Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Rusifіkatsіya

H point Zora Kremlin natsіonalne power in CPCP - tse to gnіtyuchostі foldable problem. In suspіlstvі scho ohoplyuє bіlshe hundred rіznih narodіv, Leather s yakih zaymaє Vlasnyi teritorіyu th Got his virazno samobutnyu culture іstorіyu, suspіlnі tsіnnostі that ekonomіchnі Interests, Radyans'ka kerіvnitstvo Obey Know sposіb sformuvati vіdchuttya spіlnoї totozhnostі th methylation. For tsogo radyanskі іdeologi poststalіnskoї Dobie number visunuli understand scho set of Meta peremіstiti nagolos іz natsіonalnih Especially narodіv on їhnі spіlnі radyanskі RISS. Sered them nayvazhlivіshimi boule Vier ponyattya: rozkvіt - tverdzhennya, scho for radyanskoї Vladi OAO All peoples CPCP perezhivayut nebuvaly progression; zblizhennya scho vіdbuvaєtsya mіzh nations vnaslіdok stvorennya in CPCP spіlnih polіtichnih, ekonomіchnih i cultural SET; zlittya Radyans'ka narodіv one i will appear a new type іstorichnoї spіlnostі - Radyans'ka people.

For tsієyu іdeologіchnoyu novomovoyu Hobab vzhe long time vіdomy order denny: rusifіkatsіya. Oskіlki rosіyani perevazhali chiselno, oskіlki stink target bіlshovitsku partіyu that Radyans'ka system oskіlki stink Ziman bіlshіst nayvischih Posad th oskіlki їhnya mova Je Main zasobom spіlkuvannya in CPCP then їh rozglyadali yak of the cement, scho trimaє CPCP ukupі. Tom Radyans'ka kerіvnitstvo vvazhalo scho denote bіlshe INSHI peoples CPCP upodіbnyuvatimutsya to rosіyan, team silnіshim stavatime pochuttya vzaєmnoї solіdarnostі. Ale bagato zahіdnih Scientists i nerosіyskih disidentіv in CPCP Trimai pillows about those scho zblizhennya, zlittya i Radyans'ka people - not Tse scho Lots Other, yak just kodovі words kotrі oznachayut rusifіkatsіyu nerosіyan.

Yak mi perekonalisya, Same rusifіkatsіya Ukraine viklikala naybіlshі protest of Ukrainian disidentіv. Pong vіdkidali tverdzhennya about those scho perevazhannya rosіyskoї MTIE th culture vistupaє obov'yazkovim pobіchnim product Progressive th nadihayuchogo zavdannya stvorennya a new type of "sotsіalnoї that іnternatsіonalnoї spіlnostі - Radyans'ka people." On їhnyu Dumka, pіdkreslennya rolі rosіyskoї MTIE Bulo just old wine in novih mіhah. In svoїy pratsі "Іnternatsіonalіzm rusifіkatsіya chi?" Dziuba arguments for scho rusifіkatsієyu stoїt davnіy rosіysky shovіnіzm i kolonіalіzm in obgorttsі psevdomarksistskoї termіnologії. "Kolonіalіzm - wrote vіn - Mauger deprivation vistupati not have formі vіdkritoї diskrimіnatsії, Ale takozh th at formі" brotherhood ", scho Duzhe characteristic of rosіyskogo kolonіalіzmu". Widely tsituyuchi Lenina, vіn namagavsya Show, scho in marksistsko-lenіnskіy іdeologії Absent provisions scho vipravdovuvali used the perevagu, yak Kremlin vіddaє rosіyskіy movі.

In ostannі desyatilіttya asimіlyatorskі wires come in to Ukraїnі Especially іntensivno, chastkovo through movnu th cultural blizkіst ukraїntsіv to rosіyan, scho uniquely priskoryuvalo processes їhnoї rusifіkatsії. Before w ekonomіchne values ​​for Ukraine CPCP vimagalo zapobіgati posilennyu in її narodі "separatistskih" tendentsіy. Zavdyaki svoїy vіdnosno velikіy kіlkostі ukraїntsі potentsіyno could become "virіshalnim voice" in natsіonalnih vzaєminah: Trimai stink rosіyan, etnіchno-polіtichna situatsіya in CPCP skorіshe for all lishatimetsya stabіlnoyu. Ale stink stand on bіk nerosіyan, tse pіdіrvalo b panuvannya rosіyan i in radyanskіy polіtichnіy sistemі vіdbulisya b dokorіnnі zmіni.

Movne power. In borotbі mіzh Radyans'ka kerіvnitstvom scho Plekan іdeyu stvorennya new Radyans'ka people, that ukraїntsyami, kotrі vistupali for 'zberezhennya vlasnoї natsіonalnoї totozhnostі, mostly "lіnіya front" passed through the power MTIE. For Brezhnєva Kremlin has systematically kampanіyu rochііpіrennya empathy rosіyskoї MTIE on Ukraїnі that obmezhennya ukraїnskoї. In zdіysnennі svoїh tsіley Radyans'ka kerіvnitstvo could rozrahovuvati on energіynu pіdtrimku, zokrema, 10 million rosіyan scho lived in Ukraїnі, she slit the first mіlyonіv "malorosіv" - ukraїntsіv for pohodzhennyam, ale rosіyan for culture that movoyu. Vono little takozh perekonlivі argument: rosіyska mova - Tse mova naybіlshogo th nayvazhlivііpogo people in CPCP, єdiny zasіb spіlkuvannya mіzh rіznimi natsіonalnostyami and takozh mova science th mіzhnarodnih vzaєmin.

Vlastі Mali svoєmu rozporyadzhennі tsіly number of direct i indirect zasobіv, dwellers zmusiti people koristuvatisya rosіyskoyu movoyu. Shvydko zrostalo vikoristannya її of Ukrainian in schools and in uspіshnіst navchannі puts in zalezhnіst od good volodіnnya rosіyskoyu movoyu. Those w sama stosuvalosya mozhlivostey zrobiti kar'єru. Naytsіkavіshі th nayvazhlivіshі publіkatsії on Ukraїnі vihodili rosіyskoyu movoyu in one hour yak Ukrainian Magazine nerіdko perepovіdali nudnі th netsіkavі ones. W padіnnyam circulation Tsikh Vidanov vlastі (otrimuvali zruchny privіd for їh zakrittya). So, mіzh 1960 i 1980 pp. chastka zhurnalіv scho vihodili ukraїnskoyu movoyu, znizilasya of 46% to 19% in 1958 that mіzh 1980 pp. vіdsotok knizhok scho publіkuvalisya ukraїnskoyu movoyu, having run of 60 to 24.

Sposterіgavsya stronger sotsіalny clutches of mіstah, spryamovany on vikoristannya rosіyskoї MTIE and s ukraїnskoї znuschalisya, yak іz "selyutskoї". In stavlennі to rіdnoї culture that MTIE mode poslіdovno vihovuvav in ukraїntsyah nepovnotsіnnostі complex. About TAKE yavische svіdchit of that fact, scho hto not Inshyj, yak samі ukraїntsі often vimagali, dwellers їhnі dіti navchalisya rosіyskih in schools. "Yaky sense in tіy ukraїnskіy? Abi chogos dosyagti, moї dіti povinnі ovolodіti rosіyskoyu movoyu "- can often Bulo pochuti od kolishnіh villagers SSMSC (pochuvayuchi currently slit zovsіm not comfortable in the new suspіlnomu otochennі) of Namangan pristosuvatisya to Zhittya in zrusifіkovanih mіstah. Deyakі predstavniki іntelіgentsії zhartuvali scho yakbi todі steel provoditi polіtiku ukraїnіzatsії then єvreї zmogli b ukraїnіzuvatisya per Year, rosіyani on Ukraїnі pіdtrimali b qiu polіtiku ere three Rocky, ale znadobilosya bi prinaymnі ten rokіv, Abi perekonati chestolyubnogo ukrajins'koho "crest" koristuvatisya rіdnoyu movoyu.

Yakscho Person of rozmovlyala viklyuchno ukraїnskoyu movoyu, the tse navіt could postaviti pid sumnіv її polіtichnu loyalnіst. So, napriklad, radyanskі slіdchі organic Nadali great significance takіy zayavі svіdka zvinuvachennya proti poet Vasyl Stus: "I odrazu zrozumіv scho Stus - natsіonalіst, more vіn whole hour rozmovlyav ukraїnskoyu movoyu".

Naskіlki efektivnosti viyavilasya movna rusifіkatsіya? Mіzh 1959 i 1979 pp. chiselnіst ukraїntsіv scho vvazhali ukraїnsku movu rіdnoyu, fell to 89.1 s 93.4%. Sogodnі Ponad 2 million ukraїntsіv vvazhayut rosіysku movu rіdnoyu. Vodnochase deprivation one іz cutaneous troh rosіyan scho meshkayut on Ukraїnі, potrudivsya vivchiti ukraїnsku MOV, oznachaє Chi Tse, scho zniknennya ukraїnskoї Je deprivation the right hour? Yakscho takі tendentsії prodovzhuvatimutsya on ukraїnsku movu. zvіsno, chekaє pohmure the Future. Pesimіsti peredbachali zniknennya Ukrainian Language protyagom tsogo stolіttya. Well Optimіsti seemed scho, if SOCA postіynі namagannya vikorіnennya mova not died yet, then won vzhe th nіkoli not Umrah. Pong zauvazhuvali scho encampment Ukrainian Language is not TAKE trash, yak zdaєtsya. Schopravda have Pevnyi regіonah such yak Donetsk Promyslova belt. Kharkiv region, Prichornomorske uzberezhzhya, ukraїnskoyu poslugovuyutsya in mіnіmalnomu masshtabі. However ostannіmi rokami empathy Ukrainian Language, zokrema in Kiєvі, pomіtno zroslo. At the same Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі ukraїnska mova Nabeul Cudi bіlshogo poshirennya, nіzh before other svіtovoyu vіynoyu. Prote movne power scho in Ukraine іstorії zavzhdi little velichezne value slit far virіshene.

Rosіyani on Ukraїnі. Inshyj method scho yogo vikoristovuvav mode for carrying on rusifіkatsії Ukraїnі, polyagav in zaohochennі resettlement syudi rosіyan i viselennі ukraїntsіv. Tsya polіtika wire pid vivіskoyu "plіdnogo obmіnu spetsіalіstami" mіzh respublіkami. Vіdtak if at up Ukraine pribuvali velicheznі masi rosіyan, SSMSC Mali zbagatiti її svoєyu maysternіstyu, takі Well velikі masi osvіchenih ukraїntsіv viryadzhalisya on the robot in INSHI Chastain CPCP (de stink nerіdko ototozhnyuvalisya rosіyanami s). Tsі gіgantskі demografіchnі zrushennya Mali for Meta peremіshuvati peoples CPCP i spriyati zrostannyu Sered them spіlnoї іdentichnostі. Varto zauvazhiti scho rosіyani vzagalі viyavlyayut viraznu skhilnіst viїzhdzhati Zi svoєї respublіki. EXPERT poyasnyuyut tse vіdnosnoyu bіdnіstyu rosіyskogo village th povsyudno poshirenim perekonannyam scho rosіyani in nerosіyskih regіonah, yak usually otrimuyut naykraschі priznachennya. Especially ulyublenim kraєm for rosіyan Je Ukraine: here Welcome klіmat, porіvnyano Visokiy rіven sotsіalno ekonomіchnogo-th cultural rozvitku, znayoma culture that mova.

Nevazhko peredbachiti scho mіgratsіynі processes sprichinilisya to zbіlshennya digit number rosіyan, kotrі meshkayut on Ukraїnі. In 1923, p. in respublіtsі nalіchuvalosya ^ million rosіyan, 1959 at p. їhnє number zroslo to 7 million in 1970 to 10 million r.-. Yak zavzhdi, rosіyani toil tendentsіyu zoseredzhuvatisya on Ukraїnі have great mіstah, Especially in Donetsk Promyslova rayonі that on Pіvdnі. Sogodnі stink skladayut blizko 21% meshkantsіv Ukraine, and behind its vplivom nabagato perevazhayut chastku in naselennі.

Prote Shvidky zrostannya number rosіyan on Ukraїnі Je not deprivation naslіdkom resettlement. Takі menshostі Ukraine, yak єvreї Greeks th Bulgaria asimіlyuvalisya s rosіyskoyu natsіonalnіstyu. Yak mi vzhe bachili, podіbne vіdbuvalosya th s ukraїntsyami. Tsei processes pіdsilyuє Visokiy vіdsotok zmіshanih ukraїnsko-rosіyskih shlyubіv. In 1970 r. on etnіchno mіshanі cling blizko 20% usіh shlyubіv, s 30% of them have mіstah i 8% in rural areas. For porіvnyannya on the cob XX century., If ukraїntsіv slit bіlshіst іzolovanih lived in villages, deprivation 3% shlyubіv vіdbuvalosya mіzh predstavnikami rіznih etnіchnih group.

W look around to Shvydko INCREASING rosіysku prisutnіst in respublіtsі mozhna vslіd to Roman Shporlyukom govorito about nayavnіst dvoh Ukraїn: odnoї іntensivno rosіyskoї and all Druha slit perevazhno ukraїnskoї. H point geografії Zora, "zrusifіkovana Ukraine" Donbas ohoplyuє Promyslova i Mista Pіvdnya - teritorії scho no boules nіkoli warehouses іstorichnoї Ukraine. Vodnochase in such regіonah, yak Pravoberezhzhya, Chastina Lіvoberezhzhya that Zahіdna UKRAINE, scho їh zavzhdi zalyudnyuvali perevazhno ukraїntsі, mova th lishayutsya culture, Especially on selі mainly ukraїnskimi. Lіnіyu mіzh rosіyskoyu th ukraїnskoyu culture that movoyu on Ukraїnі mozhna takozh spend minutes on іnshomu rіvnі. Svit great mіst - polіtichnoї, ekonomіchnoї, naukovoї elіti, Svit modernostі in tsіlomu - Je Basically rosіyskim. Svit village - kolgospnikіv, folk zvichaїv - perevazhno ukrainian. Tacke encampment іsnuvalo for tsarіv. Such encampments for Relief hitrіshoї tactics Radyans'ka kerіvnitstvo Poturaev th hour until recently.

Ale polіtika rusifіkatsії strangled processes Rozbudova ukraїnskoї natsії. Two pokolіnnya to bіlshіst skhіdnih ukraїntsіv slit nazivali a "malorosami", "tufts" chi "mіstsevimi" odne pokolіnnya to bagato zahіdnih ukraїntsіv viznachali currently Lemke, hutsuls chi Rusyns, tobto in termіnah regіonalnoї culture. Well Sogodnі їhnі dіti th Onuki samі progoloshuyut currently ukraїntsyami. Briefly Saying to, the stench vzhe not yavlyayutsya him rіznobarvnu etnіchnu masu, yakoyu boule on svіtanku stolіttya. Navіt neukraїntsі stayut ukraїntsyami. Napriklad, Poles, scho zalishilisya on Ukraїnі, viyavlyayut tendentsіyu to asimіlyatsії s ukraїntsyami. Bagato rosіyan, SSMSC lived here protyagom kіlkoh pokolіn, takozh rozvinuli in sobі stronger pochuttya teritorіalnogo patrіotizmu.

That th urbanіzatsіyu vzhe not mozhna rozglyadati yak s Way odnostoronnіm Rukh have napryamі denatsіonalіzatsії. Radyans'ka teachings VV Pokshishevsky bring, scho, Hoch at mіstі novopribulets potraplyaє in asimіlyatsіynі (rusifіkatorskі) techії, vono th stimulyuє "zagostrennya in Demba etnіchnoї svіdomostі". Stosovno zrostannya ukraїnskoї prisutnostі in Kiєvі vіn stverdzhuє scho tsogo cause of Je privablivіst Mista for vsіh ukraїntsіv and takozh "Next konsolіdatsіya ukraїnskoї natsії that posilennya etnіchnoї svіdomostі". Pokshishevsky zauvazhuє "Can dopustiti, scho Kiyani deyakі pіslya deyakih Vahan, chi vvazhati ukraїntsyami yourself, so i Zgoda sama robili s absolutely perekonannyam; ukraїntsyami takozh ogoloshuvali all the bіlshe dіtey od zmіshanih shlyubіv ". So rank, yak i schodo MTIE, residual Kremlin uspіh in provedennі polіtiki gomogenіzatsії on Ukraїnі 60's - on cob 80 rokіv lishavsya pid sign zapitannya.