Історія України - Subtelium Orest

Noviy politychnyy lad

Після придушення повстання 1848 р. The Habsburgs were hammered by the demand to reverse the revolutionary reforms in general, to the absolute rule of the tsisar. The stinkers dismissed the parliament and skipped the Constitution - it became obediently tenth of a zealous neo-absolutism. In Galicia, de Ukrainian clergy turned to church services, in 1851 r. Golovna Ruska Rada was kindly self-created. One of them did not finish the job, yak pozhavlyuvalo zhittya in provinces in the 1850-ti rockies, a boule of labor in the Lviv of the Russian People's House - a cultural osoperku, scho will be on extracurricular extensions. Вім майже скрізь на місце руху та активності 1848 року there came пасивність та інерція. One dotepny Ukrainians pobartuvav: "Chim vishche zdіymaєtsya our People's Dim, Tim lower down, our cultural diyalnіst."

Prote all fought in an important way, hochche I do not duzhe pomotni, zmіni. In 1849 the river. Galicini's name was acknowledged by Agenor Golovkhovskiy, a flamboyant Polish landlord and a special person of Franz Josef. The goal of confession is few, but two important aspects: first, new, self-explanatory, autocratic in nature. Today, the widest range of events, including the visibility of the law enforcement bodies, the promises of promises, of the reconstruction in the provinces; In a different way, Golovkhovskii vvazhal, scho zoesiredzhennya forces on nasyagennnyi insignificant, albeit specific tsvile shvidshe to steal stavishche polokіv, nizh geroichnі, ale nevdali rebel. Stretch of the approaching 25 rockov Golovkhovskiy, scho trichi being recognized by the Galicia noun dviichi ministri Vidny, vidigravatim virishalnu role in the form of a new polichnichnogo arrange in the provinces.

Zrostanja polskih vplyviv. Demonstratively pidkreslyuyuchi its contribution to the Habsburgs and its own countries, it is fair to stand up to the Ukrainians, Golovkhovskiy, the protu, systematically povsyrivav in the order of provincial Polish. For yogo podaroyu Відень відмовився vід to plan поділу Галичини on окремі польську та українську частини. Yogi povidomlenya, in some of the sympathy Ukrainians before Rosii, kidnapped dovіr'ya tsisarskyh class to "Tyroltsiv Skhodu." Із посиленням свого втливу Голуховський ставав дедалі відвертішим у своїй пропоській, антиукраїнськійі політиці. Сподіваючись покінчити з присутністю українців у Львівському університеті, він змусив Головацького піти у відставку з посади профінської літератури. Perekonaniy in neobhіdnostі spolschennja ukraїнців, він навіть zrobiv slob vprovaliti in the Greek Catholic church of the Roman calendar, and in 1859 р.- латинську абетку для українських виднь. Here vin zashov nato far. The projects of Golovkhovskiy viklikali obryrennya Ukraynskoi інтелігенції, що вивело її із заціпеніння. Zapeklі superechki on the ears of the tsikh nourishment were reorganized to the "abetkovu vіynu" service with a clerk and zmusili yogo vіdstiti. Ale Golovkhovskiy selling the offensive on the fronts, systematically zamenyuchi nimetskih officials in the Poles and prososhiryuyuchi vzhivannya polskoїmovi at schools. So vin pidgotuvav primer for rizkogo posilennya polskikh vpliviv in Galichin.

In 1859 r. Відбувся ще is one вириішальний перелам в історії габсбурзкої імперії, if the Frenchman sardinitsi zavdali ї жорстокої поразки в Італії. Ослаблені звні Habsburgs були змушені піти й на внутрішні deeds. Vnasledok tsiogo bula likvіdovano neoabsolutistskiy regime і vidnovleno konstitutsіne nedelyaetske pravlina, chygo nedovgo ever. The Central Parliament screamed at the Vidny, and the leather industry expressed its imperiousness to the ensemble. Until 1873 r. The deputy of the central parliament was offended by the number of deputies of the assemblies.

Щоб мати підтримку вищих класів, Відень trying to vibochu system, yaka vividly відповідала їхнім інтересам. The members of the provincial assemblies were offended by categories, by chickens, by viborgs: by great landlords, by trade chambers, by the mass of people and by the syllables, and by the skins of the delegates. Із 150 deputies of the Galician Sejm of the Great Lands were represented by 44 delegates, three chambers of commerce, 28 localities, and Silesian communities (74 of which could be taken up by the monitors) - 74. The slanders are of little representation in the Sejmi Buli village, evidently from the rules of the Viborgs: Deputies in the Kurdistani landlords are well equipped with a boule of 52 viborgs, then the deputy of the Silesian community took offense 8764. For Ukrainians, the people are overwhelmed by the Sylsky, the goal is invisible to the outside. Vnasledok tsiogo viborah to galitskogo sejmu a part of Ukrainians zvichayno intervened 15%. Vody takozh mali disproportionately few deputies at videnskomu parliament. Without sumnivu, naybіlshі perevagi distala in the parliamentary system of Galicia Polish gentry.

Aly Polakiv chekali bilshy zdobutki. Znayoma model of the bullet was repeated in 1867 р. Having learned by the ways of the Vineyard of Prussia, the Habsburgs of Buly Zmusheni piti on the far-reaching deeds of the Madyars - the most nasilnyh peoples and emperors. The result of this was the Austro-Ugric compromise of 1867, for Yakim the straight line of the Ugric people passed close to the half of the Empire, including Zakarpattya. The Habsburg Empire now became the Austro-Ugric Empire. Uspіh ugortsіv sponukav polokіv prigogatisya povnogo kogitrollyu galichinoyu. Formally, vidmovivshis zadovolniti tsі vimogi, Viden, proto, pogodivsya neofitsynyi polіticichny kompromіs: pidtrimku, scho її Poles nadavatimut Gabsburgam, vіn obitsyav not vtruchatisya poliku polakiv in Galicia. In fact, Galychyna is not enough to switch to the polish "power in the state".

Nespodivane posilennya vplivu polakiv in Galitski spravi has gone knowingly gave quiet mozlivostey, yakі їм garantuvala bіlshіst y seymi. Until 1916 p. Lisha Poles could obimati posadu nisіsnik. If in the central ranks, the ministers are recognized at the right of Galicia, then the Tchaikol leader is the Pole of Poles. Швидко звільнявся від німців і полонізувався office official. Shkilna on the right, Mayzha tilkom perebuvala in the hands of Poles, and from 1869 r. Polska mova became the office in the field of administration. At the socially-economical and cultural peaks, the Poles of Buly are signifi- cantly strong, nizh Ukrainians, aristocrats of the volosts of the great lands, їхня інтелігенція була більш чисельною, освіченою і різнобічної; Їхня Partial in the Mikolay population of Shvidko zrosta 'la, and їхні кульні досягненняш until 1867 р. They were enemies. It is not marvelous, but the Poles have been able to proclose the seigniorage to Vladi in Galicia.

Цілі поляків у Галичині. Yak as Poles were scraping themselves out with a zodobutoyu power? Щоб зрозуміти польську політику в 1868-1914 рр., Слід розглянути події у польській перспекі. The Poles, virnishe, gentry, ieteligencia, bos polski seljani were characterized by Mayz as such, with a polite appearance, yak and ukrainian, - buly people zrajenih nadiy. At the beginning of the XVIII century. Їх забавили державності, and the rebellion of 1830 and 1863 рр. By the method of admission, power has been recognized as a terrible ill-luck. Ukrainians, cans, sprimals їh ya pihatih and izneperibnih opponents, ale bugging the Poles did not give a calm pocity vlasnogo bezsilya before nimtsyami that russians. Після катастрофи 1863 р. In the way of the mission of the Poles, the zmina was important, the head of the special juvenile process of the Boulevard Golovkhovsky. Vіdkidayuchi revolyutsіynu dіyalnіst yak neefektivnu, polskі lіderi obstoyuvali polіtiku "organіchnoї pratsі": konkretnoї (dwellers not skazati budennoї) dіyalnostі for zmіtsnennya polskogo suspіlstva Shlyakhov yogo modernіzatsії. Nadzvychaina sytuatsia spriyatlivі minds for realіzatsії tsogo pіdhodu іsnuvali in Galichinі, to become її rozglyadati yak polsky P'єmont, tobto bridgehead s yakogo pochnetsya Renaissance polskogo people.

And what about Bouti Ukrainians, Zimi vidddaemis Habsburgs "tyrotsyami descended"? Pozitsіya Vіdnya at tsomu pitannі znayshla svіy vіdbitok tsinіchnih in the words of one avstrіyskogo polіtika "Power about those chi іsnuvatimut Rusin i in yakіy mіrі, lishaєtsya rozsud Halytska on a diet." Інакше кажучи, українців віддавали на милість поляків. Plans, scho їh were for Galicia Polish patrioti (bagatos of them were very democratic), the natural rank was dictated by the negative stavlenna before the national pragnen of Ukrainians. Sche bіlshimi ukraїntsіv opponents boule "Podilians" - arhіkonservativnі polskі zemlevlasniki Zi Shіdnoї Galicia SSMSC vistupali proti ukraїntsіv not deprivation polіtichnih s and th іz sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih mіrkuvan: they pіdtverditi right ukraїntsіv Bulo all one scho pіti nazustrіch vimogam villagers. Відтак до давньої ворожнечі між pollykoju shlyakhtoyu a а українським селянством додався новий і ще більш вибухонебезпечний конфлікт національних инінересів. Take podegnannya nadavalo confrontation between the Poles and Ukrainians in Galicia especially.

Spochatku representations polyakіv to ukraїntsіv (Especially more evident Sered conservative "Podolyan") zvodilosya to zaperechennya fact іsnuvannya ukraїntsіv yak okremoї natsії, stink nachebto - deprivation pіdgrupa polyakіv. The purpose of this is to explain to one Polish manager: "I do not want any more Rusyns, but more Polescha Moskovschina." Коли із різкою активізацією українців у 1848 р. Began to flexibly udrimatysya on tsih positsiyah, "podlyani" rushed to conduct a new course, formulations by Golovkhovsky. Vіn peredbachav come in, spryamovanі on diskreditatsіyu ukraїntsіv in Vіdnі on galmuvannya їhnogo natsіonalnogo i sotsіalnogo Ruhu whether yakimi ways i on vsіh rіvnyah on їhnyu priskorenu polonіzatsіyu.

Z esblivoyu rіshuchistyu tsya polity was conducted in the mainstream. Після 1867 р. Polska мова як мова навчання замінила німецьку у Львівському університеті та всіх професійно-технічних закладах. Цілковитої полонізації зазнали також середні школи, або гімназії: in 1914 р. At provinciality there were 96 polish and liche in Ukrainian gimnazii, tobto one on leather 42 yew. Poles - 520 yew. Українців. At pochatkovyh schools polskih klassіv bulo three more, nizh Ukrainskih.

Discrimination of the Ukraine is located in all the regions. Thus, in 1907 the Polski cultural loans otrimali tenfold bіlshu fіnansovu підтримку, ніж українські. Investments, zvichayno, were sent to Zahidna, Poland part of the provincies. On the leather crocheted Ukrainian natikalisya is not deprived of bajduzhist, and th on the active opir class. Stink of buli zmusheni lead the gostra, vperto wrestling for the skin I will install, I will plant the skin, the skin of recognition, on the word, for the skin of Ukraine word.

Qiu vseohoplyuyuchu and often drіb'yazkovu vorozhnechu zaststryuvali glibokі vidmіnostі at psihologії polski укра ukraїнських провідників. Yaksho at the glance of the Polish enterprise, the borough shlyahtsheke, then the ideology of the Ukrainian Intellectuals Bula is clearly plebeian. Behind the words of Ivan Lisyak-Rudnitsky, "the bribes of the Ukrainian are deprived for one or two generations in the pastor's office, or in the villages of the village." Єdinoyu sipilnoyu risei svitosprimannya osvіcheny polokіv і ukrayntsіv boolo, on the duma of the same Rudnitsky, those who "resent the mobs in the face of the conflagration of the analogue of the Great Vine XVII century. Mizh Polish gentry and Ukrainian Cossacks ".