Історія України - Subtelium Orest

Соціальні зміни в Гетьманщині

Nova know . On the cob of the XVIII century. On the upper part of the structure of the Getmanshchina vzhe mitsyno affirmed novoprojazhena know. Кінець козацької рівноправності був майж невідворотним, бо східноєвропейські суспільства did not know nіyakogo іnshogo way to manage the political and socially-economical lives, moreover, згідно з яким for nesennya zabibi feodalna nobility otrimuvala right voloditi zemlyu i selyanyami. Внаслідок цього Лівобережжя набуло рис більшої сформованості та стабільності, розвинувши суспільні відносини, подібні до тих, що інунували в сусід. Nih kraїnah, de nobility has borrowed a pannivne stanovishche.

Nayaskravshim svіdchennyam peremogi elitizmu in the Hetman's Bull "Znachkov vіyskove comradeship . " Yogo lists meant імена дослих чоловіків із старшинських родин, які ще did not borrow ніяких посад, але with the appearance of vacancies could be returned to the singing of confession. In the 1760s, the association was organized for a foldable hierarchy and included 1300 prizes. In addition, it was close to 800 osib, but actually detained the detachments. Thus, in the middle of the XVIII century. Topivku Hetmanshchini stocked close to 2100 znatnih cholovіkіv із понад 1 млн загальної чисельності чоловічого населення. In 1785, if the imperial order was zrobiv ask to include the Ukrainians up to the Russian nobility, the figure grew in Decilka raziv. Through those, St. Petersburg is not a boom of revelations in the fact that they are vainly insinuating themselves to the gentry in the Getmanchin, tysyachi drbnyh Ukrainskiy ulyadnikіv і zamozhnіshih kozakіv claimed for the status of a nobleman, bagato of them on pidstavi falshivih documents.

Іz the noble title of z'yavilisya y land mestki. The elders were bestowed a hetmani tsar. At bagatooh vipadkas, the police officers unlawfully swallowed the Zakripleni behind the ikhnimi landings. In the spring of 1735 r. Ponad 35% obsromlyunivyh lands Hetmanshchiny bula privatno vlasnisty gentry. Zavdiaki to his szlachta landed estates, in addition, granted 11% of the land. Otzhe, mensh yak 1 % of the population of the volost of Mayzhe 50 % of the earth.

Як і скрізь у Європі, батаства розподілялися серед знаті нерівномірно. Kil'ka rodin, especially those that were like the Getmani, the colonels of the General Chiefs, the wardens of their wives, and those who called out the great latifundia . Napriklad, Mazepa Volodiv 19 654 mates, Skoropadsky - 18882, Apostle - 9103. Prote mastnnist sergeant's representative of the foreman of the boulevard modestly appeared to be one mateok of 30 peasants, totto tretinu volodin 'middle rossiyskogo nobleman. Ці цифри свідчать про те, що в Гетьманщині know була чисельнішою, ніж у Росії, а закріпачене селянство - навпаки. Ale, for example, would not be the boule of the cossack sergeant-major (the szlyachta, the yak of the title itself) -a bagatya of chi bidnoi, - vona nevertheless vizyskuvala i villagers, and kozakiv. For the first vom vimagala all obtyazhlivshih obrokіv, panschini that special service, and in bugatoo zubozhіlikh kozakіv bought pawn threateningly pogrozami land, nmagayuchitsya obklasti such obligations, yak i villans.

Мешканці Лівобережної України: шляхтичка і козацький / Colonel. Кінець XVIII ст.

Мешканці Лівобережної України: шляхтичка і козацький / Colonel. Кінець XVIII ст.

Suspilniy antagonism mizh chernu y starshinoyu mav importantly politsichnі nasalodki, bo davav mozhnivist tsarskogo ulyadovi natskovuvati one of the beliefs of Ukrainian syspilstva na insu. So, in the XVII century. Moscow pidtrymuvala people masi prota kozats'koi elders, if the rest vdalanya vdalasya to prodbi vidkiniut zrennist tsariv; In the XVIII century. Tsarі, navpaks, dopomagali elders, pokrany pislya a failure її separatistskih namagan, viziskuvati selyanstvo, vidtak pozhalyuyuchy zalizhnіst ukraїнської знаті від російських monarchs. In this way, huch acts of the representatives of the nobility were deprived of the old Hetman's traditions, self-sufficiency, the bagatos of them from the practical mirkuvan manifested their loyalty to the Russian Rosary monarchy.

Especially the strong pro-empire oriєntatsіya became the number 1785 pp., If Katerina II zryvnyla ukraine to know iz of the Russian nobility at her "Charter of noble liberties" . By the same toplivbilimi, nasampered for bіdnіshoi elders, buli mozlivostі zrobiti kar'єru, yakі відкривалися внаслік нових величезних загарбань російського уряду. Zavdjaky its own visually good to the authorities and to the administrative dossiers. The representatives of the Ukrainian nobility gave their permission to settle in the administrative administration of the Hetmanshchyna colony, and in the unquestionably zavoyovanyh lands of Krim, Pravoberezhzhy and to navigate to the Caucasus - in far away Georgia.

At the end of the XVIII century. Ukrainians borrowed a number of locals in the Empire. In the 1770s, the 1780s of the homelands of Bezborodkiv, Zavadovskiy, Kochubeyiv and Troshchinsky were given імперії канцлерів та міністрів, які доpмагали багатьом fellow countrymen отриривати призначення на впливові посади у Санкт-Петербурзі. Numerical peculiarities of the mosaic, transitions, and services were given by the service of the emperors, the explanatory world that explains what they are doing. The Getman's land is such a weak opp in the middle of the Ukrainian aristocracy. And oskilki prosuvannya according to services vimagalo obіznostі і імперською культурою, bagatіon of Ukrainian noblemen відмовляся від свов barvistogo kozatskogo vborannya and passed on to the European style, they were going to rozmovlyati rosіyskoyu chi frenchtsyuyu moivo. I Lisha okremi sergeant-major, with some kind of affectionately amazed yak for romance, tuzhili for the hypnotized Hetmanshchina that for the old cossack glory.

Zanepad kozatstva . Після повстання 1648 р. Kozatstvo cherezstvovatsya wide prieviles. Vіys'kova service gave the Cossacks the right to landlord and zvіlnyala vіd podatkіv, ім allowed mate self-adherence, to conduct trade, and takozh vibrolyati gorilku - привілей, що раніше належав шляхті. Vіdtak, yakschoo for the size of maetkіv bіlshіst kozakіv little chіm vіdіznyalisya vіd selyans, then they have the rights of the bouleau majzhe stilki, skilki їh kolya small Polish gentry. Є Але попри вс і ці вольності з кінця XVII ст. Постерігається постійне погіршення ставища рядового козацтва.

Unalskom zrostannya vplyvu sergeantin simple kozaki vkratili so importantly polichnichny prerogativi, yak the right to rob the sergeant that brother's lot in the rads. But for them, the bullets were economically problematic, they cried out at the very nature of the Cossack life, and yak swallowed up the water and the villagers and warriors. Before the rebellion 1648 р. Cossacks could vikonuvati taku podvіynu role, oskilki vinyi buli short, zdobich - great, and subsidies Polish union gave dodatkovy pributok. Але за царів військові конфлікти-такі як 21-літня Північна війна-тягнулися without кінця й краю. Navyat at the peaceful hour rosіysskі sergeants often primushevali kozakіv pratsyuvati na budіvnitвvі ukrіplen, kanalіv тощо.

Vidbuvayuchi trivalu th vysnazhlivu service withered koshtom, Cossacks often climbed from the Borg. As a result, they were sold to their creditors from the sergeant sergeant's middle class, often at a high price and inexorably for low prices, selling baggage in their own lands, orendar, vicominities, and analogs. Lisha did not want to lie to the Cossacks, but to achieve the title of sergeant-major, it became important in the dead of day. Such a rank, zanepad kozatstva speed yogo chiselnist із 50 тис. In 1650 r. To ZO yew. In 1669 and up to 20 yew. In 1730 r.

It was stolbovanized by the tsar of the Tsar's Vlad in 1723 r. In the vicinity of 1728 rubles. Burying sales of Cossack lands. Aly tsi come in vyyavilisya nefektivnimi, bo torkaliis simptomіv hvorobi, but not її sravozhnyh reasons. In 1735 the river. The detachment Getmanshchini vdavsya to obbi shirshih reforms, podilivshi kozakіv on dvі category: zamozhnіshih boezdatnih kozakіv, scho nazivalisya vibornimi, і na tih, kotrі buli nadto bіdnimi, schob kupiti sobi vіys'kove sporadzhennya (pіdpіnichіv). At that hour yak viborny were at war, pidpomichniki mali zabezpecchuvati їh provizієyu, servits gyntsi y naivit obrobliati їhnі zemli. Pidpinniki obkladalas obrokom, schopravda, dvoevo menshim vіd selyanskoho. Actually bіdnіші козаки have been rewritten on servants of the замонішших комшів і старшини. Попри ці зміни економічне ставище всього козацтва й даі погіршувалося. In 1764 the river. In re-developed there were 175 yew. Vibornih kozakiv і 198 thousand. Підпомічників. Ale is actually borezdatnami buli more than 10 thousand yew. Vibornih kozakiv. Zrostala takozh kilkіst zaborgovanih kozatskih gospodarstv. Prior to the meeting, the majority of the poorer families had reached the peasants' village. Znikennnya cordon, and at the same time it is the use of defending the yogo, the economical difficulties, the reorientation of the elders to the great landlords, the adherence to the viscous works - everything has called before the cognac in Ukraine has ceased to exist.

Мешканці Лівобережної України: the villager and the village. Кінець XVIII ст.

Мешканці Лівобережної України: the villager and the village. Кінець XVIII ст.

Repeat zakripakchennia villagers . Stanovishche villagers Livoberezhzhya (nezakr.pacheniyah villagers, yakih Scihdnyi Єvropi deprived little), yak і stanovische kozakiv, postiyno pogyrshuvalosya, pochinayuchi z orchu Velikogo rebenna 1648 р. Vzhe for hetmanuvannya Bohdan Khmelnitsky got used to go over to the old order, pozayak hetman, allowing the active monasteries and gave the zobryat villagers a quitrent. The rarest precipitation of selenium began in the 17th century, if the autonomous "Visky settlement" was registered in the land fund of the Getmanschyna, the landowners and the elders of the land.

Spotchatka ti clerks were scraping modestly the rent fee and zobov'yazvali his own orendary vikonuvati soi roboti, yak zagotivlya, firewood that is transported sina. For chasіv Mazepi the maximum labor povinnіst zrosla up to two dnіv on тиждь; Hoch tse boulo obyatzhlivim pobivnyano in an hour, if the villagers Livoberezhzhya vzagali not vikonuvali obligations, however, won won half of the chi trtinu panshchinnoye povinnosty polski chi rosysyskikh villagers. Prote vsogo through one pokolinnya serednya trivalval panshchiny zrosla to trih dniv for tyzhen, and podekudi shagala chotoryokh-p'yati dniv. Moreover, at the end of the village, the villagers are liable to postpone the overture of the viscous provinces, postoyem, exaggerate the shlykhs, the leaders of the vikonuvati and roboti. If the villagers were zealous before the Russian monarchs, then they knew little sympathy, the share of the Russian villagers in the bula was nabagato girshoyu. The appendix of the ignorant Russian kripak fights all the ruthless exploitation of the Ukrainian peasants.

І all the same, the docks of the peasants of the Mav are entitled to deprive them of their rights, go to the polished village, settle in a small village at a narrow step. Due to the reasons of the sergeant-major for the padding of the Russian rally, the position of the peasants was postponed. Law of 1727 r . Perebachav, scho, depriving his feudal lords, villagers vstrachali right to the mayo, yak nalezhalo ім on the old місці, and з 1760 р . Villagers povinni buli otrimuvati u pana letter dosvil na pereizd. Having lost the right to throw the Pan, the bagatoes of the villagers of Getman's land, they pressed into the cemetery with the law. Ulyublenim mіtsem pritulku for tysyach utіkachіv buli zemlі zaporozhtsіv, scho gave Katerini II dodatkovu pіdstavu for zynischenya Sіchі. In 1783 the river . Katerina II zrobita ostannіy u tsіy sravі krok, zboronivshi lіvoberezhnym peasants for be-like detachments deprive her feudal lords. Відтак through 130 років після свого визволення у 1648 р. Lіvoberezhny villager becoming a kripak.

Zanepad of the Chechen people . In agrarne 'orienstovaniy Hetmanchinі mіschany zаnivali відкритої дисримінації. For the fault of such hetmanis, Yak Mazepa and Apostol, the cossack admixture of the abusive disagreement, and in the whole of the world it was written pidrivati ​​їхнє ставище. Navy at the interiors of the Moscow Organizational Board and the courtship do not have any power over such yogish clubs, as are the numerals of the foreman, the cossack and the villagers. In active vypadkas, the sergeant-major simply likvidovovala autonomy of small ill poorly zahischtenih mist, and translated їхніх жительів під his bezposerednyu підлеглість. U resultі кількість міст у Гэтманщині зменшилася з 200 у 1723 р. To 122 through 60 rock.

Buli Buli is not less than half the number of those who have no rights, but they have been bustling in an economically unimaginative way. Звільнені від податків the Cossacks could sell in the places of the creek, not splachchichi mіszevogo mita. Vodnochas mischany, shchob zabezpechiti grishmi skarbnitsu mista, buli zmusheni rasprochuvati gorodok for products, some stinks traded. That stink nerіko mali less than kramnitsy in the virgin mіstі, nіzh kozaki th soldier російських залог chi навіть ченці. For such seclusion near Bielskiy Most Lviverezhzhya lived a small number of people - in the middle from 3 to 5 yew. (Div. Takozh Table 2).

However, in the midst of this dark, stagnant stagnation, I laid siege to an oasis of prosperity and zostaniya. Zavshyaki meaning Kiyova yak administristrativnogo, vijskovogo, commercial and cultural center yogo population zroslo z II tis. In 1723 r. To close to 43 yew. In the 1780s rock. Процвітали й такі розташовані on півночі nearby російських commercial center of the city, yak Starodub t. Nіzhin. Скласти уявлення about годардарь діяльність, scho rozgortalas u tsikh mistah, dopomozhe taka statistics: in 1786 r. In Nijin, there were 387 kramnits, shist kav'yaren, 29 cousin, 73 tippets, 124 korchmi, vіsіim tsegelen,

Дві цуккрованні, 15 вітряків. Prote in the whole length of the eighteenth century. In the economically vynnoshennі Ukrainsky misty rozvivalisya nablya. On tlі such stagnation, the Maybutny boom at Pivdenniy Ukrainy was set up as an especially hostile apparition.

Table 2

Social structure of Ukraine's Livoberezhna (1795 rubles)

SOCIAL STATION Chisel, tis. Chol. У відсотков до загальної чисельності поселення
Szlachta 36 1.6
Clergy 15 0.7
Міщани 92 4.0
Kozaki 920 40.0
Celany 1240 53.7
Occasionally 2300 100