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Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Revolyutsіya 1905 p.

Persha rosіyska revolyutsіya Poch y "krivavu nedіlyu" sіchnya 1905 22 p. , If at Peterburzі polіtsіya rozstrіlyala greatest peace demonstratsіyu robіtnikіv, SSMSC yshli s іkonami th portraits of the king on cholі s pop-ukraїntsem Georgієm halons. Tsogo day blizko 130 cholovіk zaginuli th sotnі dіstali wounding. In addition mіru yak in іmperії zrostali potryasіnnya that oburennya tsієyu podієyu, zmіnyuvalis nastroї, Especially selyan- i robіtnikіv before vіddanih tsarevі. Yogo image yak Bulo dobrozichlivogo blagodіynika bezpovorotno zaplyamovano, OOO All i s tsіlkovitoyu yasnіstyu pobachili absolutely bankrutstvo authorities. Zagalny gnіv proti Uryadov Shvydko peretvoryuvavsya on simpatіyu to revolyutsіonerіv on gotovnіst to protest.

Protyagom nastupnoї spring st lіta kraїnu ohopila narostayucha Hvilya straykіv, її apogeєm becoming velichezny zagalny Jovtnev strike Where Money Does fate took blizko 2 million robіtnikіv, іz them 120 tis. on Ukraїnі. Vodnochase on villages Shvydko poshiryuvalasya Hvilya zavorushen, scho, yak usually zvodilisya to rozgrabuvannya i scorched maєtkіv nenavisnih pomіschikіv. Navіt in armії vibuhali insurrection, nayviznachnіshim іz yakih LUVs stabbed to pantserniku "Potemkin" in odeskomu port. Vіdmovivshis vikonati mandate strіlyati in straykarіv on berezі, ekіpazh "Potemkin", scho skladavsya perevazhno s ukraїntsіv on cholі s vihodtsem іz Harkіvskoї gubernії Opanas Matyushenkov, povstav i zahopiv Vlad on korablі. Sered nebagatoh ofіtserіv, kotrі priєdnalisya to povstalih, CCB O. Kovalenko - one іz provіdnih chlenіv RUE.

In the minds narostayuchogo vise tsar Mykola II neohoche pogodivsya of deeds. Kulmіnatsіynim moment of becoming a celebrity Manіfest 17 Zhovtnya for Yakima CAR Daruwala svoїm pіddanim usі gromadyanskі rights poobіtsyavshi sklikati Parliament abo Duma. Yshlosya before scho from іmperіya-from small stati konstitutsіynoyu monarhієyu.

Vpliv revolyutsіynih podіy on up Ukraine. Ukraїnskomu ruhovі revolyutsіya brought two dokorіnnih pokraschennya: Won nareshtі poklal kіnets nenavisnіy uryadovіy polіtitsі zaboroni th Ukrainian Language has allowed ukraїntsyam organіzatsіyno ob'єdnuvatisya. Result boule negaynimi i vrazhali svoїmi scale: Yakscho in listopadі 1905 p. іsnuvala deprivation ukraїnska one newspaper, on the cob 1906 p. їh nalіchuvalosya vzhe 17. Number vidavnitstv іz dvoh pіdstribnulo to 17.3 yakih ІZ znahodilisya in Kiєvі. Mayzhe in skin mіstі z'yavlyalisya Gromada, abo Ukrainian club, yak їh teper nazivali. In villages poshiryuvalisya "Prosvita" - kulturnі mortgage scho stvoryuvalisya on zrazok odnoymennih organіzatsіy in Galichinі. Persha on Shіdnіy Ukraїnі "Prosvita" vinikla naprikіntsі 1905 p. in Katerinoslavі, and until mid-1907 p. for great mіstah Ukraine їh nalіchuvalosya 35, and cutaneous small chislennі fіlії in susіdnіh villages. Buli svoї "Prosvita" d have to emіgrantіv far Shodі. However navіt in rozpal revolyutsії Uryadov obmezhuvav poshirennya th koordinatsіyu dіyalnostі such tovaristv. Axis yak tse poyasnyuvalosya in one s dokumentіv "Vrahovuyuchi scho zasobi, yakimi" Prosvita "namagayutsya vplivati ​​nation, Je in teperіshnіy nespokіynіy situatsії duzhe nebezpechnimi ... and pam'yatayuchi takozh about those scho Malorosіya Je Chastain єdinoї Velikoruskoї powers th those scho no longer mozhna dopustiti probudzhennya natsіonalnoї that polіtichnoї svіdomostі malorosіyskogo people ... admіnіstratsіya gubernії virіshila vіdmoviti in reєstratsії ukrajins'koho tovaristva "Prosvita".

Povsyudno vinikali cooperatives SSMSC zvichayno ocholyuvali Ukrainian dіyachі: in Kiїvskіy gubernії їh Quantity virosla s troh at 1904 p. to 193 in 1907 to Podіllі -s 18, 1905 p. to 200 in 1908 and Harkіvskіy gubernії - s dvoh at 1905 p. to 50 in 1907. It has become obvious residual scho іz skasuvannyam obmezhen ukrainian ruh viyaviv nabagato bіlshy potentsіal, nіzh mozhna Bulo spodіvatisya.

Hoch found revolyutsіya Ukrainian partії, yak i in OAO All partії іmperії, znenatska, stink rozgornuli Activity dіyalnіst, dwellers skoristatisya CIM vibuhom. Nayenergіynіshe dіyala "Spіlka" - ukraїnska Chastina Rosіyskoї sotsіal-demokratichnoї partії scho pіdtrimuvala menshovikіv. Especially uspіshno Won mobіlіzuvala on strikes that demonstratsії villagers Masov zaluchayuchi їh to svoїh lava. Mensch uspіhіv in rozshirennі svoєї sotsіalnoї bazi dosyagla Ukraїnska sotsіal-democratic robіtnicha partіya (USDRP) nastupnitsya RUE. Tverdzhennya її pribіchnikіv scho number chlenіv USDRP pid hour revolyutsії syagnulo 3 yew., Boules, melodiously, perebіlshenimi. However, the banner of CRIC її dіyalnostі th gesture dobroї Volya schodo єvreyskogo Bund became organіzatsіya kіlkoh zagonіv in Poltavі that Lubnah for zabezpechennya order i Zahist єvreyskih communities od pogromіv. Ukrainian lіberali robili little sprob viyti for mezhі іntelіgentsії. Prote s carried out in spring 1906 p. viborіv to Derzhavnoї Dumi їhnіy vpliv posilivsya.

Perelamny the time has come to revolyutsії cob 1906 p., If actions tsaratu sprichinilisya to rozkolu Sered revolyutsіonerіv. Zadovolnivshis garantіyami konstitutsіynogo pravlіnnya, lіberali weather to take fate in Vibor to Dumi. Ale radicals virіshili їh boykotuvati, stverdzhuyuchi, scho slit sotsіalіstichna revolyutsіya not zakіnchilasya. Vnaslіdok tsogo takі naysilnіshі Ukrainian partії, yak "Spіlka" she USDRP, svoїh kandidatіv not visunuli, obranoyu viyavilasya Zhmenka deprivation of Ukrainian lіberalіv. Prote digit Quantity ukraїntsіv paying for mandates rosіyskih partіy. Іz 497 chlenіv 1 Dumi deputatsіya Ukraine included 63 ukraїntsіv 22 rosіyan, p'yatoh polyakіv, chotiroh єvreїv i one nіmtsya. Koli zіbralasya Duma ukraїntsі Shvydko organіzuvali parlamentsky club іz Ponad 40 deputatіv for obstoyuvannya svoїh іnteresіv.

Ukraїntsі in Dumі seek nasampered bіlshoї avtonomnostі for svoєї Kraina. Ukraїnske selyanstvo descho nespodіvano vsіm insertions pіdtrimalo qiu vimogu. Not Mensch popular Bula vimoga ukraїnіzatsії osvіti, Especially on Pochatkova rіvnі. Ale Uryadov, vіdchuvayuchi currently dedalі vpevnenіshe, vіdkinuv їh. Yogo predstavniki vvazhali scho nadannya ukraїntsyam bіlshoї avtonomії rozpalit their appetite to Nezalezhnosti. Mіnіstr vnutrіshnіh ref Durnovos povіdomlyav Mikola II: «Slіd spodіvatisya, scho pid vplivom revolyutsіynoї propaganda Selanne tsієї gubernії (Poltavskoї.- Ed.) Priymut rezolyutsіyu about vіdokremlennya od Russie Ukraine, scho spiraєtsya avtonomії on principle."

Mikolі II sat down to so few vpodobi Pershi sprobi parlamentskogo pravlіnnya scho vіn skoristavsya svoїmi prerogatives rozpustiv 1 st Duma 72 dnі pіslya її sklikannya. Lachey vvіvshi obmezhennya right to vote in the Conservative korist bіlsh i maєtnih klasіv, CAR otrimav in skladі III i IV Doom the bіlshіst, yak yogo could zadovolniti. Yak i nalezhalo spodіvatisya being orієntovanimi vlіvo, OOO All Ukrainian partії not potrapili to warehouse the following Doom i ukraїnske power, so rank, mayzhe tsіlkom іgnoruvalosya.

Pіslyarevolyutsіyna reaktsіya. In 1907 r., On a conservative spirayuchis bіlshіst in Dumі, Uryadov LUVs prepared before stepping against "revolyutsіynih ekstsesіv". Bulo progolosheno Nadzvychaina sytuatsia mill i Suvorov zaboroneno OAO All demonstratsії. According vsіy іmperії input vіyskovі Tribunal SSMSC zasudzhuvali to stratification sotnі revolyutsіonerіv i povstalih villagers. Polіtichnі partії boule vimushenі pіti in pіdpіllya and їhnі naybіlsh znanі vozhdі, vklyuchayuchi bagatoh dіyachіv Old RUP, flowed across the border. One by one rozpuskalisya Ukrainian club. Allows deprivation "Prosvita" dіyalnіst yakih zvodilas before staging p'єs, that kіlka Naukova tovaristv. Ukrainian perіodichnі Vidanov, scho in such rozmaїttі z'yavilisya in 1905 p., Practical znikli and vsyakі Rozmova about ukraїnіzatsіyu osvіti teper viklikali s side vіdverte gluzuvannya authorities.

Antiukraїnska polіtika Uryadov znahodila Activity pіdtrimku in Pevnyi verstvah rosіyskogo suspіlstva. Celebrities lіberal Peter Struve in 1908 p. Slow writing articles yakih obstoyuvav neobhіdnіst pіdtrimuvati іdeyu "Great Russia" th GOSTR kritikuvav ukrainian Rukh for vіdsutnіst patrіotizmu. In addition mіru yak in Perche prophets before svіtovoyu vіynoyu rosіysky natsіonalіzm gaining shovіnіstichnogo zabarvlennya, dedalі chastіshe bagato rosіyan divilisya on dіyachіv ukrajins'koho Ruhu yak on pribіchnikіv "zradnitskogo separatism", abo, vzhivayuchi ulyublene word ukraїnofobіv, yak on "mazepintsіv". Hardcore poshiryuvalisya sensitive, nache provіdnі Ukrainian dіyachі taєmno oplachuvalisya nіmtsyami that avstrіytsyami.

Deyakі rosіyskі newspaper on Ukraїnі, yak, napriklad, "New Time" is the "Kievlyanin" postіyno zasterіgali chitachіv od "nebezpeki" ukraїnstva. In 1908 r. in Kiєvі CCB zasnovany "Club of Russian Nationalists", scho puts before him Meta "lead suspіlnu th cultural vіynu proti ukrajins'koho Ruhu on Zahist bases Rosіyskoї powers in Ukraine».

Ale th pribіchnikіv ukraїntsі Somalia. In 1911 r. on Vserosіyskomu z'їzdі pratsіvnikіv Zemstvos in Moskvі predstavniki Harkіvskogo th Poltava zemstvos rіshuche has acted for vprovadzhennya Pochatkova schools in the Ukrainian Language. Zemstva on Ukraїnі vzagalі pіdtrimuvali rozvitok ukraїnskoї culture. In akademіchnih kolah ukrainian ruh zahischali takі vіdomі rosіyskі vchenі-fіlologi, yak Olexiy Shakhmatov, Fedir Korsch, Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay. Especially rіshuche pіdtrimuvav vimogi ukraїnskoї avtonomії stick theorist sіonіzmu Volodymyr Zhabotinsky s Odes. However tsі dobrozichlivtsі have become rіdkіsnі vinyatki Sered zagalnoї vorozhostі rosіyskogo suspіlstva that tsarskogo Uryadov to ukrajins'koho Ruhu Rocky, scho pereduvali pershіy svіtovіy vіynі.