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Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska-Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 2

c) that Prirodnichі matematichnі science

Pong boule Ukraїnі in less then rozvinenі, nіzh Istoria that right, ale nіkoli not znikalo zatsіkavlennya them. In private bіblіotekah often znahodilisya books іz zoologії, botanіki, meteorologії, mathematics. When dvorі K. Rozumovskogo lived the doctor - French Leclerc that nіmets Gebenshtrayt. In the same hour (in 1751 rotsі) Ivan Poletika became professor in the Academy Medichnoї Kіlyu in Nіmechchinі.

g) Fіlosofіya

In pershіy polovinі XVII century. in Kiєvo-Mogilyanskіy Kolegії panuvala fіlosofіya Arіstotelya on yakіy bazuvali takі distsiplіni, yak logіka, dіyalektika, fіzika, metaphysics, etika. In XVII-XVIII art. Express Yourself in Ukraїnі shirilisya antique that serednovіchnih fіlosofіv, and do the first tokozh Descartes, Fr. Bacon, kartezіyantsіv, headache - Purhotsіya. T. Prokopovich poklal based svoєї іdeologії teorії Hobbes Guґo Ґrodnosa that Pufendorf. Tse gave Yomou ґrunt for dwellers pіdtrimuvati reforms of Peter I.

Nayyaskravіshim predstavnikom fіlosofії in Ukraїnі CCB T rigorіy Pan (1722-1794), she exercises vidatny mislitel. Sin reєstrovogo Poltava Cossack Regiment, vіn uchivsya in Kiїvskіy Akademі, potіm unіversitetah in Munich, Vіdnya, Breslov. Turning on up Ukraine, Skovoroda CCB short hour professor Harkіvskogo unіversitetu and duzhe cherish liberty i do not hotіv zv'yazuvati currently obov'yazkami. Vіn alive in postіynih pereїzdah, zupinyavsya in dіdichіv, navchav їhnіh dіtey i їhav Dali. Basics yogo fіlosofіchnoї kontseptsії CCB antropologіzm and zasobom for dosyagnennya methylene - samopіznannya. Yogo devіz CCB "pіznay of itself."

Pan vvazhav scho Svit skladaєtsya s dvoh chinnikіv: materіyalіstichnogo - bezvartіsnogo i vischogo - spiritual, tsіnnogo. Meta Zhittya - Happiness, ale not zvichayne Happiness, scho shukaє materіyalnogo, and those yak daєtsya svіdomіstyu scho Person of vikonuє will Boru. Samopіznannya - tse pіznannya God vlashtuvannya Zhittya in zgodі s God.

Pan stood vische od usіh belongs Zhittya not MAV nіchogo not pragnuv Posad, zhittovih benefits. Ale vіn Suvorov stavivsya to suchasnoї Church, yak yogo at Dumka, materіyalіzuvalasya. Vіn vіdmovlyavsya, if proponuvali visvyatiti yogo in єpiskopi, i negatively stavivsya to manastirskogo Zhittya. Glibin yogo dumok, austerity Zhittya, pragnennya Freedom - viklikali porіvnyannya s Socrates. Pan CCB one іz nayvidatnіshih fіlosofіv XVIII century. Europe vpliv i yogo fіlosofії shirivsya not tіlki in Ukraїnі. The person that gave rise fіlosofіya Skovoroda velicheznu lіteraturu.

e) literature

On the cob Dobie Kozatskoї powers virazno poznachalisya lіteraturі in Ukraine vplivi relіgіynoї polemіki cob XVII century. And i navіt pіznіshe Dovgy hour perevazhali in lіteraturі duhovnі Interests on svіtskimi in znachnіy mіrі vnaslіdok of scho bіlsha Chastina avtorіv boule duhovnі individuals. Tse poznachalosya in spiritual vіrshah in yakih Іsusa glorify Christ Bogomatіr, rіznih Saints. . St. Dmitro Tuptalo, talanovity pismennik writing zbіrnik pіsen - "Fleece watered", 1680 roku. Buli pisni povchalnі - about death, tlіnnіst Zhittya. Ale z'yavlyalosya bagato pіsen i s svіtskoyu topics: love, polіtichnih scho glorified geroїv - Bogdan Khmelnytskyi, Bohun, Palіya. Mazepa, talanovity sings, CCB author populyarnoї pisni "OAO All schiro pragnut peace, not in єden tug OAO All tyagnut ..." Not communicated yogo authorship іnshoї pisni: "Oh bіda tіy chaytsі nebozі ..."

Harakteristichnі for tієї Dobie vіrshі emblematichnі that panegіrichnі and takozh vіrshі in yakih authoritarian viyavlyali temple tehnіku versifіkatsії. Tse - vіrshі rіznih primhlivih forms: from viglyadі Chrestus, Wazi, yaytsya, pіvmіsyatsya; acrostics, "raki" - vіrshі, SSMSC mozhna Chitat s cob that s kіntsya; vіrshі in rows yakih deyakі lіteri pіdkresleno i s yakih mozhna read! іm'ya word chi. Bulo bagato epіgram two, Vier, rows. Sered avtorіv Pershi nalezhali Georeferencing: I. Velichkіvskomu (died in 1726 rotsі) avtorovі emblematichnih zbіrok "with milk", "ZEGAR" she zbіrki epіgram; ієromonahovі Klimentієvі Zіnov'єvu (kіnets cob XVII XVIII century.), plіdnomu satirikovі; Dmitrovі Tuptalovі (1651-1709), Stefanovі Yavorskomu (1658-1722) is the Grigorієvі Skovorodі (1722-1794), avtorovі zbіrki "Garden of Divine pіsen".

Epos CCB reprezentovany slabshe. Zbereglisya vіrshі about the battle Berestechko pid, pid Hawtin, about defense Vіdnya. Relіgіyny EPOS viyavleny in perespіvah Samіyla Mokrієvicha (1697) - Єvangelії od Matvіya, Apokalіpsisa; I. Maksimovic: "Virgin Dіvo", "Eighth beatitudes" (1707, 1709 pp.).

Widely predstavlenі boule opovіdannya, perevazhno relіgіynogo zmіstu - about saints that їh miracles. Zbіrku such opovіdan having seen Petro Mohyla. Roku 1665 J. Golyatovsky form "new heaven." Great uspіh Mali - Pechers'ka Paterik, perevidany in 1661 Rokach, 1678 that 1702 is the monumental zbіrka Zhitіy saints, yak UCLA Dmytro Tup-talo in 1689-1705 Rokach.

Origіnalnim view lіteraturi boule propovіdі, SSMSC zavzhdi in Ukraїnі mali great significance. In the XVII century. boule slavetnі propovіdniki: Kyrylo Stavrovetsky author zbіrki propovіdey "Pearl mnogotsіnne" de vmіscheno time s propovіdyami th vіrshі; Petro Mohyla, Meletіy Smotritsky; Yoanikіy Golyatovsky, professor i rector Kiїvskoy Kolegії, having seen zbіrku propovіdey "Key rozumіnnya" (1659) is the treatise "Science ALBO method zlozhennya Kazan" (1659), Where Money Does giving teorіyu propovіdі. Krіm of vіn having seen zbіrki - "Heaven new", "Skarbnitsya needs" (1676), and takozh low propovіdey proti unії that іslyamu. Velikі zbіrki propovіdey having seen Antonіy Radzivilovsky "Ogorodok Marії Bogoroditsі" (1676), "Vіnets of Christ" (1688). Slavia yak propovіdniki - Lazar Baranavichy, having seen yaky zbіrku "sword of the Spirit" (1666) that "Truby propovіdnih of words" (1674); Dmytro Tuptalo, Stefan Yavorsky, Theophan Prokopovich, Yuriy Ko nisky and pіznіshe - Grigorіy pan.

OAO All tsі zbіrki propovіdey rozrahovanі not tіlki boules, yak dopomoga for propovіdnikіv and i yak hatnє subtraction for wide kіl suspіlstva. Pong zdebіlshe napisanі in Mystetskyi, s Bazhanov zahopiti chitacha. Before propovіdey make rіznі butt s іnshih lіteratur, headaches rank latinskoї, porіvnyannya, analogії, navіt anecdote that prikazki. Nabliziti dwellers subject to opovіdannya rozumіnnya chitacha, often brings porіvnyannya bіblіynih osіb s Suchasnyj viznachnimi individuals (Moses, napriklad - Hetman, toscho).

Before propovіdey nablizhayutsya bogoslovskі treatise yak lіteraturno decorations viklad bogoslovskoї science. Bagato such traktatіv species in pershіy polovinі XVII century. ( "Palіnodіy" Zaharіya Kopistenskogo, "Mirror bogoslovіya" K. Stavrovetskogo "Anfolo-gіon" Petra Mogili "s World God chelovіku" Іnokentіya Gіzelya [1660]). A number of the form i bliskuchih zmіstom traktatіv writing Skovoroda, who gave them viklad svoєї fіlosofskoї system pov'yazanoї іz old-hristiyanskoyu mіstikoyu that zahіdnoevropeyskimi vplivami.

Ulyublenim view lіteraturi kіntsya XVII century. i pershoї half XVIII Bula drama. Won was born in Ukraїnі pid vplivom polskih shkіl on the cob XVII century. Spochatku exposure The vіdbuvalasya behind the scenes, and on stsenі deprivation rozpovіdalosya about podії. Naprikіntsі XVII century. poyavlyayutsya vzhe dіysnі drama. Ukraїnska drama has been viewed zv'yazana s Kiїvskoyu Kolegієyu: p'єsi professor wrote, and "spudeї" vistupali yak dіyovі individuals. Zdebіlshogo nuclei boule pristosovanі to Rіzdvyanih that Velikodnіh holy.

W p'єs, pristosovanih to Rіzdvyanih holy zalishilas one - authorship Dmytro Tuptalo, the basis yakoї Je mіsterіya rіzdvyanih podіy: bachimo here pastuhіv, tsarіv, dvir Іroda, Dances. Bіlshe zbereglosya Velikodnіh drum (12) in yakih, s close by real people - simvolіchnі postatі: "Human nature", "gnіv of God," "Mercy". Okremu grupu utvoryuyut drama about the Saints: about Joseph, Oleksіya, Katherine, about Uspіnnya Bogoroditsі.

Friend grupu dissolved nuclei moralіstichnogo nature. Tse - alegorichnі p'єsi in yakih often vistupayut realnі postatі: "Lazarus", "Prodigal sina" toscho.

Of the third group - naytsіkavіsha, tse - Drama іstorichnі. Zbereglisya three nuclei іstorії h Ukraine, a s i a s rimskoї serbskoї іstorії. Naytsіkavіshі, zvichayno, Drama іstorії h Ukraine, "Volodymyr" Theo-fang Prokopovich that "Grace Bozhіya" nevіdomogo author. Volodymyr - tse Volodymyr the Great, s Yakim author porіvnyuє Mazepa. "Grace Bozhіya" - drama prisvyachena Hmelnichchinі; zakіnchuєtsya Won panegіrikom Petrovі II that Danilovі Apostolovі.

In the intervals nuclei gave іntermedії komіchno-pobutovogo, іnodі satirical zmіstu. Tsі іntermedії vazhlivі tim, scho vikonuvali їh ukraїnskoyu movoyu, blizkoyu to narodnoї.

Drama mali great vpliv on the population. On vistavi zbiralosya bagato glyadachіv s rіznih sharіv suspіlstva, pochinayuchi od getmanіv that Petty Officer - to ordinary remіsnikіv.

Nativity scene. Drama fed zdebіlshogo in troh ploschinah: bottom Bulo "hell" over him - "earth" and vgorі - "sky". Qiu structure vikoristano for lyalkovogo theater scho MAP NAME "den." Tse bula podіlena nadvoє screenshots, podіlena two on top, in the exposure The yakіy vіdbuvalas: nagorі - relіgіyna, rіzdvyana, and below - pobutova, komіchna. Dіyovimi personages pobutovoї Chastain boule zaporozhtsі, zhidi, Serbia, tsigane Poles. Den z'yavivsya on the cob XVII century. And naybіlshogo roztsvіtu dosyag drugіy polovinі in the XVIII century. Den boule found navіt on Sibіru. In Ukraїnі zbereglisya - Sokirinsky, Mezhigіrsky that Baturinsky den.

Naprikіntsі іsnuvannya Kozatskoї, Getmanskoї powers z'yavilisya lіteraturnі create, SSMSC stand tsіlkom okremo. Tse - popershe - slavetny 's Talk Great Little Russia ", scho yogo writing Perekladach Generalnoї Vіyskovoї Kantselyarії Semen Dіvovich at 1762 p. - Todі, if, pіslya otsarіnnya Katerini II, Ukraїnі poboyuvalisya scho avtonomії Ukraine zagrozhuє nebezpeka. "Conversation" at dobrіy vіrshovanіy formі daє dіyalog i Russie Ukraine Where Money Does UKRAINE bring right to your іstorichnu suverennіst. Tsey pereynyaty pochuttyam natsіonalnoї gіdnosti tvіr vrazhaє glibokim rozumіnnyam passed Ukraine, knowledge її іstorії. Tvіr S. Dіvovicha CCB "velikoї Sealy Ukrainian lіteraturnim protest against moskovskoї tsentralіstichnoї polіtiki", - O. Ogloblin harakterizuє Yogo.

Blizka to "talk" slavetna "Ode to slavery" V. Kapnіsta, yak Dovgy hour vvazhali for protesting against the introduction of krіpatstva in Ukraїnі in 1783 rotsі. Doslіdniki datuyut "Ode" spadix 1780 their rokіv i vvazhayut, scho Tse LUVs protest against rosіyskoї tsentralіstichnoї polіtiki in Ukraїnі. On tse vkazuyut the word "Audi", "Motherland moeya the kind of enslavement will sing" i Dali Kazhe sings about "prignіchennya Ukraine" - "under the yoke of serious power."

So EYAD vidatnimi creates vіdpovіla Ukraine on polіtichne ponevolennya її Rosієyu. Add your Treba, scho obidva create - S. Dіvovicha "Conversation" i B. Kapnіsta "Ode" boule not nadrukovanі in the XVIII century.