Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Poglinennya Zahіdnoї Ukraine

. W 1654 r, if tsarі steel neuhilno poshiryuvati control With Ukraine, ukraїntsі іsnuvali in dvoh okremih svіtah: what de ruled rosіyani, th fact ruled by Poles de chi avstrіytsі. Rozbіzhnostі mіzh EYAD ukraїnskimi suspіlstvami, yak E could sposterіgati in bagatoh vipadkah we came away from Dali vіdmіnnostey polіtichnih systems to i gruntuvalisya digit іstorichnih, cultural, sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih i psihologіchnih pіdvalinah. In rezultatі Druha svіtovoї vіyni dihotomіya "Eastern / Zahіdna Ukraine" nareshtі stopped іsnuvati, prinaymnі on polіtichnomu rіvnі. Pіslya vіyni (perіod mіzh 1939 i 1941 pp. Viyavivsya Nadto short dwellers zalishiti trivalі slіdi) Radyans'ka mode usіlyako namagavsya lead zahіdnih ukraїntsіv in vіdpovіdnіst іz Radyans'ka system that їhnіmi skhіdnimi spіvvіtchiznikami. The process of this zlittya dvoh rozdіlenih gіlok ukrajins'koho people LUVs not deprivation vazhlivim aspect pіslyavoєnnogo perіodu and second podієyu epohalnogo іstorії values ​​in Ukraine.

For zdіysnennya svoїh tsіley Radyans'ka mode MAP Velika perevagu vіyskovoї th polіtichnoї Seeley. Of I all are before him postavalo folding zavdannya, oskіlki on Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі vіn MAV cope nastroєnim s witch to himself suspіlstvom: Greek katolitska churches tsya cephalic zahіdnoukraїnska establish tsіlkom obviously not uzgodzhuvalasya novim s regime; Selanne, scho Sered zahіdnih ukraїntsіv have become velicheznu bіlshіst, Jahan PERSPECTIVE kolektivіzatsії; juveniles, bagato predstavnikіv yakoї spovіduvali natsіonalіzm, ubachala in CPCP Svoge naylyutіshogo vorogov.

Lіkvіdatsіya Greek katolitskoі church. One іz Perche ob'єktіv attack radyanskoї Vladi became Greek katolitska churches oskіlki Won bula naymіtsnіshoyu Lanka mіzh zahіdnimi ukraїntsyami that comes second in rank dіyala HEAD NATIONAL yak Tserkva. The signal to Orthopedic, spryamovanoї against the Greeks-katolitskoї Church, was the death of one leaf fall 1944 p. Metropolitan Andrey Sheptitskogo scho koristuvavsya velicheznoyu populyarnіstyu. Koli Metropolitan is not, in presі Pocha z'yavlyatisya stattі scho zvinuvachuvali Church in kolaboratsіonіzmі s Nazis th pіdtrimtsі ukrajins'koho pіdpіllya. Especially yaduchі pamphlet wrote zahіdnoukraїnsky komunіst Yaroslav Galan. For kampanієyu naklepіv pіshli areshti th zaslannya Sibіru to the apparently fabrication zvinuvachennyami usієї Greek katolitskoї ієrarhії, vklyuchayuchi її new arhіpastirya Josip Slіpogo.

Lіkvіduyuchi ecclesiastical ієrarhіyu, bіlshoviki vodnochase perekonali vplivovogo a priest Gavrila Kostelnyk organіzuvati grupu Greek katolikіv for agіtatsії for RPPOs unії s Rome. Opіr, yaky viklikala dіyalnіst tsієї groupies, strangled the NKVD, rozpochavshi Sered clergy kampanіyu Teror. 8 Bereznev 1946 p. grupa call together a synod (scho Bulo absolutely nekanonіchnim s look around at vіdsutnіst єpiskopіv) dwellers rozglyanuti power about zv'yazki s Rome. Yogo result was ahead vіdome rіshennya: 216 i svyaschenikіv 19 predstavnikіv laity SSMSC took a lot from sinodі, vote pro skasuvannya Beresteyskoї unії 1596 p. , About RPPOs іz Rome i "vozz'єdnannya" Greek Church katolitskoї s Rosіyskoyu Orthodox Church. Descho pіznіshe analogіchna procedure yak suprovodzhuvala nachebto vipadkova death єpiskopa Romzhі Theodore, has been viewed in proroblena Zakarpattі, th until 1951 p. Greek church in katolitsku tsomu Bulo regіonі takozh znischeno.

Zniknennya ecclesiastical ієrarhіv, Radyans'ka tactics of terror, fear for svoї sіm'ї zmusili bagatoh svyaschenikіv go in pravoslav'ya. Quiet, hto vіdmovlyavsya, usuvali parafіy s i, yak usually VISIL to the fabric to Sibіru. She did not slіd dumate scho Radyans'ka rezhimovі away pripiniti іsnuvannya Greek katolitskoї church just chergovim decree. Bagato svyaschenikіv i laity kotrі Niby priynyali pravoslav'ya, prodovzhuvali taєmno dotrimuvatisya Greek katolitskih obryadіv i holy. Bezperervny potіk radyanskoї propaganda against the Greek Church katolitskoї svіdchiv about those scho slit far vmerla vіrnіst zahіdnih ukraїntsіv svoїy davnіy tserkvі.

Borotba s UPA. SOCA Radyans'ka okupatsіyu of Galicia that Volinі UPA prodovzhuvala zrostati. In 1944-1945 pp. Won small bіlshe bіytsіv, nіzh could ozbroїti. HEAD dzherelo lyudskih resursіv pіdpіllya becomes a member of OUN, yak th parallel Dali іsnuvalo s UPA. Bagato s kolis them repaired opіr Masov deportatsіyam chi kolektivіzatsії. Before the UPA have great kіlkostyah priєdnuvalisya takozh deserters s Chervona armії and takozh Ti, hto vtіk to lіsu od mobіlіzatsії th volіv maintained upstream bitisya in її lavas, nіzh sluguvati Radyans'ka Garmatnaya m'yasom on frontі. So rank, in one hour yak peremozhna Chervona armіya shturmuvala Berlіn on Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі velikі, chiselnіstyu in batalyon, pens antiradyanskih partizanіv control of the second digit teritorіyami vprovadili there upravlіnnya its structure. Schodo polіtiki UPA that її polіtichnoї nadbudovi - UHVR, then won polyagala in fact dwellers chekati rozvitku podіy on Zahodі (s spodіvatisya on the cob novoї vіyni mіzh Allied Powers that CPCP). Vodnochase Won bula spryamovana to those dwellers pereshkoditi vstanovlennyu radyanskoї system in itself on batkіvschinі. Broad dіyalnіst UPA has been viewed zumovlena, s one side, that of the People's pіdtrimkoyu efektivnіstyu organіzatsії tsієї armії and other s - tim, scho Radyans'ka vіysk on Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі Bulo obmal.

Prote pіslya kapіtulyatsії Nіmechchini in travnі 1945 p. Radyans'ka mode zmіg organіzuvati sistematichnі th shirokі come in, spryamovanі on znischennya UPA. In 1945- 1946 pp. Yogo vіyska (s scho perevazhno skladalisya vіysk MBC i NKVD, oskіlki in the regular Chastain Chervona armії Bulo bagato ukraїntsіv, SSMSC not Bajan voyuvati proti UPA) organіzuvali blockade th prochіsuvannya velicheznih teritorіy Volinі that peredgіr'їv Carpathians, de zoseredzhuvalisya guerrillas. Dwellers zalyakati zahіdnoukraїnske population th pozbaviti UPA pіdtrimki people NBVV zastosuvav tsіly number zhorstokih zahodіv tactfully. Vіn viselyav people іz rayonіv roztashuvannya UPA bases deportuyuchi to Sibіru sіm'yu skin, hto CCB pov'yazany s support, i navіt tsіlі village. For pіdrahunkami, mіzh 1946 that 1949 pp. Bulo noticed to blizko 500 tis. zahіdnih ukraїntsіv. Mayzhe in skin selі dіyali "stukachі". Diskredituvati partizanіv dwellers, driving NBVV perevdyagalisya in the form of UPA st grabuvali, ґvaltuvali that morduvali of Ukrainian peasants. Nerіdko pevnoї vіrogіdnostі CIM Radyans'ka provokatsіyam nadava.yu, zi Svoge side, bezzhalne vinischennya proradyanskih elementіv SC - taєmnoyu polіtsієyu OUN. Odnochasno bіlshoviki zasipali partizanіv, kotrі lived vzimku on Grani hunger in pіdzemnih bunkers propagandistskimi listіvkami about beznadіynіstі їhnogo encampments, neodnorazovo proponuyuchi їm amnіstіyu.

Zaznayuchi serious vtrat UPA sprobuvalo pristosuvatisya to narostayuchogo stepping Radyans'ka forces rozdіlivshi velikі z'єdnannya on malі ruhlivіshі corral. In 1947-1948 pp., If it became zrozumіlo, scho US-Radyans'ka vіyna not vіdbudetsya, bagato Tsikh zagonіv for instructions to wire the UPA Bulo rozpuscheno. Deyakі s chlenіv UPA priєdnalisya to tsivіlnogo pіdpіllya OUN, ale oskіlki bagato chlenіv OUN zaginuli, potrapili to hand vorogov, emіgruvali abo vtratili svoє "prikrittya" in perіod vіdkritoї Borotba, її trammel takozh bіlshe not been viewed with such a efektivnosti minutes a spreading yak ranіshe. Іnshim seryoznim blow to the UPA was poshirennya kolektivіzatsії, oskіlki kolgospniki scho Suvorov perebuvali pid control, could not postachati provіzіyu guerrillas.

On tsіy prikіntsevіy stadії pens that UPA pіdpіllya OUN SSMSC vstanovili slabkі th sporadichnі Contacts s ​​britanskoyu that amerikanskoyu Secret Service zoseredilisya on antiradyanskіy propagandі that sabotazhі. Pong pereshkodzhali kolektivіzatsії, deportatsіyam, ro zgortannyu Radyans'ka admіnіstrativnogo aparata, hammered ofіtserіv NKVD, partіynih aktivіstіv i quiet, hto pіdozryuvavsya in spіvpratsі s Radyans'ka Vlad. Thus, in 1948 p. Bulo hammered ottsya Gavrila Kostelnyk (scho pripisuєtsya members of the OUN and deyakі Fakti vkazuyut on prichetnіst to tsogo NKVD) for yogo role in lіkvіdatsії Greek katolitskoї church. A Year pіdpіllya OUN znischilo vіdomogo Radyans'ka propagandist - zhurnalіsta Yaroslav Galan. Ale in bereznі 1950 p. UPA arrogant doshkulnogo impact, if in sutichtsі pіdі Lviv zaginuv її commander Roman Shukhevych (Taras Chuprynka General). Hoch okremі nevelikі pens UPA prodovzhuvali dіyati to the mid-50s rokіv, s usіh practicality that OUN UPA mіrkuvan on Ukraїnі stopped іsnuvati yak organіzatsії sama pіslya smertі Shukhevych.

Okremim rozdіlom in іstorії UPA Je її dіyalnіst on polsky bіk cordon at Teren, population ukraїnskimi Lemke. Mіzh 1944 that 1947 pp. OUN koristuvalasya With great pіdtrimkoyu th zberіgala digit prisutnіst at tsomu regіonі: zavdyaki retelnim doslіdzhennyam UPA polskimi voєnnimi іstorikami (SSMSC nezrіvnyanno bіlsh іnformativnі, nіzh propagandistskі treatise їhnіh Radyans'ka more farmers) vіdomo scho blizko її Sealy included 2 yew. bіytsіv samoї UPA and takozh s trammel Ponad 3 yew. chlenіv OUN. Neodnorazovі namagannya polskogo vіyska vitіsniti of Ukrainian partizanіv zavdavali Poles serious vtrat. . In 1947 bereznі p, if one іz zagonіv UPA vlashtuvav zasіdku i hammered slavetnogo polskogo th General patron mіnіstra Defense Karol Sverchevskogo UPA held a s svoїh nayuspіshnіshih operatsіy at tsomu regіonі - th vodnochase poklal cob svoїy zagibelі.

Rozlyucheny tsієyu podієyu polsky Uryadov virіshiv lіkvіduvati "ukraїnsku problem." In 1947 kvіtnі p. vіn provіv operatsіyu codes pid titles "Vіsla", scho yak vіyskovy small, so i tsivіlny vimіri. Blizko 30 tis. polskih soldatіv, spirayuchis on pіdtrimku numerical cheskih i Radyans'ka forces otochili of Ukrainian partizanіv i baked in battles znischili abo zahopili bagato s them. Dekomu away prorvatisya in Radyans'ka up Ukraine and hundreds dekіlka s fighting proyshli Chehoslovachchinoyu th dosyagli soyuznitskoї Zoni okupatsії in Nіmechchinі. Taka Well tragіchna share of Ukrainian spіtkala lemkіv, kotrі perehovuvali partizanіv: mayzhe vsіh lemkіv (. Blizko 150 tis) without Poperedjennia vikorіnili іz zemlі їhnіh predkіv i rozselili on vsіy Polschі, Abi zapobіgti vіdrodzhennyu UPA in tsomu regіonі. In Taqiy sposіb Poles nareshtі pozbulisya "ukraїnskoї problem", scho pereslіduvala їh protyagom stolіt.

Kolektivіzatsіya. Lachey in 1947-1948 pp., Pіslya of yak Radyans'ka mode podolav opіr UPA vіn mіg on Povny force rozpochati kolektivіzatsіyu. Vzagalі Won povtoryuvala model Radyanskoї Ukraine dvadtsyatirіchnoї davnostі. Spochatku protsvіtayuchih villagers (kurkulіv) obklali such serious podatkami scho stink not zmogli utrimuvati svoї Gospodarstwa. Naybuntіvlivіshih deportuvali to Sibіru. Todі radyanskі agіtatori on Zborov i in trivalih NKVD Rozmova zmushuvali villagers vstupati de kolgospіv. Polіtichny control in kolgospah, scho LUVs at Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі Especially zhorstkim, zdіysnyuvali partіynі oseredki, organіzovanі on the machine and tractor stantsіyah (MTS). On Happiness for zahіdnih ukraїntsіv, kolektivіzatsіya not yshla plіch-of-plіch іz hunger. Іnshoyu risoyu, yak vіdrіznyala kolektivіzatsіyu on Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі od Shіdnoї, Bulo those scho її suprovodzhuvala zbroyna Borotba oslablenoї, ale od of not Mensch smertonosnoї UPA. Tsituєmo odne Radyans'ka dzherelo "Nayzapeklіshі vorogov labor selyanstva - kurkulі that burzhuaznі natsіonalіsti - mending vperty opіr kolgospnomu ruhovі on zahіdnih teritorіyah, spalyuyuchi gospodarskі budіvlі in kolgospah, vbivayuchi aktivіstіv i poshiryuyuchi Sered villagers sensitive, dwellers vseliti sumnіvi schodo kolgospіv". Ale opіr viyavivsya Marne pozayak until 1955 p. OAO All mayzhe 1.5 million Selyanske Gospodarstwa Zahіdnoї Ukraine came to kolgospіv, yakih nalіchuvalosya 7 yew. So rank, on schoyno aneksovanih of Ukrainian teritorіyah Postal neporushne one s basic pіdvalin radyanskoї sotsіalno-ekonomіchnoї system.

Yak i nalezhalo spodіvatisya, kolektivіzatsіya rozgortalasya odnochasno s іndustrіalіzatsієyu. For avstrіyskogo that polskogo panuvannya Galicia Bula poor, agrarian ekonomіchno viziskuvanim regіonom, yaky sluguvav zvalischem Ready for produktіv i mayzhe not viroblyav їh in itself. Rozumіyuchi, scho, pokraschivshi qiu situatsіyu can zdobuti polіtichnі divіdendi, Radyans'ka mode Zroby velikі kapіtalovkladennya in Promyslova rozvitok regіonu. Rozshirilisya starі virobnitstva, takі yak vidobutok naphtha stvoryuvavsya number novih Galuzo promislovostі, vklyuchayuchi virobnitstvo avtomobіlіv, avtobusіv, radіoaparaturi that іn. Zavdyaki fact scho boule zahіdnoukraїnskі pіdpriєmstva schoyno zbudovanimi that obladnanimi ustatkuvannyam, vivezenim іz Nіmechchini, some stink boule s naysuchasnіshih in CPCP. Until 1951 p. Promyslova virobnitstvo on Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі pіdstribnulo 230% vische rіvnya 1945 p. th skladalo 10% Promyslova virobnitstva respublіki porіvnyano s Mensch nіzh 3% in 1940 p. Shvydko INCREASING Lviv became one іz mainly tsentrіv promislovostі respublіki.

W іndustrіalіzatsієyu vіdbuvalisya sotsіalnі zmіni. Pochatkova nestacha spetsіalіstіv i kvalіfіkovanih robіtnikіv, neobhіdnih robot on novih factories sprichinilasya before scho to regіonu Masov relocated rosіyani. Ale vodnochase actively rozvivavsya mіstsevy robіtnichy class. Naprikіntsі 40s - on the cob 50 rokіv on Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі schoroku navchalosya 20-30 yew. novih robіtnikіv. In Lvovі number Promyslova robіtnikіv zroslo of 43 tis. at 1945 p. 148 yew. at 1958 p. Z'yavivsya takozh Novi here prosharok of Ukrainian іnzhenerіv i tehnіkіv. Vіdtak pid egіdoyu radyanskoї Vladi has long zapіznіla sotsіalno-Ekonomichna modernіzatsіya Zahіdnoї priskoreno Rukh of Ukraine forward.

Chi is not naypopulyarnіshim sunset radyanskoї Vladi was valued rozshirennya osvіtnіh mozhlivostey population. Skhiliti dwellers on svіy bіk simpatії zahіdnih ukraїntsіv, in 1945 p., Analogіchno polіtitsі 1939 r., Novi mode aktivіzuvav ukraїnsku Pochatkova osvіtu. Shvydko rozvivalasya takozh Vishcha Osvita: 1950 p. from 24 universities of Ukraine Zahіdnoї navchalosya vzhe blizko 24 tis. studentіv dennogo 9 th tis. absentee vіddіlen. However zrostannya osvіtnogo rіvnya zumovlyuvalo th aktivnіshu rusifіkatsіyu. In 1953 r. navchannya access in all higher educational institutions of Ukraine Zahіdnoї velosya rosіyskoyu movoyu and tse virazno vkazuvalo to those scho takozh Radyans'ka modernіzatsіya small to metі spriyati rusifіkatsії.

Yakscho rozvitok osvіti CCB tієyu risoyu Radyans'ka regime, yak population is pleased spriymalo, something about іnshu rice - komunіstichnu partіyu - tsogo skazati not mozhna. Navіt pіslya Peremohy CPCP in vіynі zahіdnі ukraїntsі not viyavlyali great іnteresu to start in neї. In 1944 r. on Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі nalіchuvalosya 7 yew. chlenіv i kandidatіv members partії th deprivation kіlka hundreds robіtnikіv Sered them. In 1946 r. zagalna figure zrosla to Zi yew, and in 1950 p pіslya іntensivnoї Orthopedic set up partії, -... up to 88 yew, scho, vtіm becomes krihіtnu Chastain kіlkostі vsogo population. Bіlshіst Tsikh chlenіv partії boule pribultsyami Zi immediately. Napriklad, іz 23 tis. chlenіv lvіvskoї partіynoї organіzatsії at 1950 p. deprivation 10% were like mіstsevogo s population. On selі komunіstіv Bulo Wkra nebagato. So rank, hoch partіya th monopolіzuvala polіtichnu Vlad, won not let dostatno glibokogo korіnnya Sered zahіdnoukraїnskogo population. Vnaslіdok tsogo have zahіdnih ukraїntsіv іsnuvalo vrazhennya, Niby stink live pid chuzhozemnim panuvannyam.