Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

SKHІDNA GALYCHYNA: BASTION UKRAЇNSTVA

Yaku korist zdatnі bring ekonomіchno zubozhіlomu, sotsіalne nerozvinutomu, cultural neruhomomu th polіtichne Slabko suspіlstvu reform zakonodavstva and Yakscho konkretnіshe: yaky vpliv celebrated on ukraїntsіv gabsburzkoї іmperії konstitutsіynі reform of the XIX century.? Before kіntsya XIX century. zahіdnі ukraїntsі * vzhe mali velikі zdobutki zavdyaki novim mozhlivostyam tim, scho їh konstitutsіya target. Ale stink takozh rozumіli, scho th Zakoni konstitutsії zdatnі garantuvati sotsіalno-ekonomіchnu that natsіonalnu spravedlivіst deprivation to Pevnyi between. Prote in zagalnomu pіdsumku avstrіyskі konstitutsії 1848 p. Especially th 1867 p. Mali Positive vpliv i began to poshtovhom nebachenogo pіdnesennya polіtichnoї aktivnostі in zahіdnoukraїnskomu suspіlstvі to yogo organіzatsіynogo zrostannya. Tsey Novi vibuh aktivnostі spravdі CCB so strong scho visunuv ukraїntsіv Galicia vrazhenih suspіlnimi serious illnesses, to the forefront of vseukraїnskogo natsіonalnogo Ruhu. Ale Yakscho Novi konstitutsіyny ustrіy slapped novі mozhlivostі for gromadskoї dіyalnostі, the main incentive in nіy vistupala dedalі gostrіsha konkurentsіya s Poles. I in fact mіru yak mobіlіzovuvali svoї Sealy ukraїnska that polska Gromada, pogliblyuvalasya konfrontatsіya mіzh them.

Sotsіalno-ekonomіchny aspect

Pіslya 1848 p. Galicia, Transcarpathia is the Bukovina, yak i ranіshe, one boule s nayubogіshih in Єvropі kraїv scho sponukalo deyakih іstorikіv nazivati ​​їh "Komora ekonomіchnih absurdіv". One іz naybіlshih gospodarskih lih Tsikh provіntsіy Bula vіdsutnіst mainly eksportnih tovarіv such wheat yak chi tsukrovy beet, scho zhivili ekonomіchny rozvitok Rosіyskoї Ukraine. Nezd Olan pereshkodu rozvitku promislovostі, navіt at a modest scale, it becomes konkurentsіya s side of visokoіndustrіalіzovanih provіntsіy, yak Bogemіya, Lower Avstrіya that Moravіya, SSMSC easily zvodili nanіvets kіlka nevdalih sprob іndustrіalіzatsії Galicia. Polіtika Vіdnya deprivation pogіrshuvala encampment. Іmperatorsky Uryadov not tіlki viyavlyav little zaіnteresovanostі in fact dwellers pokraschiti situatsіyu in Galichinі, ale th virazno spriyav zahіdnim provіntsіyam, zaprovadivshi nezbalansovanі tariffs. Zemlі, naselenі zahіdnimi ukraїntsyami, navіt bіlshoyu mіroyu, nіzh Rosіyska UKRAINE, boules vnutrіshnoyu kolo 'nієyu, tіlki Avstrіyskoї іmperії.

* Naprikіntsі XIX - XX century on the cob. natsіonalne svіdomі zahіdnі ukraїntsі Pocha nazivati ​​a "ukraїntsyami" - samonazvoyu, yak ranіshe became vzhivati ​​ukraїnska іntelіgentsіya on skhodі. Vіdmova od traditsіynoї titles "Ruthenian" poyasnyuvalasya EYAD main reasons: the word "Ruthenian" uyavlyalosya Nadto blizkim to the word "Russian", i, vzhivayuchi samonazvu svoїh spіvvіtchiznikіv in Rosіyskіy іmperії, zahіdnі ukraїntsі pragnuli pіdkresliti his Yednist іz them.

Before w naykrupnіshі zemlevlasniki provіntsії not pospіshali zdіysnyuvati ekonomіchnі zmіni, poboyuyuchisya, dwellers rozvitok promislovostі not pozbaviv їh deshevoї that chislennoї robochoї Seeley. Vіdtak Galicia, Bukovina th zahoplene Madjar Zakarpattya deprives agrarian suspіlstvom іz Neznachny nakopichennyam kapіtalu, slabkorozvinutoyu vnutrіshnoyu torgіvleyu, nizkim rіvnem urbanіzatsії, mayzhe nepomіtnoyu promislovіstyu, naynizhchimi zarobіtkami i nayvischim vіdsotkom nadlishkovoї robochoї Sealy in іmperії. TH deprivation in ostannє desyatirіchchya stolіttya z'yavilisya Ledwith pomіtnі Find our pokraschennya.

Nehtuvannya Vіdnya of Galicia does not obey stvoryuvati vrazhennya, Niby tsya provіntsіya not small for іmperії great value. In 1910 r. there lived 15% pіddanih monarhії. For the land, lived zahіdnі de ukraїntsі, population Bulo factual one іz nebagatoh vimіrіv scho harakterizuvalisya growth. Yogo chiselnіst in Galichinі pіdstribnula s 5.2 million in 1849 p. mayzhe up to 8 million in 1910 p. Ale tse dosyagnennya krill sobі sumnіvnі perevagi, oskіlki zrostannya population density on selі - cholovіk of 32 per square kilometer. km at 1780 p. to 102 in 1910 r.- deprivation pogliblyuvalo sotsіalnoekonomіchnі problem.

In etnіchnomu skladі of Galicia takozh vіdbulisya velikі zmіni, Hoch stink on Purshia Poglyad zdaval dramatichnіshimi, nіzh Tse Bulo naspravdі. Yakscho in 1849 p. ukraїntsі skladali half zhitelіv provіntsії, 1910 at p. Bulo zareєstrovano Ponad 58% of the population polskoї natsіonalnostі th deprivation of the 40 ° ukraїntsіv. Navіt in Shіdnіy Galichinі chastka ukraїntsіv skoroti to 62%. Pevnyi mіroyu tsі zmіni poyasnyuvalisya resettlement polyakіv іz zahіdnoї in skhіdnu Chastain provіntsії and takozh polonіzatsієyu nepolskogo population Especially nіmtsіv. Against the main cause of Bula INCREASING skhilnіst єvreїv, vіdsotok yakih at provіntsії zrіs іz 6, 1831 at p. mayzhe up to 12 in 1910 p., ototozhnyuvatisya, prinaymnі in movі, s Poles.

Prote in fahovih zanyattyah population provіntsії vіdbulisya neznachnі zmіni. Ukraїntsі deprives peoples perevazhno agrarian. In 1900 r. blizko 95% іz them Ziman sіlskim Gospodarstwa. Lachey blizko 1% pratsyuvali in promislovostі (b yakoyu mіzernoyu Won bula not) i yakihos 0.2% in torgіvlі. Ukraїnska іntelіgentsіya, vklyuchayuchi svyaschenikіv are themselves slim grup, scho nalіchuvala ere od 12 to 15 tis. osіb. (.. For pіdrahunkami Volodymyr Navrotskogo - blizko 5 tis, vklyuchayuchi svyaschenikіv have polyakіv same - 38 tis not rahuyuchi svyaschenikіv.) For porіvnyannya: 80% of the population Polschі Ziman sіlskim Gospodarstwa 6.5% in pratsyuvali promislovostі th 2% were torgіvlyu . In 1914 r. provіntsії in Bulo 300 visokopostavlenih Uriadovy chinovnikіv-polyakіv, in one hour yak ukraїntsіv - deprivation 25. Otzhe, SOCA reform Gabsburgіv ukraїntsyam little scho away from podolannі sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih problems scho stolіttyami pereslіduvali їh.

Share selyanstva. Yak i in Russie in 1861 p., Zvіlnennya krіpakіv in gabsburzkіy іmperії in 1848 p., Pіdnіsshi їhnіy Yurydychna status that polіtichnі rights not polegshilo ekonomіchnogo encampments. The problem sutnostі krill in pіdvischennі vartostі Zhittya th zmenshennі pributkіv. Main tyagarem scho visіv to villagers, the CCB for otrimanі Borg in 1848 p. zemlі. Spochatku vіdensky Uryadov obіtsyav Vlasnyi grіshmi coverages Costa, pov'yazanі s transmission zemlі, ale in 1853 p., Pіslya vіdnovlennya order vіn pereklav on villagers bіlshu Chastain Tsikh vitrat. On dodatok Selanne pіdlyagali direct indirect th opodatkuvannyu, vklyuchayuchi utrimannya shkіl, shlyahіv toscho.

That naybіlshu lyut from villagers about viklikalo power so zvanі servіtuti. Over the minds zvіlnennya krіpakіv zemlevlasniki zberіgali yourselves right volodіnnya lіsami, pasoviskami (tobto servіtutami) yakimi ranіshe could koristuvatisya villagers. Tse meant scho Teper peasants MAV platiti whether yak priznachenu pomіschikom tsіnu, dwellers zagotuvati sobі wood budіvelnі materіali chi vipasati thinness. Zdebіlshogo pomіschitskі tsіni boule such temple, scho, yak zdaval legally krіpatstvo until 1848 p. just zamіnili ekonomіchnim zakrіpachennyam. Pragnuchi zvіlnitisya od ekonomіchnogo zashmorgu pomіschikіv, tisyachі villagers zvertalisya to sudіv s drive servіtutіv. For svіdchennyam Іvana Frank, of 32 tis. vessels ref about servіtuti scho porushuvalisya s 1848 to 1881 p., pomіschiki vigrali 30 tis. Result Tsikh protsesіv not deprived sumnіvіv schodo the one zahischala Gabsburgіv system.

Іz zrostannyam tsіn the ground Shvydko zmenshuvalisya rozmіri nadіlіv villagers and vіdtak i їhnі pributki. In 1859 r. serednіy rozmіr Selyanske nadіlu in Shіdnіy Galichinі dorіvnyuvav 12 acres; at 1880 p. vіn zmenshivsya to 7, and in 1902 - up 6 akrіv. Іnshimi words vіdsotok villagers yakih mozhna kvalіfіkuvati yak bіdnyakіv, tobto SSMSC volodіli Mensch nіzh 12 acres zemlі, zrіs іz 66 in 1859, p. to 80 in 1902 p. The main reason for zmenshennya nadіlіv CCB podіl zemlі okremogo villager mіzh yogo dіtmi, serednє number of yakih at sіm'ї becomes 3-4. Іz zmenshennyam Selyanske zemlevolodіn dedalі zrostali velikі maєtki, oskіlki bagatії skupovuvali zemlі villagers SSMSC vzhe could not living on svoїh krihіtnih dіlyankah. So rank, in Shіdnіy Galichinі Ponad 40% ornih land nalezhalo blizko great zemlevlasnikam 2400, and 60% usіh kultivovanih gruntіv rozpodіlyalisya mіzh hundreds tisyach krihіtnih Selyanske nadіlіv.

Is gloomy prospect vіdkrivalasya front of villagers, scho pragnuli Know yakіs dodatkovі dzherela pributku. Naynyavshis laborers to pomіschikіv, the stench could rozrahovuvati on naynizhchy zarobіtok in іmperії scho blizko chvertі become of scho zaroblyali in samіy Avstrії. A Ti, hto h vіdchayu Brave at the Borg have mіstsevih lihvarіv (perevazhno them boule єvreї-shinkarі on selі that kramarі in mіstі, oskіlki bankіv not іsnuvalo) rizikuvali provalitisya in ekonomіchnu prіrvu. W look around to rіchnі protsentnі rates -vіd 150 to 250 (slit one reason chomu kapіtal obertavsya have not lihvarstvі th vkladavsya in promislovіst) nevelichky Borg, scho MAV dopomogti selyaninovі protrimatisya vrozhayu to the following, a short hour virostav in Straseni tyagar. Naїvnі that villagers could nespritnі through Vlasnyi neobachnіst zaznati great zbitkіv; mіstsevі lihvarі often zaohochuvali їh PITI chi kupuvati in pozichku and through Pevnyi hour, if narostaet Interest vistavlyali їm velichezny rakhunok. Yakscho villagers not splachuvali borgіv, lihvar vіdbirav their land to sell th її s hammer.

Schopravda, the villagers do not require i Bulo Especially pіdshtovhuvati to piyatiki - sama їhnє bezprosvіtne ekonomіchne encampment spriyalo alkogolіzmovі scho nabuvav zagrozlivih masshtabіv. Before tsogo takozh sponukali zemlevlasniki, SSMSC volodіli monopolієyu on virobnitstvo alcohol th shinkarі, kotrі torguvali alcohol. One villager іz sposobіv skhiliti PITI zvodivsya to prodovzhennya pozichki; Inshyj polyagav in fact dwellers viplachuvati laborers zarobіtok have coupons, SSMSC realіzuvalisya tіlki in the tavern. In 1900, p. Shіdnіy Galichinі from one tavern falls on dermal 220 zhitelіv (Ale tіlki one Pocha lescents school on skin 1500).

Tom is not a wonder, scho Sered usіh pіddanih іmperії camp Zdorov'ya ukraїntsіv CCB naybіlshe zanedbanim. Yakscho in 1900 p. one lіkarnya falls on 295 zhitelіv Avstrії, the Galichinі spіvvіdnoshennya Tse Bulo 1 to 1200. Bіlshe dіtey half did not live up to th p'yati rokіv - yak rule, vnaslіdok epіdemіy that nedoїdannya. Ale chi no nayzhahlivіshim Bulo those scho cutaneous od roku hunger vmiralo 50 tis. cholovіk. In svoїy znamenitіy knizhtsі "Zlidnі of Galicia in figures ..." polsky pismennik Stanislav Schepanovsky stverdzhuvav scho produktivnіst pratsі Galician becomes deprivation chvert produktivnostі pratsі serednogo єvropeytsya and spozhivannya їzhі - half. Tom zrozumіlo, scho on zlamі stolіt trivalіst Zhittya zahіdnoukraїnskih cholovіkіv bula on shіst rokіv Mensch, nіzh in chehіv, i 13, nіzh in anglіytsіv.

Yak agrarian people i osіly, ukraїntsі vіdchuvali Nadzvychaina sytuatsia stronger priv'yazanіst to rіdnoї zemlі, i zmusiti villagers refuse to leave її could tіlki duzhe skrutnі obstavini. On kіnets XIX century. It became obvious scho dnі takoї Twist arrived, minutes before bagatma Postal nevіdvorotnіst emіgratsії. Podіbno to svoїh bratіv in Rosіyskіy Ukraїnі zahіdnі ukraїntsі boule zmushenі obіyti pіvsvіtu in Poshuk mozhlivostey maintained upstream. Prote on vіdmіnu od skhіdnih ukraїntsіv scho move to Skhid on uzberezhzhya Pacific Ocean zahіdnі ukraїntsі yshli on Zahid - across the Atlantic to Brazіlії, Canada i naychastіshe - to Spoluchenih Shtatіv.

Mista th torgіvlya. I have great Malih mіstah lived deprivation blizko 10% of the population of Galicia. Yak i nalezhalo spodіvatisya, vіdsotok ukraїntsіv in mіskih oseredkah CCB zovsіm small: in 1900 p. Ponad 75% mіskih zhitelіv provіntsії rozmovlyali polskoyu movoyu, 14% - ukraїnskoyu and Rasht - nіmetskoyu. Navіt in Shіdnіy Galichinі ukraїntsі skladali deprivation 25% Points mіskogo population - mayzhe stіlki Well, yak i Poles. Prote in skhіdnih Chastain provіntsії 40-45% mіskih zhitelіv skladali єvreї, and deyakih mіstah, yak, napriklad, Brodie, Hope 70% meshkantsіv boule єvreyami. Zrostannya population mіst vіdbuvalosya nerіvnomіrno. Yakscho have Lvovі - cultural, admіnіstrativnomu that ekonomіchnomu tsentrі Shіdnoї of Galicia - vono zroslo of 70 tis. in 1857, p. Ponad to 200 tis. in 1910 p., in bіlshostі іnshih mіst Tsey processes perebіgav povіlnіshe.

Yak i in іnshih kraїnah, the basic Ekonomichna funktsіya mіst polyagala in torgіvlі that komertsіynіy dіyalnostі. A govorito about torgіvlyu zahіdnoukraїnskih on lands meant govorito about єvreїv, oskіlki stink tsіlkom opanuvali Tsey Sector Economy. Same єvreї vistupali poserednikami mіzh village i mіstom. Drіbnі єvreyskі torgovtsі brought in zanehayanі village suchasnі goods (sіrniki, quenched) and єvreyskі kuptsі skupovuvali from villagers vrozhay i yogo sold in mіstі. I own the mіstah mayzhe OAO All kramnitsі she shops, de Selanne could pridbati takі gotovі goods, yak tkanini, VZUTTYA, metaleve starting scho viroblyali єvreyskі remіsniki, nalezhali єvreyam. Yakscho selyaninovі brakuvalo gotіvki on Tsikh tovarіv purchase, the merchant-єvrey proponuvav prodatsya їh at Borg. Briefly Saying to, through the Same єvreїv Selanne vtyaguvalisya in groshovі vіdnosini scho approve in mіstah.

For svoї Hotel єvreyskі kuptsі of Namangan otrimuvati yaknayvischі pributki. Bhagat predstavnikam іnshih natsіonalnostey zdaval scho tsі pributki boule deprivation Nadto not great, and the second on the unjust. So, doslіdivshi ekonomіchnі vzaєmini mіzh єvreyami that ukraїntsyami on Zakarpattі, ugorsky ekonomіst іrlandskogo pohodzhennya Edmund Egan dopovіdav uryadovі scho admіnіstratsіya, magіstrati that pomіschiki carry their chastku vіdpovіdalnostі for zhalyugіdne encampment villagers Ale main fault lezhit on єvreyah - їhnі lihvarі, torgovtsі that shinkarі " pozbavlyali rusinіv pennies i, i lane '. Ekspluatatorskі methodological bagatoh єvreyskih torgovtsіv viklikali in selyaninovі hatred against vіn rozumіv, scho without uchastі єvreїv nemozhlivoyu Stavan whether yak gospodarska dіyalnіst. Tsey Poglyad vіdbito in taєmnomu raportі gabsburzkoї polіtsії about representations ukrajins'koho selyanstva to єvreїv, nadіslanomu to Vіdnya at 1890 P .: "For vinyatkom schodennogo hlіba villagers on skin krotsі Zhittya stale od єvreya. Vіn serve them zamovnikom i, i doradnikom, poserednikom i, i dovіrenoyu individuals. The I Yakscho mi zahotіli b prognathism їh, the villagers Perche vimagatimut їhnogo Povernennya. Hoch єvreї Povny mіroyu koristuyutsya perevagami tsogo encampments, nadayuchi pid percent pozichki, kontrolyuyuchi not deprivation of the villagers, and the first clergy, Bulo b pomilkovim Casati about perevazhannya antisemіtizmu in rozumіnnі rasovoї nenavistі ".

Slіd pіdkresliti against scho bіlshіst themselves єvreїv terpіli od zlidnіv i mali not maintained upstream zasobіv to іsnuvannya. Naprikіntsі XIX century. їhnіy fahovy profіl okreslyuvavsya so rank: 15% skladali lihvarі. 35 - torgіvtsі 30 - remіsniki 20 - predstavniki mіshanih profesіy. Bіlshіst єvreyskih kuptsіv boule drіbnimi Kramar and krihіtna menshіst becomes Nadzvychaina sytuatsia Bhagat i vplivovu grup, scho Ziman Wholesale torgіvleyu in Galichinі.

Promislovіst. W look around to konkurentsіyu s side visokoіndustrіalіzovanih zahіdnih provіntsіy, nespriyatlivu polіtiku Uryadov she obmezhenіst vnutrіshnogo zrozumіlo market analysis, scho for rozvitku promislovostі in Galichinі not Bulo great prospects. Krіm of vіdchuvavsya kapіtalіv marriage. Until 1890 rokіv not іsnuvalo komertsіynih bankіv, єvreysky kapіtal obertavsya in torgіvlі that lihvarstvі and bagatі Poles vkladali groshі the ground. Yak is not paradoxical, rozpochate in 1852 p. budіvnitstvo zalіznits not spriyalo Promyslova rozvitku of Galicia and galmuvalo Yogo.

Drіbnu promislovіst scho іsnuvala appeared to zalіznitsі, zokrema skloduvnu textile that shkіroobrobnu, od zovnіshnoї konkurentsії zahischala vіdnosna іzolovanіst provіntsії. Prote if zalіznitseyu syudi pіshov potіk zahіdnih tovarіv, bagato mіstsevih rozorilisya of companies. A large Quantity quiet, scho zoster, small remіsnichy character їhnіmi types predstavnikami boule chislennі єvreyskі kravtsі that shevtsі. Velikі pіdpriєmstva bunt rank zoseredzhuvalisya on lіsorozrobtsі, rozvitku yakoї spriyali nayavnіst great masivіv lіsu th GOSTR required in budіvelnih materіalah on Zahodі and takozh spetsіalіzuvalisya on virobnitstvі habits.

Prote in 1890 Rokach z'yavilisya Find our zrushen. In poperednє desyatilіttya Bulo zasnovano three banks, scho Steel Jerel fіnansuvannya great Promyslova proektіv. Polskі tycoon, yak, napriklad, Andrzej Lyubomirsky, dobilisya od vіdenskogo Uryadov pіdtrimki in rozvitku promislovostі, i 1901 p. Bula target spіlka fabrikantіv. Shvidky rozvivalisya pace in 1870 that the 1880 Rokach naftovі promisli in rayonі Drobobych th Borislav, scho fіnansuvalisya perevazhno avstrіyskim that anglіyskim kapіtalom. Before cob pershoї svіtovoї vіyni stench gave blizko 5 ° of svіtovogo vidobutku Nafti.

Povіlno, ale nevpinno zrostali cooperate for proletarіv: from 1902 r. nalіchuvalosya 230 tis. povnіstyu th chastkovo zaynyatih robіtnikіv, Sereda including 18 ° ukraїntsіv about 24% єvreїv i Rasht - Poles. Yak i in Rosіyskіy Ukraїnі, Tsey slit Duzhe "young" class zberіgav tіsnі zv'yazki s village, i bagato of Ukrainian that polskih robіtnikіv povertalisya in sіlske Gospodarstwa, vіdpratsyuvavshi Chastain rock in promislovostі. Prote tsі zmіni perebіgali postupovo i mali vіdnosno neznachnі scale. Vіdtak zahіdnoukraїnskі zemlі for rozvitkom Economy deprives behind іnshih provіntsіy іmperії.