Історія України - Subtelium Orest

Culture Київської Русі

Bud-yaka discus about the culture of mediocre custody zoserezhuyutsya nasampered on yogo reljigіynih viruvannah te institutah. In Ukraine, Kyiv, Russia, Russia, Russia, Russia, and Ukraine. Up to 988 r. By the arrogance of the spiritual needs of the schematic words of the anthology, the ambush of the forces of nature lay on the worship of the spirit of the predecessors. The goddess of the naive pantheon invaded Perun - the god of thunder and blining, the analogue of the scandinavian gods, Toru , the homophobia that had been written for him was not such a chimaera. Prior to the most important deities, Dazhbog and Svarog were lying - the gods of the ancient world, the benefactor of earthly goods. Zakonomіrno, scho sredor sooborobskogo lyudu widen buv takozh cult bogіv rodyuchostі - Roda ta Rozhanitsi . Moreover, the obeis of worship worshiped hundreds of spirits in the riche, lisiv that predkiv; Tse often vyrazhalos at the sacrificed ім tvarin, and подекуди й people. The words of the word did not lead to the deities of the great temples, but they were not folded in the spiritual and hierarchical mood. The meaning of the words is the weakly oprient of Christianity in the side of the face of the reindeer. І all the same із by the arrival of new russia viruvannya predkіv not znikli bezslidno. Pid lichinoju khristianstva shche stretching the table of the means of the words of the syjan'yan zberigavsya religious dualism, abo dvovіr'ya, sho polagalo dotimanni yazichnitskih for podhozhennyam zvichaev that rituals (such, zokrema, yak svyatkuvannya arrival of spring).

Із прийняттям християнства у Київській Русі поширилася нова, витончена й складно організована релігія. In 1037 r. Після приїзду із Константинополя першого у довгій низці грецьких митрополитів (in the course of the meeting Київської прече лише двічі post acknowledged not Greeks) була заснована митрополича єпархія. Pervinno to Ruskoe metropolitania included vіsіm і bishopstv, al zgdomom їhnya kіlkіst zrosla to shіstnaccyati. Ten of them were roztashovuvalysya on the land suasnoї Ukraine. Bagato єпископуів теж були візантійцями. The sticks carried in their wake vosprinnya: pisariv, pomichnikiv, masters, peretvoyuyuchichi ichkopistva na oserekki poshirennya vizantіskoi kul'turi. The clergy was subordinated to the two categories: "bile", toto paraphiliacs, they did not give objatnitsy tselibatu (bezshlyunnosti) and zvichayno odruzhuvalisya svetyu m sredovishchі, that "chorne", tobto chents, z yakih oborilisya vikoki spiritual hierarchy. Namagayuchis unikuti mirouski grihiv and spokus, chentsi lived in vidlyudennnі, th vom ikh vvazhali tsvіtom vіruyuchogo lyudu, and їхні monastirіі buli осередками християнської освіти й нау. At the XIII century. In Київській Русі існувало it is close 50 monastirіv, із them 17-at most Києві.

The church celebrated the splendor of the culture of Kyiv Rusko. Sporudzhenny one lisha temple - Slavonic Societies Kiev - є bezposerednym pidstverdzhennyam addition, naskilki vseohoplyuyuchim buv vliv church on misterstvo. Zbudovan in the 1037 r. For the prince of Yaroslav the Wise is a miracle kamyan of a sprout, made by Greek masters on the vizier of the Constantinople church, is small, apses, n'yat nefil and trinadtsat baths. Roskishneh prikrasheny інтер'єр підтримували мамурові й алебастрові of the colony. The melodrama, the beauty of the temple of the Christian God, was simply built up by a sluchuko prizvichaenim to the modest villages of the village of Budivel Kiyan. Vlasne, sama také rivalry and mav catastrophe, pozayak beside vіzantіyskі tserkvі goodness rozumіli, scho vysoke mystetztvo, zvernene up to human emotions, often kudi efektivnishe povylyuvalo vіru, nіzh theologian, scho апелює до розуму. By the method of the church, the church rooted in mystery and crafts. Zokrema, інтер'єр Св. Софії have painted up kolorovi Mozaiki that frescoes, with a dubious pravodopodnistyu zmalovuvali muzyku. Інший спосіб викликати благоговіння полягав у використанні ікон, тобто зобжень божественних істот на спеціально оброблених дошках. The icons were frayed over private dwellings, they were deported to the native land in the city of sluggishness. Кожен із цих нових різновидів мистецтва попервах зазнавав вплеву грецьких зразків. In an hour, maestri, naveuchi podevnuvati in the genre of genres and miesscei Elementi, stvojuchuchi dedalі viraznіshy vlasniy style. Prote vplyvi skіdnoy church on misterstvo not zavzhdi buli salutary. So, through those who did not like to stavit statues at their temples, the sculpture did not distract the commemorative rosette.

The same viznachalnym buv flock Christianity on the way інтелектуальної експресії old russichіv. Після 988 р. The letter was taken to an abacus, the basovans on abettsi, with strict chentsia by Kiril and Mefodiem - by the Greeks, they widened the Christianity of the mid-dictionaries. On the contrary to Rome, yogo in the air, vikoristvuvaty in the Divine services of Latin Constantinople, weathering in this way, but the new people were crooked at the church by the mighty. Відтак the worshipers of that ernyh right of the church vyzhival ecclesiastical 'moivu - literary norm, scho spiralsya pivdnoslovlov'yanskyi dialecti bula easily zrozumiloy shіdnim vliyani. Post-Vova voschilas on the Lisha on relginyu, and th on svitsku Literature, scho became bagatoshoyu that riznomannitoshuyu.

Закономірно, що більшість зразків цієї писемної літератури мали релігійний характер. Here the prosperity of the mother of the evil is from the Old and New, the gospel, the prophets, the lives of the saints. The most obvious of them is the "Paterik" , tobto about the life of the saints, written by the chentsi of the Kiev-Pecherska lavri, propovidy i gimni st. Kirila Turovsky , pisannya kievskogo metropolitan middle XI century. Іларіона - можly, найосвіченішого мужа Київської Русі. At his well-known "Slovi pro law and grace ," read at 1052 r. In the presence of Yaroslav the Wise, the Illarion counteracts the Christianity of the Yazichnitz and the descriptive Khreschennya Rusi. In order to create a miracle, the wonders of the volodymen are folding the priests of vizantiyskoy rhetoric, and such is the globe of the knowledge of the Bible. Prote at all its own povazi up to the Greek cultivation Ilarion is not a beaver with a grekofil. In "Slovi pro law and grace" vіn pіdkreslyuє velіchі і znachennya Rusі, I use the role of Візанії in її upbringing to the news, pripisuyuchi all the merit of the zdіysnennі chіgo іstorichnogo kroku Volodimirovі.

Yakshcho in the relics of the Greeks vplivi tsilkom dominuvali, then litopisah stubs buli mench pomotnimi. Rannі київські літописи, стіверії it is important by the monks and passed through християнським світовідчуттям, were characterized by realism and bagateness in details. They vidtvoryuvalysya th head of the problems of the pre - so yak prince's worms, a struggle with the kochoviks, - the second time, he added podi. Найважливішим із them є літопис , відомий під назвою «Повість временних літ» . Yogo poyazyayut z imenami monk Nestor ta Sylvestra, yaki fold litopis in 11 ІZ-1116 rr. Zaimalis literary creativity and representations svitskoy topovki. Nezvazhayuchi on postinyu zanyatyat polichnichnimi byfami, having written his own chirrupy th spovnene rozdumyv "Povchannya" prince Volodimir Monomakh. Є pіdstavit admit, іo anonymous author of the pochukovіygo poeticheskogo tvoru Київської преб - "Words about the regiment Ігоревім" (1185-1187), which is lying to the prince's court. All yogo opovіd about nevdaliy pohіd na kochovikіv dribnogo ruskogo prince is traced with a prejudicial response to the inveterate russkikh princes to obednatisya zalya spilnogo blag. Shaking rhythms of virsh, jasrakivi images, bagatu movu, divovizhni for his own dissembling nature pictures, the author of creating a literary masterpiece masterpiece.

The dance. Зображення на чернігівській чаші XII cent.

The dance. Зображення на чернігівській чаші XII cent.

Al at the time of the bagatelstvo ekspresії pisemny dzherela deprived unavailable for the non-written people Kiyeva. Skarbnitseiu people's wisdom and creative spirit was served for this song, orders, riddles, haggling, especially the epos, or bilini. The wist in the mouth, for the sake of succession, the bilini were re-bred, in which the exploits of such popular people's characters were rooted, yak merry seljansky sin Іlla Muromets , the little blues of the priestess Aliosha Popovich and the boyar Dobrinya Mikitich ; Усі троє - members of the Mifinco team of Prince Volodymyr. Subdivision to the person of the Round Table of King Arthur was deprived of the liberty of the dvir and virgins for the struggle against the forces of evil. Often Sered їhnіh vorogіv boule polovetsky Tugorkan scho vmіv peretvoryuvatisya on zmіya i Tugarin simvolіzuvav in narodnіy svіdomostі postіynu zagrozu Zi steppe Abo Well Tse LUVs Zhidovinov, prisutnіst yakogo in eposі, vіrogіdno, Je vіdlunnyam narodnoї pam'yatі about trivalu Borotba s hozarami, SSMSC They practiced Judaism. Usі tsі оповіді були сповнені таємниць і чаклунства, а христинські цінності often perpleplalisya in them із with dashes yazichnitskogo the past.

Sered pupils are encouraged to rip up the dukes of schodo rіvnya і поширення освіти in Київській Русі. Not підлягає сумніву, що превники знаті діставали освіту. В літописі повідомляється, що у 988 р. Prince Volodimir punished viddani navchannya boyarskih children, and yogo blues Yaroslav sleeping in Novgorod school for 300 kolochikiv aristocratic march. In Kiev the center of the church became St. Sophia. In the 1037 р. On the terrain of the cathedral there was a school and a library. Kyiv-Pecherska lavra takozh is small, and the monk's works were famous for their ownness, but in that hour it was very important for them to know the language and re-grammatical texts. Sered prince science takozh bula at poshany. Vidomo, a book-loving boulevard Yaroslav Mudriy; Yogi sin Vsevolod volodiv p'yatma movi, writing boule and daughter Anna. Koli vona became the queen of France, tse nezvichayne for zhinki chih chasіv досягнення відрізняло її від більшості жінок французького двору. Проте складніше відповісти на питання про поширеність Освіти серед просто люду. Deyakі vchenі vvazhayut scho found in Novgorodі Abetka on berestі for shkolyarіv that nastіnnі napisi at St. Sofії Je svіdchennyam dostupnostі osvіti minutes for nizhchih verstv, ale bagato іnshih fahіvtsіv shall communicate, scho Osvita vzagalі that obіznanіst іz vіzantіysko-hristiyanskoyu culture zokrema boule in the main privіleyami Mirskoi ta church eeliti, and vidtak deprived nedosyazhnimi for the masses.

Як українські, and і російські історики розглядають Київську Русь як невід'ємну частину історії своїх народів. There are often legitimate vicinities about those who have more right to vvazhati themselves її shedding. Rosіyskі іstoriki, Especially Ti, kotrі arrogant vplivu yuridichnoї school XIX century., Shall communicate, scho boule oskіlki rosіyani єdinoyu skhіdnoslov'yanskoyu natsієyu, yak target in Zaporizhya chasi his power (apogee іstorichnogo processes stink vbachayut in rozvitku derzhavnostі), the phone reception Moskovskoї The power of the first power of the shi'dnih words'yan buv naybіlsh is important and postulated. Із цього випливає, що оскільки у новітню епоху українці й білоруси власних держав не мали, то між їхньою історією ніяких сутєвих зв'язків не інунувало. Vlivovy rosіysky історик Михайло Погодін пішов іще далі, доводячи, що зв'язки Росії з Києвом не тільки спадкові, а й етнічні. For the yogi theory, pislya zruynuvannya Mongolo-Tatars Kiyeva in 1240 r. The part of the population is large, it is vryatuvalosya, relocated from pivdnya on північний схід - у серцевину сучасної Росії. І hoch chiu teoriiu for a long time rozivnchano, її prodovzhuyut propaguvati bagato rosіyskih i nerosіyskikh іstorikіv.

In the XIX century. Із поглибленням національної свідомості українців зросло невдаволення тим, що росіяни monolopolized the "glory of Kyiv". In 1906 the river. Nayvagomіshy argument against the traditional schema of the Russian історії hanging glorious Ukrainian historian Mihailo Grushevsky. Yak poslіdovny democrat, Grushevskiy pіddav sumnіvu pravіrnіst vіvchennia іstorії yak nasampered proizvodu der creation of power. For the New Year's Day, the boom of dovs, the accumulation of peony, the ethnicity, the kotra is inhabited by the earth's own predecessors. Vin admission (and yo yogo pripuschennya pidtverdzhdzhuyut series of recent Radyanskih doslosdzhen from archeologii), scho pachinauchi z tribes antiv VI century. before

XX century. Great part of Ukraine was occupied by the people, and at their core they were lying to one ethnic type. Yaksho populated with the truth, he poured into Central Ukraine through the assaults of the Mongolo-Tatars (and on the duma of Grushevsky, the desolation of those landscapes, the reasons for them, the smaller scales), then they looked at him visually with a wry smile. For tverdzhennyam Grushevskogo, aka already nyak not oblyav Normanskoy teorії, українці є direct nashchadkami glades - tribes, yake відіграло провідну role in rozvitku Києва. To Vlasne, that is the loan of the loan and the loan in the territory of Ukraine.

Grushevskogo vvazhaє scho pripisuvati Kiїvskіy dobі Central Location in rosіyskomu passed - would not mean tіlki primenshuvati unіkalnі field-Ukrainian zdobutki, ale th obtyazhuvati rosіysku іstorіyu piece, Yakscho not perebіlshenim, dodatkom scho standing on bi zavadі poshukіv її spravzhnogo korіnnya. Yakscho Well still vvazhati power zasobom zberezhennya kiїvskoї spadschini, bring Dali Grushevskogo, the Cudi bіlshu Chastain tsієї spadschini zberegli Halytska-Volins'ka knyazіvstvo and pіznіshe Velike knyazіvstvo Litovske s yogo stronger ukraїnskimi that bіloruskimi of elements, nіzh tse could zrobiti roztashovanі far pіvnіchnomu skhodі Rostovsky, Suzdalsk, Volodimirsk, Tverskoy and Moscow princes. Yake zhodi, on the duma of Grushevsky, vidnoshennia rosіyskoї історії to Київської доб? Подібно до тоію як Галлія - ​​колы провінція Риму, а нині сучасна Франція - запозичила з Риму багато елементів його с усpільно-економічного I will arrange, the laws of the culture, schos subbene vkonila Moscow Stosov Kyiv. Ale Moscow is not a bula for prodovzhennyam chi yakimos another stage of the historical process, zapotchatkovogo at Kiev. In the presence of rice, yakis, Moscow posed for Kiev, її korіnnya, vvazhaє Grushevsky, virostalo z geograficheskih, polichnichnyh tatnychnichnyh minds, pritamannyh Pivnichnomu Shodi.

In the case of the decline of the Kyiv region, the powers of the radyanskih historians borrow a compromise position. Won dovodayat, sho Kiev have created all three of the nationalities - Ukrainians, Russians and bilorus. Точніше, inhabited Київської Русі, so ranks "old people", a boule with spin ancestors of all three nations. Радянські вчені постійно наголошують на одноманітності та однорідності культури, мови, звичаїв, годарства та політики "old-time people". Tse PROVISIONS svіdomo pіdkreslyuєtsya, not deprivation dwellers zapobіgti zazіhannyam "bourgeois natsіonalіstichnih іstorikіv" of chi іnshrgo people on bіlshu Chastain spadschini Kiїvskoї Rusі and second unemozhliviti itself Dumka about nayavnіst yakihos regіonalnih vіdmіnnostey on velicheznih expanses Rusі. Теорія етнічної та культурної одноманітності Київської Русі створює враження, що «давні русичі» - the neemobi project at the end of the one-only "Radiansky people", planned for Maybutne.

Theory of the Radianskih istorikіv, sho postopovo vitisnya look at the traditional russia and history, soil on the hard, sho oskilki three schema of the people, were formulated to deprive the fall of Kiiv, then the superhearts in the middle of the Kiev suburbs, without the posts. The main reason for splitting shihdnyh slov'yan three people in the backsome voprosyetsya vvazhati mongolo-tatarsku navalu poglinennya ukrayntsіv i bilorusyv polsko-litovskoyu power. The goal is to meet the challenges of the traditional marxist position about the great role of the process of formulating national social and economic chinnikiv. Bil'shego, z this pidhodu viplivaє, scho yakbi not zagadі zovnіshnі chinniki, nіyako difentsіcіїї in the "old-time people" did not fit. B. So chi іnakshe, суречки chedo sladshchini Київської держави зайвий раз сідчать about those yak tisno intertwined in історіографії Київської order політичні, ідеологічні та наукові питання.