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Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska-Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 2

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Doba Ukraїnskoї Getmanskoї powers pp 1640-1780. yavlyaє him viynyatkovo tsіkavu picture Shvidky polіtichnogo i cultural zrostu Kraina, zvіlnenoї od polskogo panuvannya. Not zvazhayuchi on vіynu on tatarskі attacking on velicheznі vtrati people rozvivalasya Krajina. On cholі Getmanskoї powers were vidatnі dіyachі from countless osvіtoyu, zdobutoyu in єvropeyskih unіversitetah, s Bhagat polіtichnim dosvіdom, Nabutov in Polskіy derzhavі. Pid wire Bogdan Khmelnytskyi is the yogo nayblizhchih doradnikіv UKRAINE zdobula vidatne Location Sered powers Shіdnoї Europe. Ostannі Rocky Zhittya Bohdan Khmelnytskyi boule kulmіnatsіynim іstorії hour in Ukraine. In Chigirinі zustrіchalisya posli Shvetsії, Semigorye do, Moldavії, Valahії, Turechchini, Polschі - yak wrote Ambassador Avstrії that Venetsії arhiєpiskop Baron Parchevich. Velisya discuss it s Frantsієyu, Anglієyu. Not Moscow and Chyhyryn Stavan oseredkom єvropeyskoї polіtiki.

W the middle of the XVII century. UKRAINE potraplyaє orbіtu in Moscow, i todі pochinaєtsya vperta Borotba mіzh With Ukraine that Moscow. Borotba Veda Moscow rіznimi zasobami, rіznoyu zbroєyu on vsіh dіlyankah polіtichnogo that cultural Zhittya, ale Got zavzhdi the very Meta: pіdkoriti up Ukraine, pozbaviti її vlastivih їy prikmet, zvichaїv, zakonіv, znіvelyuvati th zasimіlyuvati її so dwellers navіt іmeni Ukraine not zalishilosya - so you can perefrazuvati words Katerini II, her skazanі s drive znischennya of іmeni traditsіynogo ruler Ukraine - hetman.

Postupovo, Year of the rock, obmezhuvalasya suverennіst Ukraїnskoї powers and Dali - її avtonomіya. Odnochasno obmezhuvalosya factuality avtokefalіyu Ukraїnskoї Church, i vreshtі Mitropolіya Kiyivs'ka Bula peretvorena on єparhіyu, pіdvladnu Rosіyskomu Sinodovі.

In 1654 rotsі zustrіlisya two people, Dvi Power, SSMSC not Mali sutі nіchogo spіlnogo. UKRAINE, not zvazhayuchi on polsky gnіt, zberіgala starі kulturnі zv'yazki s Zahіdnoyu Europe SSMSC Pocha slit for Knyazhoї Dobie. For Litovsko-Polskoї Dobie won vіdchuvala vplivi єvropeyskoї culture in the Branch law, science, Mistetstvo, relіgії. UKRAINE small svoї vidatnі naukovі oseredki, yak Ostroh Akademіya, Lviv Bratska School, Kievskiy gurtok Єliseya Pletenetskogo, Kiєvo-Mogilyanska Kolegіya, gurtok Petra Mogili. Opponent of Ukraine bula Maskovskiy power, yak in the XVII century. Dobou experienced a "smoothie" i viyshla s neї do updates, zmіtsnenoyu, yak Mogutnov monarhіya s іdeologієyu «III-of Rome": two Rimi fell (Rome - Vіzantіya) and tretіy Rome - Moscow - stoyatime vіchno. Moscow - spadkoєmitsya of Kyiv, i to all teritorіya kolishnoї Kiїvskoї powers blame їy pіdkoritisya. Such a bula scheme viroblena Maskovskiy іdeologami in XVI-XVII Art. Ale protyagom upertoї Borotba for stvorennya mіtsnoї absolyutnoї powers Maskovskiy kingdom Bulo vіddіlene od Zahіdnoї Europe that її culture. Rosіysky іstorik Je Shmurlo so harakterizuvav cultural camp Moskovschina XV century .: "Pozbavlena cultural zv'yazkіv іz Zahіdnoyu Europe vіddіlena od neї Polsko-Litovskoyu powers, Moskovschina not worried Dobie Renaissance, not about Chula Savonarola, Huss ... Yak nova to America brought the vіdkrivati ​​її єvropeyskim doslіdnikam ".

In seredinі XVI century., 1551 roku, Stoglavy Cathedral in Moskvі konstatuvav scho vchitisya candidates have a priest who is not in Bulo. Navіt in the XVII century. Moskovschinі in science divilisya yak on the "product of the primordial enemy of the human race - the devil" - harakterizuvav cultural camp Moskovschina rosіysky doslіdnik P. Morozov.

Takі boule two partners - UKRAINE i Maskovskiy kingdom - if in 1654 rotsі ukladali stink mіlіtarny Union yaky peretvorivsya bearing the heavy bondage for Ukraine. Tragedіya ukrajins'koho people bula tіlki not in itself dogovorі: slit bіlsha Bula tragedіya in fact, scho s Persha same rokіv Moscow Pocha brutal porushuvati dogovіr i do not vikonuvala obov'yazkіv, SSMSC took on itself. Main metoyu Pereyaslavskoї for the sake of Ukraine Bulo residual zvіlnennya od polskogo panuvannya that ob'єdnannya vsіh of Ukrainian lands in odne tsіle. Khmelnytskyi coexist zahodіv for tsogo ob'єdnannya (Bіlorusіya, Volyn, Podillia, Polissya toscho).

Moscow zahopila Bіlorusіyu, and the contract s flattered - Andrusіv-sky 1667 roku, "Vіchny World" in 1686 that rock Prutsky 1712 rock - rozіrvali Givet tіlo Ukraine i podіlili її mіzh Muscovy she flattered.

Shlyakhov postupovogo torn down by Moscow Pereyaslavskogo contract Ukraїnska Tserkva vtratila its factuality avtokefalіyu i became odnієyu s єparhіy, pіdvladnih Sinodovі.

UKRAINE vіdіgrala velicheznu rolyu in іstorії Maskovskiy kingdom: Won has become a bridge, yaky spoluchav Moscow s Zahіdnoyu Europe became poserednitseyu mіzh EYAD cultures - єvropeyskoyu i Maskovskiy. The great importance of small in tsomu those scho UKRAINE Orthodox bula, yak todі Moscow lyakalo katolitstvo s call.

In the XVII century., Slit up Pereyaslavskoї lands, Moskvі steel zvertatisya for Relief to kiїvskih scientists. Ruh scientists to Moscow zbіlshivsya pіslya Pereyaslavskoї land.

Olexiy Povolі CAR, and it s yogo dvir, Pocha spriymati ukraїnsku culture: to zvertalisya of Ukrainian scientists on Relief for vipravlennya sacred books; poїhali to vchenі of Kyiv - Єpіfanіy Slavinetsky, Arsenіy Satanovsky, Teodosіy Safonovich, Yes Maskin Ptitsky that INSHI. Patrіyarh Nіkon Visoko tsіniv of Ukrainian scientists. Roku 1664 sought to Moscow scholar bіlorusa scho skіnchiv Kiїvsku Akademіyu, Simeon Polotskogo, yak teacher tsarskih dіtey. Vіn MAV great vpliv on Maskovskiy culture yak vidatny teacher, pismennik, she sings propovіdnik.

Vzhe for the king Oleksіya viyavilisya on Moskovschinі kulturnі vplivi Ukraine in mistetstvі, lіteraturі; zarodivsya toscho theater. Sche bіlshі boule tsі vplivi for Oleksієvogo sina, Theodore, Simeon vihovantsya Polotskogo. Ukrainian steel vplivi zagalnoyu "modoyu" when tsarskomu dvorі. Tsar himself nosiv ukrainian kuntush, goliv beard; when nomu, yak wrote suchasnik "pochavsya polіtes s manіru polskogo" (polskim nazivali ukraїnske).

Ukraїnska Tserkva pochinaє much vplivati on Maskovskiy, hoch vves hour Moskvі zalishalosya nedovіr'ya to ukrajins'koho pravoslav'ya Where Money Does moskovskі fahіvtsі znahodili katolitsky vpliv. Not zvazhayuchi on tse, in Moskovschinі buduvali church in ukraїnskomu stilі, shirilosya Baroque ukraїnske, Ukrainian "partesnі" spіvi sho їh s brought him spіvaki Ukrainian. In Moskvі pratsyuvali Ukrainian malaria; for Oleksіya ukraїntsі rozpisuvali in Kremlі church. Boyar Rtishchev zasnuvav Moskvі from school to yakoї requesting uchitelіv s of Kyiv. W Ukraine came to Moskovschina books - "Book of Needs" that "Lifosa" Petra Mogili, create Kiril Trankvіlіona, Yoanikіya Golyatovskogo, Іnokentіya Gіzelya, Meletіya Smotritskogo toscho. Vidatny teachings Metropolitan Rostovsky, Dmytro Thupten lo, writing "Fleece watered", scho vitrimalo 8 Vidanov. To Moscow vipisuvali h Ukraine shevtsіv, kravtsіv, sadіvnikіv, gorodnikіv toscho. Pereїzdili tudi s drukarі Ukraine, engravers, arhіtekti, malaria, and the head rank - uchenі, pismenniki, chentsі, teachers. Ukrainian vpliv panuvav Maskovskiy in schools: Grammar Meletіya Smotritskogo, Istoria Іnokentіya Gіzelya steel pіdruchnimi Maskovskiy in schools. Rosіysky doslіdnik A. Arhangelsky so harakterizuvav vpliv Ukraine XVII century. to Moscow: "Kiyani, not zvazhayuchi uperedzhennya Contrary to these, Moskvі, Druha s half XVII century. boule Ruler encampments in Moskovskіy Rusі, naykraschі, nayvidatnіshі її dіyachі ".

Tragіchna disaster for Ukraine pid Poltava spriyala pіdnesennyu Maskovskiy kingdom to encampments Rosіyskoї іmperії. Peter I zmіtsniv Borotba s With Ukraine, mayuchi on metі tsіlkovito pіdkoriti її polіtichno that ekonomіchno. Ale in the same hour vіn viznavav vischіst ukraїnskoї culture, i kulturnі vplivi zrostali Ukraine. UKRAINE gave Velika Quantity ієrarhіv, SSMSC steel vidatnih positions: єpiskop Stefan Yavorsky became Metropolitan Ryazanskim "mіstseblyustitelem" patrіyarshogo throne, president Svyatіshogo Synod; Rector of the Academy Kiїvskoї, Theophan Prokopovich, becoming patron President Svyatіshogo Synod i author of "Spiritual Reґ-lyamentu" - treatise, scho Vlad legitimize the king over the church. Vіn CCB author i іnshogo vidatnogo treatise: "The truth will monarch", yaky becoming pіdvalinoyu rosіyskogo autocracy.

In Sinodі on kerіvnih Posada Bulo bagato ukraїntsіv. CCU hour, if OAO All єpiskopskі katedri in Russie Ziman ukraїntsі. Bіlsha Chastina єpiskopіv spriyali expansion osvіti. Єpiskopi-ukraїntsі zasnovuvali semіnarії that INSHI school. Gavrilo Buzhansky CCB prefect Slov'yano Greco-Rosіyskoї Academy; Sylvester Glovats-cue - rector Kazanskoї Kolegії; Varlaam Ієnitsky zasnuvav semіnarії in Suzdalі, Pskovі, Kolomnі, Astrahanі; Velіyamіn Putsek-Grigorovich that Іlarіon Rogalevsky poklal pіdvalini Kazanskіy Duhovnіy Academy; Amvrosіy Yushkevich, President maybutnіy Synod zasnuvav Novgorodsku semіnarіyu; Gideon Vishnevsky zasnuvav Slov'yano-Latinsku school Smolensku i-expensive schools in buzhі, rylsk, Bіlіy, Vyazmі; Lavrentіy Gorka zasnuvav semіnarіyu in Vyattsі; German Koptsevichi - Slov'yano-Latinsku school in the hills, the mountains (pіznіshe її to reshape Arhangelsku semіnarіyu); Arce-nіy Motsієvich zasnuvav semіnarіyu in Yaroslavlі, Serapіon Latushevich - semіnarіyu in Volodimirі on Klyazmі, Kyrylo Florinsky - semіnarіyu in Troїtsko-Serіgїvskomu Posadі. Okremo treba postaviti ієrarhіv-ukraїntsіv, pratsyuvali scho, yak mіsіoneri: Іnokentіy Kul-chitsky - єpiskop Іrkutsky, zasnuvav school for mongolіv; Іnokentіy Nerunovich - єpiskop Іrkutsky - navertav on pravoslav'ya tunguzіv, Fіlofey Leschinsky CCB mіsіonarem kachmadalіv Sered, kalmikіv, tunґuzіv. Ukraїntsі so vlavilisya mіsіoneri yak, scho in 1742 rotsі to Kiїvskoї Academy zvernuvsya Synod s Prokhanov opratsyuvati Krashchi methodological propovіduvannya Christianity Sered kalmikіv.

Ukraїntsі zdobuli great authority, yak teachers: for zasnuvannі in 1721 rotsі novih shkіl from Russie on vchitelіv to them priznachali ukraїntsіv; for novozasnovanih slov'yano-latinskih shkіl Synod punishing viryaditi s vchitelіv of Kyiv, Movlyav, "in Kiєvo-Pechers'ka manastirі meshkayut muzhі, zdatnі to vivchennya fіlosofії, rhetoric that pіїtiki". Vsіh їh punished negayno vislati to Moscow. Ukrainian vchitelі brought svoї methodological navchannya, pіdruchniki, ukraїnsku vimovu, yak panuvala in Moskvі in the XVIII century. In seredinі XVIII century. pismennik Sumarokov skarzhivsya scho ukraїntsі educators zіpsuvali rosіysku MOV, to scho boule OAO All school perepovnenі them.

Studentіv scho zakіnchili Kiїvsku Akademіyu, in 1738 rotsі zaproshuvali to Petersburg for navchannya catechism that vigoloshuvannya propovіdey.

Ukrainian pismenniki poznayomili Rosіyu s silabіchnoyu poezієyu that tonіchnim rozmіrom, vіdkrittya yakogo rosіyani pripisuyut rosіyskomu poetovі Tredyakovskomu. Ukraїntsі brought to Moscow dramatically lіteraturu. Theatre Dovgy hour CCB cope ukraїntsіv. In Moskvі poznayomilisya s dramas Polotskogo S., D. Tuptalo, F. Prokopovich, L. Hills, S. Lyaskoronskogo. In the XVIII century. ukraїntsі roznesli drama vsіy Russie i utvorili theater in Kazanі, Tobolsku, Novgorodі that іnshih mіstah. Together s note shirili ukraїntsі i, den "for vsіh mіstah Russie. Znaydeno den navіt in Tobolsku that Іrkutsku.

Bagato ukraїntsіv pratsyuvalo yak perekladachі in rіznih install Russie, more Sered them Bulo bagato znavtsіv gretskoї, latinskoї, nіmetskoї, frantsuzkoї, polskoї, іtalіyskoї, turetskoї atoms. Ukraїntsі served rosіyskih zakordonnih embassies in Londonі, Vіdnі, Varshavі, Drezdenі, Konstantinopolі, Parizhі, Lyayptsіґu, Stokgolmі, Pekіnі. Koli Єlisaveta virіshila perevidati Ostroh Bіblіyu, Won zaklikaet ukraїntsіv - profesorіv Varlaam Leschinskogo that Gideon Slominskogo - dwellers in vipravili nіy movu.

Before crossing the Ukrainian Russie vchenі one іz Perche ekonomіstіv, gluhіvchanin A. Rubanovsky scho vchivsya in Layptsіґskomu unіversitetі; Je aґronom Desnitsky, G. Buzhansky scho having seen botanіchny vocabulary; orієntalіst S. Todorsky. In Russie zahoplyuvalisya fіlosofієyu Grigorіya pan.

Shcho bіlshe vigravala Rosіyska іmperіya vnaslіdok Pereyaslavskogo agreement that Poltava Peremohy, the bіlshe vtrachala UKRAINE not tіlki polіtichnu nezalezhnіst, ale th masi people: tisyachі villagers that have kozakіv ginuli Keeping Rosієyu vіynah on buduvannі Fortress is the St. Petersburg on "kanalskih robots." Bhagat, vіlne ukraїnske pospіlstvo peretvoryuvalosya on krіpatsku masu. Vilna torgіvlya pіdkoryalasya іnteresam okupantіv and Ukrainian pіdpriєmtsі vіdstupali Way rosіyskim kapіtalіstam.

Odnochasno UKRAINE vtrachala svoї іntelektualnі Sealy, SSMSC abo pid primus shukayuchi spriyatlivih minds for pratsі passed to Russie. Tragіzm tsogo transition to service "alien vіvtaryam" CCU in the fact scho ukraїntsі vtrachali svoє natsіonalne іm'ya th zbіlshuvali colo predstavnikіv "rosіyskoї" culture, yak protyagom dvoh stolіt to the abo Inshyj sposіb poglinala culture zavoyovanih, asimіlovanih, pіdkorenih narodіv. Sered Tsikh asimіlovanih Rosієyu cultures Pershe Location nalezhit ukraїnskіy.

Schoroku Tsey processes rusifіkatsії pogliblyuvavsya. Ukrainian patrіot Dmytro Tuptalo becoming viznanim Rosіyskoyu Church "Rus-sky" of the saints; ukraїnets V. Kapnіst becoming a "Russian" poet; ukraїntsі - Berezovsky, Bortnyansky that Wedel - became the creator of "Rus-tion" Musicians; Borovikovsky - dad s Sin - were "gordoschami Russian Mistetstvo", etc. i..

In tsіy tyazhkіy, beznadіynіy, zdaval, situatsії, yak on target Ukraїnі in XVII-XVIII century. pid okupatsіyami Russie that Polschі, zalishalasya one force, scho ukrainian ryatuvala people od denatsіonalіzatsії th peretvorennya in rabіv okupantіv. Tsієyu power svіdomіst NATIONAL bula, yak Pocha viyavlyatisya s cob XVII century. nasampered in fraternities, scho steel Zahist ukraїnskoї natsіonalnosti that vіri proti polonіzatsії. W other side oseredkom tsієї Borotba was Zaporіzhzhya. In drugіy polovinі XVII that in the XVIII century. HEAD provodirem natsіonalnoї Borotba became elіta Ukraine, Petty її. Uves complex, for yaky Provadia Borotba, yaky Bulo boroniti treba od okupantіv, nazivali one word - "volnostі". For "volnostі" Ukraine pіdnyav insurrection Bogdan Khmelnytskyi for "volnostі" fought zaporozhtsі "volnostі" defended lіpshі dіyachі XVIII century.

Velicheznim dosyagnennyam Dobie XVII-XVIII art. Bula svіdomіst of scho Kozatska Doba, Hetman boule prodovzhennyam Kiїvskoї Dobie. About Tse vzhe yaskravo Casali for Sagaydachnogo tsya bula іdeya vislavlena pid hour urochistogo v'їzdu of Kyiv to Khmelnytskyi; Won not zavmirala for Ruїni minutes gave zmіst getmanuvannyu Mazepa.

Duzhe vazhlivim ie those scho s cob XVII century. іdeologi ukraїnskoї Square protistavlyayut іdeї "Moscow - tretіy Rome" - іnshu іdeyu: "Singapore - Other Єrusalim". Tsya іdeya Bula chіtko vislovlena in "District poslannі" Metropolitan Yaw Boretskogo 1622 rock in "Pechers'ka Ateneї" Petra Mogili 1633 roku. For Hmelnichchine Won nabuvaє shirokoї popularity od propovіdey clergy prohodyachi to wide sharіv gromadyanstva. Koshov Otaman Vasil Kuzmenko 1693 rock in listі to Mazepa zgaduvav "second Єrusalim, bogospasaєmy Kiєv hail." We creates Theophan Prokopovich іdeya "Kyiv - Other Єrusalim" was turned g "types for ukraїnskoї natsіonalno-polіtichnoї svіdomosti" yak іdeya - "Moscow - tretіy Rome" to svіdomosti moskovskoї. Nіkoli іdeya "Kyiv - Other Єrusalim" is not within the reach of the blisks, yak for Mazeppa, dayuchi zmіst i nasnagu derzhavnitsko-natsіonalnіy svіdomostі, yak Trimai in the XVIII century. i pereyshla to the XIX-th.

We creates pismennikіv XVIII century. Cervone NITC held іdeya Square Ukraine, Tuga for vtrachenoyu volnіstyu. In seredinі XVIII century., In dobі realnoї Borotba for natsіonalne against tієї rusifіkatsії, yak carrying OCCUPIERS, duzhe pokazovі Fakti svіdchat scho NATIONAL svіdomіst viyavlyalas not tіlki in lіteraturі and second shirilasya Sered rіznih kіl gromadyanstva. In 1763 rotsі on Radі elders scho її call together Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky, zіbralosya 150 predstavnikіv generalnoї th polkovoї elders vidatnih predstavnikіv kozatstva, SSMSC vіdmovilisya navіt rozglyadati Novi Code, scho yogo sklala front fee. "Mi maєmo naylіpshі law!" - Said the stench. Roku 1767 pid hour viborіv deputatіv to "Komіsії for skladannya novih zakonіv" predstavniki kozatstva, clergy, mіst, protestuvali proti poryadkіv novih i vimagali privernennya Kozatska arrange that Hetmanate. Roku 1769-1770 insurrection ohopili Chastain Pіvdennoї Ukraine, Donetsk is the Dniprovskiy pіkіnernі shelves zahopili th Chastain Єlisavetgradskogo. Metoyu povstantsіv Bulo privernennya Kozatska fret. Not foreman, scho hotіla zberegti svoє uprivіleyovane encampment, and ordinary kozatstvo not hotіlo priymati rosіyskogo vіyskovogo arrange. Two Rocky tochilasya Borotba i zhorstokimi, krivavimi penalties vіdplativ rosіysky Uryadov rebels. Duzhe markantnim Yea those scho tsі insurrection in Mali Location Pіvdennіy Ukraїnі, yak porіvnyano recently settled vtіkachі s that Pravoberezhnoї Hetman of Ukraine. Mozhlivo, scho in tsomu lezhit key rozgadki podіy: tsimi vtіkachami boule naybіlsh aktivnі, energіynі th volelyubnі people.

Ukraїnska literature vіddzerkalila іdeologіyu Tsikh protestіv from happening S. Dіvovicha that V. Kapnіsta, SSMSC gave їm іdeologіchne clearance.

So UKRAINE, Step by Step, vtrachayuchi svoї rights nezalezhnіst, svіy ustrіy, church avtokefalіyu, navіt svoє іm'ya scho yogo ofіtsіyno intercede "Malorosіya" zberіgala іdeyu Nezalezhnosti, pragnennya sovereignty svіdomіst tyaglosti od Great chasіv of Kyiv - another Єrusalimu. Ця ідея не згасала в найтяжчі часи, її успадкували українські діячі XIX ст. і вона лягла підвалиною Відродження України XX століття.