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Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Pravoberezhzhya pid Vladoiu Polschі

SOCA postupovu vtratu svoєї avtonomії Hetman Lіvoberezhzhya deprives Ukrainian virazno polіtichnim, cultural-that sotsіalno ekonomіchnim tsіlim, Yakima slit Ponad stolіttya autochthonous right to know. Tsya avtonomіya not poshiryuvalasya on mayzhe 50% ukraїntsіv, scho pid deprives Vladoiu Polschі. W look around to those scho їhnya know perevazhno polonіzuvalasya d is not small nіyakih polіtichnih іnstitutsіy, tsі ukraїntsі (velicheznu bіlshіst yakih have become Selanne) boule bezporadnimi before zhorstokim sotsіalno-ekonomіchnim i relіgіynim gnoblennyam. Few scho lishilosya od Zhvavyi kolis cultural tsentrіv Zahіdnoї Ukraine. Especially strashnі dashing spіtkali Pravoberezhzhya. Spochatku zdaval scho share priznachila itself dwellers tsya Kolyska kozatstva th arena Perche Peremoga insurrection in 1648 p. I became oseredkom new Kozatska arrange. Prote spustoshlivі vіyni Dobie Ruїni peretvorili edge on deserted deserted. Pravoberezhzhya znovu potrapilo pid Vlad Polschі in 1677 p., Ale in 1713 tіlki p. there boule vstanovlenі polsko-shlyahetskі orders.

Podіlivshi kraїnu on Vier traditsіynі voєvodstva: Volins'ka, Podіlske, Bratsdavske that Kiїvske (himself Kiev lishavsya pid Vladoiu Russie), Poles have become prodavatsya abo rozdavati velicheznі ploschі nezaymanih land magnatskim leave. Before naybagatshih nalezhali rhodium Lyubomirskih, Pototskih, Chortoriyskih, Branitskih, Sangushkіv that Revutskih. Until the middle of the XVIII century. blizko 40 magnatskih rodіv, predstavniki bagatoh іz yakih boule naschadkami polskih nobles vignanih in 1648 p., 80% volodіli teritorії Pravoberezhzhya. Yak i stolіttya fact tycoon prinadzhuvali on tsі zemlі villagers proponuyuchi їm nadіli row od 15 to 20 rokіv that zvіlnennya od usyakih duties. Selanne s entuzіazmom zustrіli Tsey Krok, tsіlimi flows perebirayuchis syudi s Galicia Lіvoberezhzhya th navіt Tsentralnoї Polschі. Not vazhko peredbachiti Bulo, scho Tsikh s away populated land i zakіnchennyam termіnu slobіd zrostali th vimogi panіv to villagers. Before kіntsya XVIII century. in bіlshostі land Pіvnіchnogo comes Selanne boule peretvorenі on krіpakіv scho pratsyuvali at Panska maєtkah for Vier-p'yat dnіv on Tyzhden. In Mensch populated regіonah Pіvdnya minds boule descho spriyatlivіshimi, oskіlki basic forms Selyanske duties here vistupav dues, not panschina.

Yakscho village vіdrodzhuvalosya Shvydko, the processes vіdnovlennya mіskih tsentrіv perebіgav povіlnіshe. On dodatok to ruynuvan, viklikanih vіynami, Misto pіdrivav yogo davnіy vorog - gentry. Seatings for svoїh sіlskih maєtkah, SSMSC postachali їy truncated neobhіdne, gentry vsіlyako zavazhala rozvitkovі mіst: chislennі remіsniki scho pratsyuvali in її maєtkah, konkuruvali s mіskimi remіsnikami; mіschanam zaboronyalosya zaymatisya such vigіdnimi promislami, yak mlinarstvo, tkatstvo, virobnitstvo potash th Especially visokopributkove vinokurstvo; bagato mіst boule such deprivation of titles, have become pozayak Private vlasnіst magnatіv, and up to 80% їhnіh meshkantsіv skladali Selanne, SSMSC obroblyali navkolishnі zemlі. Nezvazhayuchi on tsі trudnoschі, deyakі Mista, yak, zokrema, Lutsk i Dubno on Volinі, Kamianets-Podіlsky that Bar Podіllі, Berdichіv that Uman in Kiїvskomu i Bratslavskomu voєvodstvah, zmogli uniquely virosti, headaches rank zavdyaki mіstsevіy that zovnіshnіy torgіvlі. Great obsyag tsієї torgіvlі zdіysnyuvali єvreї, scho uniquely urbanіzuvalisya. Main products eksportu s Pravoberezhzhya boule zbіzhzhya that thinness. їh traditsіyno carried on dry land Zahid abo Well before portіv Baltіyskogo Sea against pid kіnets XVIII century. polskі steel magnate postupovo orієntuvatisya on port Chornomorskogo uzberezhzhya.

OAO All Mayzhe bagatstva, stvorenі on Pravoberezhzhі, yshli to Kyshenia polskih "korolkіv" about volodіnnya th marnotratstvo yakih legends. Lachey rodinі Lyubomirskih nalezhali Zi Mistechko that 738 sіl, todі yak one іz predstavnikіv clan Pototskih MAV 120 tis. krіpakіv that 400 shlyahtichіv mail. Butt divovizhnoї nepomіrnostі magnatіv sluguє Opis one s їhnіh benketіv on Money Does bikіv 60, 300 calves, 50 sheep, 150 pigs that blizko 20 tis. tushok Dichin drank Ponad 32 tis. ugorskogo liters of wine, not rahuyuchi velicheznoї kіlkostі іnshih napoїv. Yakscho take to uwagi those scho tsya all ekstravagantnіst Bedspread for rakhunok ukrajins'koho selyanstva, camp Obviously, scho polska gentry Zabul lessons insurrection in 1648 p.

Іnshim butt Povernennya shlyahetskih poryadkіv was vіdnovlennya on Pravoberezhzhі utiskіv pravoslav'ya. Spirayuchis on active pіdtrimku polskogo Uryadov she vіyska, Greek katolitskі ієrarhi Provadia systematically kampanіyu, skerovanu on pіdriv Orthodox clergy navernennya th yogo flock to Catholicism. Won bula nastіlki efektivnosti, scho in 1760 Rokach from Kiїvskomu that Podіlskomu voєvodstvah deprives yakihos 20 Orthodox parafіy. Pozbavlenі church, pravoslavnі steel Divit on svoї monastirі yak on the bulwark vіri. In 1761 r. Melhіsedek Znachko-Yavorsky - Young arhіmandrit Motroninsko-Troїtskogo Monastir th provіdnik Orthodox on Pravoberezhzhі - Pocha organіzovuvati opіr katolitskomu that Greek katolitskomu gnіtovі. Nayvazhlivіshim yogo Kroc became zvernene to Katerini II Prohanov come to Relief Orthodox have Polschі. Іz vtruchannyam have the right pravoslavnoї Russie relіgіyne power to clean up the new Pravoberezhzhі th zagrozlivogo zabarvlennya.

Gaydamachchina. For vinyatkom vіdnosno are small numbers kozakіv scho Nyman at the service to polskih magnatіv, kozatstva on Pravoberezhzhі bіlshe not іsnuvalo. Through those on vіdmіnu situatsії od 1648 r., Prignoblenim villagers brakuvalo forces scho could b pіdtrimati Yogo at povstannі proti gentry. Well all the I vinikali shirokі, Hoch i stihіynі manifest national support. Yogo uchasnikіv nazivali HAYDAMAKY. Jak i "Cossack", the word "Gaydamak" tyurkske for pohodzhennyam i oznachaє "volotsyuga", "grabіzhnik". Vid cob XVIII century. th nadalі Poles nazivali villagers so-utіkachіv, SSMSC Hove gliboko in lіsah i h od hour vihodili grabuvati shlyahetskі maєtki. Takі vignantsі suspіlstva scho lived grabunkom Bhagat i often koristuvalisya pіdtrimkoyu folk mass, boules poshirenim yavischem on svіtanku novіtnoї Єvropi. Analіzuyuchi Yogo, anglіysky іstorik. LZrіk Gobsbon uzhivaє ponyattya "sotsіalne rozbіynitstvo". In yogo Dumka, "sotsіalnі rozbіyniki" poєdnuvali in sobі zvichaynі rozbіynitskі іnstinkti th napіvaltruїstichnі pragnennya pomstitisya for gnoblenih spіvvіtchiznikіv Shlyakhov eksproprіatsії vlasnostі at Bhagat. Pose tsimi neviraznimi іdealіstichnimi motives "sotsіalnі rozbіyniki" Somalia is not chіtko okreslenoї іdeologії chi planіv vstanovlennya sotsіalno-ekonomіchnoї system on protivagu vzhe іsnuyuchіy. Great mіroyu qiu kontseptsіyu Gobsbona mozhna vіdnesti minutes to gaydamakіv.

Haydamaky, SSMSC spochatku viklikali in pravoberezhnoї gentry tіlki easier rozdratuvannya, postupovo peretvorilisya on bunt zagrozu for neї. Odnієyu s reasons zrostannya їhnoї chiselnostі Bulo zakіnchennya 15-20 rіchnogo termіnu zvіlnennya villagers od obligations. Pіslya stіlkoh rokіv Svobody bagato villagers not Bajan Mirit s raptovim zakrіpachennyam i priєdnuvalisya to gaydamakіv. Polska armіya not bula great pereshkodoyu for vtіkachіv. Through nebazhannya gentry fіnansuvati її vіyskovі Sealy Rechі Pospolitoї zmenshilisya to yakihos 18 tis. cholovіk. Іz including 4 yew. zakrіplyuvalisya for Pravoberezhnye With Ukraine, chogo Bulo Zaman, Abi utrimati order. Ale chi no nayvirіshalnіshim chinnikom scho spriyav zrostannyu gaydamachchini, Bulo susіdstvo іz Zaporozkoyu Sіchchyu, s yakoї nadhodili postachannya, lyudske popovnennya i - scho nayvazhlivіshe - dosvіdchenі Vatajko.

Especially nebezpeku for nobility is Haidamaks todі, if Poles vtyaguvalisya in mіzhnarodnі konflіkti second crisis. Thus, in 1734 p., If mіzh rosіyanami th EYAD polskimi fraktsіyami tochilasya Borotba Navkolo obrannya new core Olya Polschі, centurion nadvіrnogo vіyska Prince Єzhi Lyubomirskogo on іm'ya Verlan utіk іz vіyska th ogolosiv insurrection proti panіv. Butsіmto spirayuchis on pіdtrimku rosіyskoї іmperatritsі, Verlan zіbrav blizko tisyachі gaydamakіv i villagers have sformovanі on vzіrets Kozatska pens th rozpochav great grabіzhnitsky pohіd Bratslavshchina that Galicia. Vreshtі polske vіysko zmusilo yogo vtekti to Moldavії. Pіdbadorenі uspіhami Verlana became vinikati INSHI gaydamatskі gang, SSMSC of Namangan perevershiti Yogo. Polska gentry, against vіdpovіdala kick. Vaughn pіdkupom skhilila knowledge gaydamatskogo Vatajko Zaporozhets Sava Chaly before dwellers vіn vilovlyuvav Vlasnyi spіvvіtchiznikіv. Protyagom kіlkoh rokіv succeeded Chalyi vikonuvati tse zavdannya, docks at Rіzdvo 1741 p. yogo not hammered zaporozhtsі. In 1750 r. gaydamatskі zavorushennya znovu uniquely posilen. In samіy Bulo deprivation Bratslavschinі poplyundrovano 27 mіst i 111 sіl. Tіlki zavdyaki novim vіyskovim pіdkrіplennyam udalosya pridushiti ruh scho rozgorіvsya the great pozhezhu.

"Sotsіalne rozbіynitstvo" takozh wider on Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі, Especially in the Carpathians. There gang rozbіynikіv scho nazivalisya opryshky i zvichayno nalіchuvanіy for LP-40 cholovіk often attacked the nobility, Zamozhniy kuptsіv that orendarіv-єvreїv. Nayslavetnіshim іz oprishkіv CCB Oleksa Dovbush, yaky, Nemov legendary Robіn Hood rozdavav nagrabovane good bіdnim, zavoyuvavshi Velika populyarnіst Sered gutsulіv. Pіslya of yak at 1745 p. Dovbusha hammered yogo cholovіk Kochanku on yogo Location priyshli INSHI Vatajko, takі yak Vasil Bayurak that Ivan Boychuk. Ostannіy, arrogant nevdach in Galichinі, vtіk on Zaporozku Sich, zvіdkіlya sprobuvav, Hoch i no of Success, znovu story on the band of Zahid nova. Nezvazhayuchi on neodnorazovі zusillya polskih authorities pridushiti oprishkіv, stink prodovzhuvali dіyati in the Carpathians, as many docks tsі zemlі at 1772 p. not to vіdіyshli Avstrіyskoї іmperії.

Kolіїvschina. 1768 Year CCB hour zagalnoї smoothie. Gentry Rechі Pospolitoї dedalі bіlshe dratuvalo postіyne vtruchannya in polskі Spravi rosіyskoї tsaritsі Katerini II. Spochatku Won dobilasya of scho King Polschі paying її kohantsya Stanіslava Ponyatovskogo and Zgoda Primus polyakіv garantuvati relіgіynі Svobody Orthodox. Rozlyuchena blackmail rosіyan polska gentry utvorila in lyutomu 1768 p. Barsku konfederatsіyu th attacked rosіyskі vіyska, roztashovanі on polskih lands. For Orthodox Rechі Pospolitoї fell on trivozhnі chasi. Bagato s them boule perekonanі scho Confederate not prostyat їm pіdtrimki scho stink її oderzhuvali od rosіyan. INSHI virіshili vdariti on shlyahtі, docks Won not attacked Perche.

In 1768 travnі p. s Monastir Motroninskogo virushila eg pіvnіch in zaselenі Chastain Pravoberezhzhya gang іz 70 gaydamakіv pid conductor Maxim Zalіznyaka, Zaporozhets s Lіvoberezhzhya. Zalіznyakovі people pіdburyuvali villagers to insurrection. In їhnіh manіfestah progoloshuvalosya: "The hour has come to throw themselves slavery h ... i pomstitisya for flour znevagu i nebachenі gnoblennya, yakih conceited mi od our panіv". For lіchenі dnі zagіn priest's daughter novobrantsі s i Mandrivnyh gaydamakіv villagers. Misto for mіstom fell to the rebels: Fastіv, Cherkasy, Korsun, Bohuslav, Lisyanka. On the cob chervnya blizko 2 yew. gaydamakіv surrounded Uman - good ukrіplene Misto de skhovalisya tisyachі shlyahtichіv, katolitskih that Greek katoliTskih svyaschenikіv, orendarіv-єvreїv. The proportion Umanі virіshiv Ivan Gaunt - centurion in ohoronі Stephen Pototskogo, yaky time Zi svoїm paddock uzyav bіk povstantsіv. Koli Misto zdal, Pocha mercilessly rіzanina in yakіy horrible death zaginuli tisyachі cholovіkіv, zhіnok i dіtey.

Naprikіntsі chervnya hands povstantsіv boule Kiїvske, Bratslavske and takozh Chastina Podіlskogo i Volins'ka voєvodstv. Lachey prisutnіst polskih that rosіyskih vіysk on іnshih zahіdnoukraїnskih lands pereshkodzhala їh priєdnannyu to povstantsіv. Before porazki insurrection zovsіm nespodіvano sprichinilisya rosіyani. Poboyuyuchis poshirennya insurrection on Lіvoberezhzhya, Catherine II punished svoєmu polkovodtsevі General Mihailo Krechetnikov taxes Relief Poles. Uvecherі Lipnya 1768 6 p. Krechetnikov request to benket Zalіznyaka, Ґontu that іnshih gaydamatskih vatazhkіv de zaareshtuvav їh time s їhnіmi prigolomshenimi tovarishami. Rosіyani Ґontu seen that 800 people yogo Poles SSMSC pіddali yogo torturam and potіm strata. Zalіznyaka she noticed to Rasht gaydamakіv Bulo to Sibіru. The following kіlka rokіv polsky voєvoda Jozef Stempkovsky prodovzhuvav repairs pomstu over ukraїnskimi villagers, tisyachі yakih vіn zamorduvav in svoїy rezidentsії in Kodnі. So zustrіlo PRSPs kіnets ostannє insurrection of Ukrainian villagers proti polskih feodalіv.

Church on Lіvoberezhnіy Ukraїnі. Engraving kіntsya XVIII century.