, viznachennya kozhnoї powers for the feasible vnesku that uchastі minds.

Especially in rіznih sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih pіdsistemah svіtovo th Gospodarstwa Je rіznі rіven i rozvitku nature of productive forces in vzaєmozv'yazku їh s organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnimi vіdnosinami vіdmіnnostі that have state-sponsored regulyuvannі gospodarskogo Zhittya.

Vseredinі kozhnoї s pіdsistem іsnuyut svoї stupenі vіdmіnnostey, oskіlki s cutaneous them Je odnorіdnoyu (US Іspanіya i, Argentina i Malavі toscho). Dinamіzm virobnichih i suspіlnih protsesіv vіdbi-chiu vaє neodnorіdnіst, Especially schodo transformatsії vіdnosin Vlas nostі-th management. Podіbnі peretvorennya toil peredusіm Spree-minute zmіnі structuring virobnitstva i eksportu vіdpovіdno to kriterіїv svіtovogo market analysis.

In pіdsistemі kraїn perehіdnoї od tsentralіzovano kerovanoї to rinkovoї Economy for state-sponsored vіdmіnnostyami in regulyuvannі gospodarskim Zhittya virіznyayutsya prinaymnі Vier groupies kraїn:

1) Kraina, scho actively nablizhayutsya to rinkovoї Economy (eel-ness, Chehіya, flattered Kraina Baltії toscho); 2) Kraina, scho nablizha-yutsya to market analysis, vikoristovuyuchi іnstituti command admіnіstra-tivnoї Systems (China V'єtnam); 3) Kraina, scho vinikli in the results-Ti rozpadu kolishnogo CPCP i do not slit zovsіm viznachilisya in pіdhodah to rozvitku rinkovih vіdnosin, in addition perebuvayut pochatkovіy stadії chaotic Ruhu to market analysis; 4) Kraina, scho namagayutsya Rozvi-vati okremі Elements Rinku pid vplivom ob'єktivnoї realnostі (Cuba, Korea Pіvnіchna toscho). Mіzh guidance GROUP kraїn Absent chіtkih between, okremі Kraina zaymayut promіzhnu pozitsіyu. Ex-treasure Mongolіya zaymaє Location mіzh by another that third grup, OD-nak blizhche to Druha.

Sotsіalno-Ekonomichna sutnіst Sistemi Suchasnyj svіtovogo state-podarstva polyagaє in dіalektichnomu vzaєmozv'yazku natsіonalnih state-podarstv kraїn scho nalezhat to troh sotsіalno ekonomіchnih-pid-systems zdіysnyuvanomu through mіzhnarodnі ekonomіchnі vіdnosini.

System svіtovih rinkovih vіdnosin funktsіonuє i rozvivaєtsya ekonomіchnimi by general laws. Peredusіm - tse Zakoni vartostі that popitu i Offers, dії yakih vlastivі yak zagalnі OZNA-ki, so i spetsifіchnі for svіtovogo commodity virobnitstva osobli-vostі. Find our Dіalektichna Yednist Tsikh she Especially viznachaє yakіsnu svoєrіdnіst svіtovih rinkovih vіdnosin, vіdrіznyaє їh od іnshih forms rinkovih vіdnosin.

Zagalny vzaєmozv'yazok virobnikіv ambushes on commodity-pennies-vortices in vіdnosin іsnuє whether yakіy sotsіalno-ekonomіchnіy pіdsistemі Suchasnyj svіtovogo Gospodarstwa. Vodnochase exposure The zakonіv vartostі that popitu i Offers zaznaє modifіkatsії on osnovі specific VJ robnichih vіdnosin and takozh productive forces, sovereign councils, lіnnya toscho in kozhnіy pіdsistemі. Krіm of modifіkatsіyu Tsikh Zuko-nіv zumovlyuє zmіna zmіstu ekonomіchnoї system.

HEAD kriterієm ekvіvalentnostі sogodnі staє obmіn OS-novі іnternatsіonalnih vartostey, SSMSC formuyutsya yak serednosvіtovі largest in rezultatі konkurentnoї Borotba mіzh rіznimi powers that іnshimi sub'єktami svіtovih rinkovih vіdnosin. Skin-ny s them obmіn on urechevlenu in svoїh goods svіtovu іnternatsі-tional Prace otrimuє odnakovu Quantity takoї samoї pratsі in іnshih goods SSMSC kupuє svіtovomu on market analysis. Ekonomіya natsіonalnoї pratsі, yak realіzuєtsya in svіtovomu tovaroobmіnі, dosyagaєtsya zavdyaki mіzh-national podіlu pratsі scho daє zmogu virobiti bіlshu Quantity tovarіv that zniziti natsіonalnu vartіst їh, vitrativshi tsomu at the very Quantity natsіonalnoї pratsі.

Іnternatsіonalnі vitrati suspіlne neobhіdnoї pratsі on virob-nitstvo tovarіv viznachayut value іnternatsіonalnoї vartostі. Natsіonalnі vitrati suspіlne neobhіdnoї pratsі kraїn scho ekspor-tuyut on svіtovy rinok naybіlshu Quantity pevnoї produktsії, vor muyut іnternatsіonalnі vitrati i, yak naslіdok, іnternatsіonalnu vartіst. Prote in formuvannі ostannoї not take fate OAO All tova-ri, SSMSC viroblyayutsya in rіznih kraїnah and deprivation Ti, SSMSC eksportuyut subsequent to svіtovy rinok. Zvіdsi stupіn vplivu natsіonalnoї vartostі on іnternatsіonalnu deposits od chastki okremih kraїn in zagal-Term obsyazі sale okremih tovarіv svіtovomu on market analysis.

Kraina, SSMSC take fate in mіzhnarodnomu podіlі pratsі that obmіnі, znahodyatsya in neodnakovih minds. Tse viznachaєtsya not tіlki rіv-it rozvitku, structures Economy i єmkіstyu vnutrіshnogo rin-ku, and th vіdmіnnostyami geografіchnogo provisions warehouse that rozmі-set natural resursіv. On svіtovomu Rinku Kraina, vitrati yakih on vigotovlennya of chi іnshogo vischі product for INTER-serednіy natsіonalny rіven, viyavlyayutsya nekonkurentospromozhnimi, Ti Well, yakih podіbnі vitrati nizhchі, toil bіlsh Visokiy income od eksportu svoїh tovarіv.

Je bagato spetsifіchnih faktorіv, SSMSC tієyu chi іnshoyu mіroyu re-shkodzhayut formuvannyu іnternatsіonalnoї vartostі. Vpliv Tsikh faktorіv (zovnіshnotorgovі that valyutnі obmezhennya, Oscillations chickens sіv currencies bіrzhovі "lihomanki") poznachaєtsya on svіtovih tsіnah. Prote korotkochasnі Oscillations tsіn not vіdobrazhayut dovgostroko-vortices tendentsіy and Vlasnyi in ostannіh i viyavlyaєtsya Universalna exposure The law vartostі yak regulator svіtovih rinkovih vіdnosin.

Yakіsna evolyutsіya, yak perezhivaє Suchasnyj svіtove Gospodarstwa, polyagaє in podalshіy transformatsії svіtovih productive forces i virobnichih vіdnosin i zumovlyuє osoblivostі dії іnshih, krіm Hosting Project-they zakonіv vartostі that popitu i Offers ekonomіchnih zakonіv - law vіdpovіdnostі virobnichih vіdnosin rіvnyu i character-round roses productive forces, law zrostannya require law ekonomії hour, law zrostannya produktivnostі pratsі toscho.

In svoїy sukupnostі osoblivostі dії ekonomіchnih zakonіv in svіto-vomu gospodarstvі vіdobrazhayut udoskonalenі FORMS i gospodaryuvannya culture, SSMSC vikristalіzovuyutsya in protsesі suspіlnogo transoms, scho vіdbuvaєtsya odnochasno s rozvitkom i pogliblennyam mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі. One processes daє suspіlstvu mozhli-vіst neuhilno pіdvischuvati efektivnіst pratsі, Inshyj - bіlsh ratsіonalno organіzovuvati suspіlne virobnitstvo i produktivnі above-rozporyadzhatisya yogo results. Dopovnyuyuchi that stimulus-Yuchi one single, tsі processes zumovlyuyut rozvitok svіtovogo state-podarstva.