Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Revolyutsіyny ruh

Novi natsіonalіzm. In mіzhvoєnny perіod z'yavivsya yakіsno Novi rіznovid ukrajins'koho natsіonalіzmu. In the XIX century. natsіonalіzm ukraїnskoї іntelіgentsії scho bunt rank spovіduvala lіberalnі chi sotsіalіstichnі іdeї, CCB skorіshe amorphous poєdnannyam natsіonalnoї svіdomostі, patrіotizmu that gumanіstichnih tsіnnostey. Hoca Tsei ruh becoming zgurtovanіshim perіod mіzh in 1917 that in 1920 pp., If vіn putting before him Meta budіvnitstva natsіonalnoї derzhavnostі, vіn prodovzhuvav obstoyuvati demokratichnі that sotsіalіstichnі principles. Pid hour vіyni for nezalezhnіst bagato of Ukrainian polіtikіv nerіdko Vaga, if Bulo potrіbno vibirati mіzh natsіonalіstichnimi th sotsіalіstichnimi tsіlyami. However, in the 1920s Rokach from seredovischі molodih ukraїntsіv, yak i in іnshih єvropeyskih narodіv, extreme forms of originated natsіonalіzmu, yak nazivali іntegralnim natsіonalіzmom.

On Ukraїnі іntegralny natsіonalіzm Veda svіy Rodovid nasampered іz nevdach pp 1917-1920. Yak zauvazhuє Oleksandr Motyl, "Ukrainian natsіonalіzm CCB on sutі sproboyu poyasniti, chomu vtracheno ukraїnsku derzhavnіst i yak nalezhit vіdvoyuvati її". Perekonanі in fact, scho th sotsіalіstichnі demokratichnі pіdhodi spriyayut mіzhpartіynіy vorozhnechі, neefektivnomu kerіvnitstvu, rozhodzhennyu in tsіlyah, vіdsutnostі chіtkoї spryamovanostі, scho in sumі generally produces up porazki, molodі veterans vіyni for nezalezhnіst vіdkinuli Stara іdeologіyu. Natomіst stink zaklikaet to stvorennya new type ukraїntsya, bezzasterezhno vіddanogo natsії that spravі nezalezhnoї derzhavnostі. Nayenergіynіshe vislovlyuvav tsі Look Dontsov - emіgrant іz Shіdnoї Ukraine th kolishnіy sotsіalіst, scho becoming bunt іdeologom ukrajins'koho іntegralnogo natsіonalіzmu.

Іdeologіya. Ukrainian іntegralny natsіonalіzm not spiravsya on retelno obgruntovanu іdey system. Vіn skorіshe gruntuvavsya on ryadі klyuchovih understand, mainly methane yakih polyagala not tlumachennі dіysnostі, while the Helsinki Human sponukannі to dії. Dontsov stverdzhuvav scho natsіya - tse absolute tsіnnіst, i Absent vischoї methylene, nіzh zdobuttya nezalezhnoї powers. Oskіlki polіtika - tse on sutі darvіnіstska Borotba narodіv for vizhivannya then konflіkti mіzh neminuchі them. W tsogo viplivalo scho meta vipravdovuє zasobi scho force Volya panuє over Rozum, scho dіyati maintained upstream, nіzh spoglyadati. For populyarizatsії svoїh poglyadіv іntegralnі natsіonalіsti mіfologіzuvali ukraїnsku іstorіyu, plekayuchi svoєrіdny cult Borotba, samopozhertvi that natsіonalnogo geroїzmu. Racism skladav vіdnosno drugoryadny component tsієї іdeologії, hoch in Scripture deyakih її pribіchnikіv mozhna Bulo vіdshukati slіdi antisemіtizmu, uwagi on nomu not zagostryuvalasya.

Іntegralny natsіonalіzm spovіduvav kolektivіzm, scho becoming natsіyu over іndivіdom. Sort order іz CIM vіn zaklikaet svoїh pribіchnikіv Buti "strong NKVD" ni SSMSC to denote no spin orientation to silent dosyagnennya chi іnshih tsіley. A s they zvodilasya before dwellers zmusiti people dіyati ob'єdnane tsіle yak, yak instead rіznі partії, chi class regіonalnі groupies. Zvіdsi th vseohoplyuyucha nature tsogo Ruhu, yaky slapped sobornostі Especially values ​​(natsіonalnіy єdnostі) vіdkidav regіonalіzm i pragnuv kontrolyuvati OAO All Show dіyalnostі suspіlstva. Іntegralnі natsіonalіsti zaklikaet "probivatisya in OAO All Tsarina national Zhittya, in OAO All yogo cubbyhole, in OAO All Install, tovaristva, groupies, in skin Misto i village, home to the skin." Together іz pragnennyami monopolіzatsії vsіh aspektіv Zhittya natsії priyshla th neterpimіst. Perekonanі, scho know єdiny Way dosyagnennya natsіonalnoї Nezalezhnosti, іntegralnі natsіonalіsti boule gotovі voyuvati s dermal, hto camp їm on zavadі.

Dontsov s іnshimi іdeologami Ruhu not mali chіtkogo uyavlennya about the type suspіlstva, yak stink Bajan mother used pіslya zdobuttya Nezalezhnosti. Pong little scho could skazati about Yogo sotsіalno-ekonomіchnu company profile, zaznachayuchi deprivation, scho bude vono a largely agrarian i spiratimetsya on spіvpratsyu mіzh powers, cooperatives that privacy kapіtalom. Polіtichna system maybutnoї powers zasnovuvalasya on vladі odnієї natsіonalіstichnoї partії, the nitty gritty yakoї skladali viprobuvanі "bortsі" th "Krashchi people." On cholі Ruhu standing Supreme kerіvnik, abo leader, Cauterets MAP bezumovnu i neobmezhenu Vlad.

Ukrainian іntegralny natsіonalіzm tsіlkom obviously mіstiv Elements of fascism th totalіtarizmu. In 20 Rokach tsі tendentsії poshiryuvalisya in usіy Єvropі. Pong celebrated digit vpliv (tse Especially stosuєtsya іtalіyskogo fascism) th at Kraina Shіdnoї Єvropi. Ale yak stverdzhuє Ivan Lisyak-Rudnitsky, "zahіdny fascism, scho rozvinuvsya in mіskomu Promyslova otochennі without CCB nayblizhchim kinsman ukrajins'koho іntegralnogo natsіonalіzmu". Ostannіy Cudi blizhche stand up to such right-wing ruhіv skhіdnoєvropeyskih agrarian suspіlstv, yak "Zalіzna gvardіya" in Rumunії. "Ustashі" in Horvatії. "Strіla Chrest i" in Ugorschinі that analogіchnih ruhіv in Slovachchinі that Polschі. Vreshtі-Rasht ukrainian іntegralny natsіonalіzm MAV Square pohodzhennya i yogo korіnnya mіstilosya in Vlasnyi suspіlstvі. Sposterіgayuchi tragіchnu share ukraїntsіv pid polskoyu that Radyans'ka Vlad vtrativshi vіru in traditsіynі legalnі method rozcharovanі zahіdnimi demokratіyami, SSMSC іgnoruvali zakliki ukraїntsіv about Relief th samі zagruzli in krizі, Ukrainian іntegralnі natsіonalіsti vvazhali scho їm nіchogo chekati od іsnuyuchogo'll speeches th to neobhіdno vdatisya to radical zahodіv, Abi yogo zmіniti.

Єvgen Konovalets

Єvgen Konovalets

Organіzatsіya. Sche to note yak bula residual sformulovana іdeologіya іntegralnogo natsіonalіzmu in Galichinі th Especially in Sered emіgrantіv Chehoslovachchinі vinikli rozporoshenі groupies maybutnіh uchasnikіv Ruhu. In 1920, p. small grupa ofіtserіv pіdpіlno zasnuvala in Prazі Ukraїnsku vіyskovu company profile (SVR), scho pragnula prodovzhiti zbroynu Borotba proti polskoї okupatsії. Zgoda її commander Colonel Bulo paying Єvgena Konovalca - Galician, Cauterets ocholyuvav pens sіchovih Striltsy in skhіdnih of Ukrainian armіyah, vidatnogo provіdnika in borotbі for nezalezhnіst. Lovely organіzator i thin polіtik, Konovalets Shvydko staє nezaperechnim lіderom іntegralnih natsіonalіstіv in mіzhvoєnny hour.

Spochatku SVR are themselves vіyskovu company profile z vіdpovіdnoyu komanduvannya structures. Vaughn taєmno gotuvala demobіlіzovanih veteranіv in Galichinі that іnternovanih soldatіv in Chehoslovachchinі to mozhlivogo antipolskogo insurrection, and takozh spent operatsії, spryamovanі on destabіlіzatsіyu polskogo okupatsіynogo regime. Nayvazhlivіshimi such acts began to swing his head polskoї powers Yu Pіlsudskogo, zdіysneny Stepan Fedak in 1921 r., Is the wide kampanіya sabotage in 1922, p. Organіzatsіya, scho for pribliznimi danimi, nalіchuvala 2 yew. chlenіv, small zv'yazki іz skhіdno- yak, so i h zahіdnoukraїnskim emіgratsіynimi Uryadov she dіstavala taєmnu fіnansovu Relief od zahіdnoukraїnskih polіtichnih partіy.

Ale in 1923 p. SVR rіzko zmіnilosya encampment. Koli viznannya Entente zakonnostі polskoї Vlady Shіdnіy Galichinі viklikalo sumnіvi Sered bagatoh zahіdnih ukraїntsіv schodo dotsіlnostі prodovzhennya zbroynogo support, s SVR viyshlo bagato її viprobuvanih chlenіv. Prote organіzatsіya vіdmovilasya zmіniti tactics zbroynih Act reasonably proti polyakіv, team itself vіdshtovhnuvshi od itself legally dіyuchі partії scho vіdkidali terorizm. Pereslіduvannya polskoї polіtsії zmusili Konovalca th Velika Chastain wire tіkati s of Galicia th zasnuvati headquarters behind a cordon.

Krisa, scho Tsikh ohopila SVR vnaslіdok for Change, sprichinilasya to її vazhlivoї pereorієntatsії. Konovalets zvernuvsya on fіnansovu that polіtichnu Relief to chuzhozemnih powers nasampered vorogіv Polschі - Nіmechchini that Lithuania. And Shіdnіy Galichinі for popovnennya svoїh porіdіlih lava SVR became verbuvati gіmnazichnu that unіversitetsku juveniles. To promote svoєї rіshuchoї lіnії in Galichinі organіzatsіya dovozit contraband h of cordon svіy chasopis "Surma". Especially vazhlivim Bulo those scho SVR s metoyu stvorennya rozgaluzhenoї MEREZHI natsіonalіstichnih oseredkіv establish contacts s ​​close of studentskih group, yak "Ukrainian natsіonalіstichna fry" at Prazі "Legіon of Ukrainian natsіonalіstіv" in Podebrady (Chehoslovachchina) that "Asotsіatsіya ukraїnskoї natsіonalіstichnoї molodі" in Lvovі . In 1929 r. pіslya kіlkoh pіdgotovchih konferentsіy predstavniki SVR group that studentskih zustrіlisya in Vіdnі th zasnuvali company profile of Ukrainian natsіonalіstіv (OUN). Bіlshu Chastain її chlenіv skladala Halytska juveniles and kerіvnitstvo zabezpechuvali h of cordon Konovalets that yogo allies.

The role, yak took vikonuvati OUN Bula nabagato Shirshov od zavdan SVR. Yak i її poperednitsya, OUN deprive "pіdpіlnoyu partієyu". Vaughn dotrimuvalasya vіyskovih ambushes kerіvnitstva, konspіrativnih metodіv suvoroї distsiplіni minutes spent kampanіyu polіtichnogo Teror proti polskoї powers that її predstavnikіv. Prote won takozh pragnula ocholiti wide revolyutsіyny Rukh for dosyagnennya tsіley іntegralnih natsіonalіstіv. Especially zusil dokladala won for populyarizatsії svoїh poglyadіv, nasampered molodі Sered, namagayuchis opanuvati vsіma zahіdnoukraїnskimi Gromadska, polіtichnimi that ekonomіchnimi organіzatsіyami. Ukraїntsі, SSMSC repaired pereshkodi plans OUN, yak i polskі uryadovtsі, OPIN pid zagrozoyu teroristskih napadіv.

Without sumnіvu, naybіlshim uspіhom OUN Bula її zdatnіst zaruchitisya a spreading pіdtrimkoyu ukraїnskoї molodі, її skhilnіst to revolyutsіynih Act reasonably radically rіshen, pragnennya Vivest nova rock "nadukraїntsіv" іmponuvali molodі, oshukanіy polskoyu Vlad dovedenіy to vіdchayu bezrobіttyam i rozcharovanіy porazkami batkіv. Odrazu OUN Zăluceni on svіy bіk Velika Chastain unіversitetskih studentіv that uchnіv vischih gіmnazіy Shіdnoї Galicia. Mayzhe in skin unіversitetі th at kozhnіy serednіy shkolі in Polschі that behind a cordon, de vchilisya ukraїntsі, boules oseredki OUN. Spravzhnoyu tverdineyu іntegralnih natsіonalіstіv, yakih ocholyuvali Kravtsіv Bogdan Stefan Lenkavsky Stepan Ohrimovich, Ivan Grabrusevich that Volodymyr Yanіv becoming Akademіchny Dim of Ukrainian studentіv unіversitetu in Lvovі. Koli deyakі s Tsikh yunakіv povertalisya to svoїh sіl, stink propaguvali іdeї іntegralnih natsіonalіstіv in provіntsії.

For rozshirennya Svoge vplivu OUN takozh penetrated rіznomanіtnі gospodarskі, osvіtnі that molodіzhnі organіzatsії, vlashtovuvala masovі polіtichnі demonstratsії, studentskі protest boykotuvannya polskih tovarіv, vidavala chislennі gazeti second brochure, energіyno poshiryuvala svoї іdeї studentіv Sered, the villagers of Galicia robіtnikіv i i Volinі. In tsіy dіyalnostі Won spiral zokrema on Relief obdarovanih molodih poetіv such yak Єvgen Malanyuk Oleg Olzhych-Kandyba, Olena Telіga that Bogdan Kravtsіv. Main stand poglyadіv іntegralnih natsіonalіstіv sluguvav prazky chasopis "Rozbudova natsії". Zgoda pid vpliv іntegralnih natsіonalіstіv potrapiv number іnshih Vidanov.

Hoch viznachiti Quantity chlenіv OUN Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhko for pribliznimi pіdrahunkami, naperedodnі Druha svіtovoї vіyni Won nalіchuvala 20 tis. cholovіk. Number spіvchuvayuchih Well Bulo nabagato bіlshim. So chi іnakshe perevaga in її lavas young, energіynih, іdealіstichno nastroєnih i samovіddanih people Shvydko Zroby OUN naydinamіchnіshim chinnikom in polіtichnomu zhittі Zahіdnoї Ukraine mіzhvoєnnogo perіodu. Protyagom 30th rokіv OUN prodovzhuvala his "vіynu 's polskim regime zdіysnyuyuchi attacking on uryadovі mortgages that poshtovі office, dwellers zdobuti Costa for svoєї dіyalnostі, organіzovuyuchi aktsії sabotage schodo derzhavnoї vlasnostі that vbivstva. Ale OUN (UBO yak i) not vvazhala Enforced th Teror for samotsіl. The members of the boule Її perekonanі scho revolyutsіynimi zasobami lead natsіonalno-vizvolnu Borotba, analogіchno fact yak at tse vіrili іrlandtsі s antianglіyskoї organіzatsії "Sinn Fein" she Participants peredvoєnnoї antirosіyskoї pіdpіlnoї organіzatsії Pіlsudskogo. Bezposerednya meta takoї tactics polyagala in fact dwellers perekonati ukraїntsіv in mozhlivostі support th trimati ukraїnske suspіlstvo in stanі "postіynogo revolyutsіynogo brodіnnya". Axis yak rozvivalasya kontseptsіya "permanentnoї revolyutsії" in one vidannі іntegralnih natsіonalіstіv 1930 p .: "Shlyakhov іndivіdualnogo Teror that okremih Masov vistupіv mi zahopimo shirokі verstvi population іdeєyu vizvolennya i zaluchimo їh have cooperate for revolyutsіonerіv ... Tіlki bezperervno vdayuchis to novih aktsіy, mi zmozhemo pіdtrimati i rozvinuti postіyny spirit of protest against the authorities that zberegti hate to vorogov i pragnennya ostatochnoї vіdplati. People do not zvikayut to svoїh kaydanіv not prizvichayuyutsya zhiti in suspіlstvі witch. " On the cob 30th rokіv, krіm hundreds aktіv sabotage that desyatkіv vipadkіv "eksproprіatsії" Reigning fondіv, OUN members organіzuvali Ponad 60 zamahіv that vbivstv. Nayvazhlivіshimi їhnіmi victims were: Tadeusz Goluvko (1913) - shirokovіdomy polsky pribіchnik polsko-ukrajins'koho kompromіsu; Emіlіan Chehovsky (1932) - komіsar polskoї polіtsії in Lvovі; Radyans'ka consulate official in Lvovі Olexiy Mile (1933), who was killed in pomstu of Holodomor 1932-1933 pp. on Radyanskіy Ukraїnі; Bronіslav Peratsky (1934) - polsky mіnіstr vnutrіshnіh right, on yakogo OUN poklal vіdpovіdalnіst for patsifіkatsіyu 1930 p. Bulo zdіysneno bagato zamahіv on ukraїntsіv, SSMSC not pogodzhuvalisya s polіtikoyu OUN. Naybіlsh vіdomim іz vbivstvo them was in 1934 r. authoritative teacher ukrajins'koho Іvana Babіya.

Ale polіtika Enforced th konfrontatsії expensive koshtuvala OUN. In 1930 r. commander of paddock її boyovogo Yulіyana Golovatskogo polіtsії agent shot dead. A Year of vbivstvo sergeant pid hour odnієї s "eksproprіatsіy" povіsili dvoh molodih robіtnikіv Vasil Bіlasa that Dmytro Danylyshyn. Pіslya vbivstva Peratskogo at 1934 p. polska polіtsіya rozpochala wide Karna aktsіyu, vnaslіdok yakoї Bulo nacrites all Craiova provіd OUN in Galichinі, vklyuchayuchi Stepan Bandera that Mykola Lebed, kotrі organіzuvali swing. Boats processes active in visvіtlyuvanih presі, tsі molodі provіdniki otrimali trivalі termіni uv'yaznennya in kontstaborі Birch Card zka. Before them priєdnalisya sotnі rows chlenіv OUN, yakih skhopili in one hour.

Tsі podії - deprivation Chastina nevdach, SSMSC spіtkali OUN. Nezabarom became clear scho entered in the company profile polіtsіya, chogo th nalezhalo spodіvatisya, oskіlki OUN became provoditi masovі verbuvannya. Sche bіlsh demoralіzuyuchim factor bula criticism OUN s side svoїh same ukraїntsіv. Farther oburyuvalisya s of scho organіzatsіya shtovhala maloosvіchenih pіdlіtkіv to nebezpechnoї dіyalnostі, yak often zakіnchuvalasya tragіchno. Gromadskі, kulturnі that molodіzhnі organіzatsії sued namagannya OUN pіdporyadkuvati їh sobі. Legalnі polіtichnі partії zvinuvachuvali іntegralnih natsіonalіstіv in fact, scho stink gave uryadovі privіd for obmezhennya legalnoї dіyalnostі ukraїntsіv. "Amoralnіst" OUN GOSTR sue Metropolitan Sheptitsky. Vzaєmnі zakidi th zvinuvachennya svіdchili about Tertea mіzh EYAD pokolіnnyami - batkіv have the legal "organіchnomu" sektorі that їhnіh dіtey in revolyutsіynomu pіdpіllі.

Konflіkt mіzh pokolіnnyami viyavivsya th at samіy OUN, Especially in її provodі. W of the cordon kerіvnitstvo Rukh zdіysnyuvalo vihovane in bіlsh "tsivіlіzovanu" dovoєnnu Dobou, zagartovane rokami th dosvіdom older pokolіnnya Konovalca that yogo soratnikіv іz 1917-1920 pp., Such yak Dmytro Andrієvsky, Omeljan Senik, Mikola Stsіborsky that Roman Sushko. Hoch stink up pevnoї mіri sumnіvalisya schodo okremih tactfully metodіv OUN i Especially vbivstv, ale їm often vazhko Bulo on vіdstanі kontrolyuvati svoїh pіdleglih. Not Enforced vіdkidayuchi, Konovalets that yogo headquarters, however, bіlshe zusil zoseredzhuvali on the fact finished off dwellers Relief chuzhozemnih kraїn; Especially Nіmechchini.

Pіdlegly їm Halytska Craiova provіd to yakogo included Stepan Bandera, Mykola Lebed, Jaroslav Stetsko, Ivan Klimіv, Mikola Klimishin i Shukhevych, navpaki, trimavsya tactics revolyutsіynih Act reasonably. Bіlshostі s Tsikh dіyachіv Bulo tіlki Troch 20, i stink did not know that belittling Shame polskogo panuvannya. Molodeche hizuvannya the regime gave rise to them skhilnіst nasilnitskogo, geroїchnogo type support, and vіdnosna pomіrkovanіst i spokіynіshy style Zhittya їhnіh older more farmers behind a cordon viklikali they prezirstvo. Nevdovolennya posilen pіslya of yak 1934 p. usіh Halytska lіderіv Bulo uv'yazneno in kontstaborі Berezakartuska have zv'yazku s denote walked sensitive, nіbito їh skhopili vnaslіdok nedbalostі chi navіt zradi deyakih chlenіv zakordonnogo wire.

Prote in Konovalca vistachalo authority, prestige th diplomatichnoї maysternostі, dwellers zapobіgati vibuhovі konflіktu. Tom yogo vbivstvo in 1938 p. Radyans'ka agent in Rotterdamі was doshkulnim blow to Ruhu іntegralnih natsіonalіstіv. Vіdtak naperedodnі іstorichnih kataklіzmіv OUN opine without dosvіdchenogo th zagalnoviznanogo leader. And those scho SOCA OAO All tsі nevdachі organіzatsіya not unikla rozvalu deprivation, and th prodovzhuvala zrostati, Je promovistim svіdchennyam vіddanostі, dinamіchnostі that distsiplіni її chlenіv rows.