home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Rozdіl 45 KEYNSІANSKO-NEOKLASICHNY SYNTHESIS VIZNACHALNA CHARACTERISTICS TRETOЇ klasychnoji SITUATSІЇ

§ 1. Ekonomichna teorіya J. M. Keynes

In the XX century. zahіdna Ekonomichna teorіya rinkovogo rozvitku Vista Saw s neoklasichnim directly yaky prodovzhuvav viznachati spe-tsifіku another klasichnogo camp. Prote Zgoda situatsіya car-dinalno zmіnilasya pid vplivom dvoh viznachalnih tendentsіy-round roses.

According au-Perche, in zv'yazku s Peremoga Zhovtnevoї revolyutsії 1917 p. in Russie and pіslya Druha svіtovoї vіyni podіbnih revolyutsіy in ryadі іnshih kraїn Shіdnoї Єvropi in Kitaї that іnshih kraїnah Azії i on Kubі Mark CISM totalіtarnogo directly becoming єdinoyu uncontested panuyu-Choi techієyu in kraїnah command admіnіstrativnoї system zalisha-yuchis odnієyu h techіy in іnshih kraїnah svitu. Together s note in the Rink vortices kraїnah nabuv away rozvitku Marxism sotsіal's Democratic-particle directly. In kraїnah command admіnіstrativnoї Sistemi minds yak viyavilos, pereshkodzhali rozvitku CREATIVE Marxism. Against the practice of Perche perіodu іsnuvannya command admіnіstra-digit tivnoї Sistemi brought plіdnіst active vtruchannya der zhavi in ​​ekonomіchnі processes. Lachey Zgoda, if, s one side, boules rozv'yazanі ekstremalnі zavdannya BUILD UP folk gospodarst Islands, scho poterpіlo od voєn, rozruh toscho and other s - Bulo zdіysne-factuality but oderzhavlennya usієї Economy, the role of power in the Econom-mіchnomu zhittі bula brought to the absurd.

In other words, vzhe in 30 Ti Rocky nebuvaloї ranіshe gostroti Nabeul krizovі processes in ekonomіtsі th ekonomіchnіy rinkovіy teorії Sunset. Іsnuvala nagalna require at novіy rinkovіy teorії, yak b perekon-Livo, Lombardy explained іsnuvannya such yavisch, yak Masov bezrobіttya, trivia-le padіnnya virobnitstva, nayavnіst nevikoristanih virobnichih in tuzhnostey at vіdnosnіy vuzkostі national spozhivannya toscho, i showed mozhlivі Roads Ahead vihodu s krizovoe encampments without situ-schennya rinkovih gospodaryuvannya bases.

In tretє, pevnі novі theoretical metodologіchnі pіdhodi to analі-zu rinkovogo pіdpriєmnitskogo Gospodarstwa was slain іnstitutsіo-nalіzm (od lat institutio -. Nastanova, institutum - ustrіy, mouth nova), scho Winick in US naprikіntsі XIX century. i zmіtsnіv in the 20 Ti Rocky XX century. (Veblen, W. Mіtchell). Tsі pіdhodi polyagali in rozglyadі vpli-woo "іnstitutsії" pid yakoyu rozumієtsya whether yak stіyke ob'єdnannya people to dosyagnennya Pevnyi tsіley (sіm'ya, partіya, profspіlka, CER qua, trust, power toscho) on suspіlstvo in Besides chislі ekonomіku. When tsomu polіtichna Vlad rozglyadalas yak viraz skoordinovanoї dіyalnostі rіznih prosharkіv i suspіlstva group. Look іnstitutsі-onalіstіv posluguvali critical one rozhituvannyu ortodoksії Druha klasychnoji situatsії i sacrificed pevnі mozhlivostі new pіdhodu to analіzu rinkovoї Economy on new etapі її rozvitku. Look Zaznachenі іnstitutsіonalіstіv boule genetichne i logіchno pov'yazanі s theo-rієyu byurokratії, authority i Vladi, rozroblenoyu vidatnim nіmets-kim vchenim Max Weber (1864-1920).

Nagalna required in novіy rinkovіy teorії Bula zadovolena Viho-house in George's World pratsі. M. Keynes "Zagalna teorіya zaynyatostі, vіdsot-ka is the pennies" (1936). Pіslya tsogo bіlshіst molodih ekonomіstіv-rinkovikіv steel poslіdovnikami teorії Keynes. In nіy Bula pіddana obgruntovanіy krititsі іdealіzatsіya Clasico mehanіzmu rinkovogo samoregulyuvannya, brought neobhіdnіst active sovereign vtruchannya in ekonomіku i zaproponovanі іnstrumenti regulyuvannya.

For Keynes, dosyagnennya povnoї zaynyatostі mozhlive with reality-nostі efektivnosti popitu. Pid is the value of it rozumієtsya Soukup-tion popitu on real obsyag natsіonalnogo virobnitstva at yakіy pіdpriєmtsі spodіvayutsya otrimati Maximum Prybutok *. However dosyagnuti povnoї zaynyatostі viklyuchno for rakhunok dії sti-hіynih rinkovih nemozhlivo forces. In zv'yazku s CIM JM Keynes vіdkinuv yak pomilkovy osnovopolozhny law klasychnoji i neo-klasychnoji ekonomіchnoї teorії -. Ranks as the law of JB Say, zgіdno s Yakima propozitsіya automatic and porodzhuє Vlasnyi popit.

Zrostannya sukupnogo popitu galmuyut two factors. Purshia - psihologіya spozhivachіv. Keynes vivіv psihologіchny Basic Law:

"People skhilnі, yak usually zbіlshuvati svoє spozhivannya іz zros-tannyam income, ale not tіy mіrі in yakіy zrostaє income". "Shilnі st to spozhivannya znizhuєtsya and skhilnіst to zberezhennya zrostaє.

Another negative factor - znizhennya efektivnostі іnvesti-tsіy kapіtalu. Іz zbіlshennyam rozmіrіv nagromadzhenogo kapіtalu rate pributku znizhuєtsya proportsіyno law spadnoї produk-tivnostі kapіtalu.

Vihіd іz encampments Keynes vbachav in zbіlshennі іnvestitsіy, vіdvodya chi їm virіshalnu role in rozshirennі efektivnosti popitu. "Oskіl-ki at zbіlshennі zaynyatostі vitrati spozhivachіv zrostayut in vіlnіshe, nіzh pіdvischuєtsya sukupnoї Rate Offers, zbіlshennya zaynyatostі viyavitsya unprofitable Yakscho tіlki reserve scho.ut-vorivsya not bude" zapovneny "zbіlshennyam іnvestitsіy". For visa-The shutter kіlkіsnoї zalezhnostі mіzh growth іnvestitsіy i Priroda-STOM natsіonalnogo income Keynes vikoristav kontseptsіyu multipolarity-lіkatora *. "Behind the words of Keynes, the principle multiplіkatora daє for-to legally vіdpovіd to power about those yak Oscillations іnvestitsіy scho stanovlyat vіdnosno slim chastku natsіonalnogo income zdatnі viklikati takі Oscillations sukupnoї zaynyatostі that income SSMSC ha rakterizuyutsya uniquely bіlshoyu amplіtudoyu.

For zbіlshennya іnvestitsіy neobhіdno on au-Perche, zniziti vіdsotka rate on the loan, in other words, zbіlshiti derzhavnі vitrati (rozshi-rennya Reigning procurement tovarіv i poslug, sovereign іnvestuvan-nya), in tretє, pіdnyati rіven efektivnostі kapіtalovkladen. W tsієyu metoyu Keynes proponuvav two іnstrumenti regulyuvannya efektiv-

tion popitu - penny-i Credit cost, vіddayuchi Perevi-gu ostannomu.

. Vnesok JM Keynes in ekonomіchnu teorіyu polyagav nasampered in zastosuvannі makroekonomіchnogo method doslіdzhennya, tobto Ana lіzu fallow mіzh aggregate values ​​on narodnogos-podarskomu rіvnі - natsіonalnim income spozhivannyam, zbere-zhennyam, іnvestitsіyami, sukupnim popitom, sukupnoyu propozitsієyu toscho. W іmenem Keynes rightly pov'yazuyutsya vidіlennya i-round roses makroekonomіki yak nevіd'єmnoї skladovoї Chastain zagalnoї ekonomіchnoї teorії (s mіkroekonomіkoyu of order). Keynes zastosuvav funktsіonalny analіz for vstanovlennya kіlkіsnih vzaєmozalezh-of mіzh ekonomіchnimi zmіnnimi.

Acted as critics of the law s Say, Keynes vіdkinuv dogma of neo-klasychnoji ekonomіchnoї teorії about mozhlivіst dosyagnennya Povny i ratsіonalnogo vikoristannya resursіv Relief without power. On vіdmіnu od neoklasiki vіn visunuv on Purshia plan sukupny in the pit, s Yakim pov'yazav virіshennya vsіh topical problems rinkovo ​​th Gospodarstwa. Yak pіdkreslyuvav L. Harrіs Keynes vbachav svoє head-dannya in fact dwellers Show scho rіvnovaga at povnіy zaynyatostі not Je zagalnim vipadkom. Zagalny vipadok - tse rіvnovaga with reality-nostі bezrobіttya and Povny zaynyatіst - Tse deprivation Especially AIAI dock. Dwellers will dosyagnuti Bazhanov, povnoї zaynyatostі, Power zobov'yazana provoditi polіtiku Especially schodo її dosyagnennya, oskіl-ki automatic and dіyuchі rinkovі Sealy tsogo not garantuyut *.

J. merit. M. Keynes polyagala in doslіdzhennі funktsіonuvannya chotiroh vzaєmopov'yazanih rinkіv (tovarіv, pratsі, pennies i oblіga-tsіy) i viyavlennі faktorіv, SSMSC pereshkodzhayut dії stihіynih Rink vortices forces have vstanovlennі rіvnovagi. Before Especially assumptions Keynes nalezhat three Vidi neelastichnostey: negnuchkіst rates zarobіtnoї pay (i vіdpovіdno upovіlnena reaktsіya tsіn on zmіni popitu that pro-pozitsії), "lіkvіdna pastka" (Especially mill Economy in the minds Gly-bokoї depresії, if zbіlshennya kіlkostі pennies in obіgu not Veda to znizhennya normalized vіdsotka) i neelastichnіst іnvestitsіynogo popitu fallow od normalized vіdsotka. When vіdsutnostі whether yakogo іz Tsikh troh assumptions Keynes model yogo Got automaticity tendentsіyu to rіv-Novy s Povny zaynyatіstyu. Yakscho Well. model introduced in Hoch odne іz vkazanih assumptions, Won bude vіdtvoryuvati rіvnovagu s rollerles-bіttyam. In tsomu polyagaє printsipova vіdmіnnіst keynsіanskoї mo-od delі klasychnoji, yak zavzhdi znahoditsya in stanі rіvnovagi s Stand-Noah zaynyatіstyu.

H-hour bіlshіst vchenih nemarksistіv otsіnili teorіyu Keynes yak "keynsіansku revolyutsіyu", scho zdіysnila revolution in ekonomіchnomu mislennі. . JM Keynes put in one row z nayvidatnіshi mi ekonomіstami-Clasico, and Yogo Prace - s "Bagatstvom Naro-dіv" A. Smіta i "Kapіtalom" Marx.

The "Zagalnoї teorії zaynyatostі, vіdsotka i pennies" viklika la burhlivu polemіku in yakіy took fate ekonomіsti provіdnih kraїn Sunset. Participants diskusії zahischali protilezhnі point Zora vіdnosno problems visunutih in robotі J. M. Keynes. Vіdomі pre-mentors neoklasichnogo directly 30s rokіv (G. Haberler, A. Pіgu, D. Robertson, F. Hayєk that іn.) GOSTR kritikuvali teorіyu Keynes Zi Old pozitsіy. However neoklasika Bula vіdtіsnena on another plane, Epoch Druha klasychnoji situatsії completed. Prote-spetsifіka but Vågå, the third klasichnogo polyagala will in fact scho teorіya Keynes її pervіsnomu viglyadі did not panіvnoyu.