Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska-Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 2

Revolyutsіyny ruh 1840 their rokіv

Reaktsіyne pravlіnnya Mykoly 1 can not Bulo pripiniti revolyutsіynih ruhіv, pіdsilyuvanih pragnennyam vіdnovlennya ukraїnskoї statehood. Revolyutsіynі Ruhi oseredkom yakih becoming Kiev s yogo unіversitetom, znahodili pіdtrimku Sered polskoї іntelіTentsії. 1840 Bi Rocky boule doboyu great revolyutsіynogo pіdnesennya in usіy Evropі. Prignіchena Vіdenskim by Congress is the "Holy Alliance" Vilna Dumka znovu prokidalas to Zhittya. In Prusії Pocha reform F. Stein that F. Hardenberg in Norvegії introduced dovolі democratically konstitutsіyu, Espanіya that Portugal zvіlnilisya od dinastії Burbonіv, deyakі Mista Nіmechchini have brought yourself to become ustrіy.

Sered іntelіgentsії zrostaє іnteres to іstorії Svoge people poyavlyayutsya etnografіchnі pratsі, zbіrki folk pіsen, perekazіv, kazok. At the same hour and incremental fіlosofskі іdeї Herder Shellіnґa, Hegel, SSMSC spriyayut decorated іdeї "mesіyanіzmu" deyakih narodіv. Dissolved taєmnі tovaristva, SSMSC domagayutsya lіberalnih reforms: in polіtitsі - konstitutsії in suspіlnomu zhittі - skasuvannya dvoryanskih privіleїv, stanіv, krіpatstva in natsіonalnomu - vizvolennya narodіv s-pid chuzhoї Vladi that stvorennya Vlasnyi powers. These tovaristvami boule: in Іtalії - karbonarії (vuglyarі) that "Young Іtalіya", i, etc. In Zahіdnіy Evropі proliferating masonskі lozhі... Karbonarії in Sіtsіlії that Neapolі pіdnyali boule insurrection, Ale boule rozbitі avstrіyskoyu armієyu. In 1830-th rotsі vibuhlo insurrection in Frantsії, Ale takozh Bulo zdushene. Naslіdkom of bagato yogo uchasnikіv emіgruvalo s Frantsії i Provadia Dali revolyutsіynu Pratzen in іnshih kraїnah, zokrema in Polschі .. W other side - pіslya insurrection polyakіv 1831 roku - in Parizhі, yak zgadano vische, hocks-valued kolonіya polyakіv-emіgrantіv, SSMSC steel poserednikami mіzh revolyutsіynimi gurtkami Frantsії i Polschі.

Great vpliv on polskih revolyutsіonerіv MAV Adam Mіtskєvіch, stick patrіot i vidatny sings. Vіn Brav active part in chasopisі "Roіpos" scho vihodiv at 40 Rokach in their Parizhі, propovіduyuchi vseslov'yansku federatsіyu i bratersku rіvnіst usіh slov'yan. In svoїh create, bunt from "Ksiega pielgrzymstwa polskiego», wrote about Mіtskevіch mesіyanіzm polskogo people.

In Polschі mesіyanіzm znayshov adeptіv, SSMSC mrіyali about provіdnu role) polskogo people. Ale slit mіtsnіshe rozgornuvsya mesіyanіzm from Russie, from happening slov'yanofіlіv 1. Kireєvskogo, A. Khomyakov, Aksakov.

In Shvaytsarії іtalіysky revolyutsіyny dіyach Madzіnі target company profile "Young Europe" i pіznіshe- "Young Іtalіya" for butt z'yavilasya "Young Zittau," "Young Polscha", "Young Frantsіya". With one of the characteristic s Figure revolyutsіynih organіzatsіy Bula іdeya vseslov'yanskoї federatsії okremih respublіk, yagі zbe

rіgali b svoє vnutrіshnє pravlіnnya in ambushes rіvnosti that Volia The Citizen skin.

Vnaslіdok zmіtsnennya rusifіkatsії that reaktsії pochavsya in their 30-Rokach XIX century. on Pravoberezhnіy Ukraїnі ukrainian natsіonalny ruh Sered, so the title of "polskogo" nobility, factuality ukraїnskoї spolonіzovanoї gentry. On the cob of the XIX century., If pid plivom panіvnogo in lіteraturі romanticism prokinuv іnteres to nationality, deyakі polskі pismenniki, zahovuyuchi polsky patriotism, Pocha tsіkavitisya ukraїnskoyu іstorієyu, folklorom. So target "Ukrainian school" in polskіy lіteraturі. Predstavnikami її boule: Malchevsky A., B. Zalesky, Gotsіpіsky S., M. Chaykovsky that INSHI. Dehto s Tsikh pismennikіv, yak T Padura. A. Shashkevych, S. Ostashevsky that іn., Pocha pisati ukraїnskoyu movoyu. Chimaly vpliv on rozvitok ukraїnskoї natsіonalnoї іdeologії small th polska revolyutsіyna literature.

Not zvazhayuchi on zagalnu reaktsіyu in Ukraїnі takozh velasya nevpinna Prace over vivchennyam passed Ukrayinsky people yogo folkloru, Mistetstvo. Vidana 1819 rock Tsertelovim zbіrka іstorichnih doom the right bike vrazhennya. Roku 1827 M. Maksimovic, maybutnіy Rector Kiїvskogo unіversitetu, a kind of Ukrainian zbіrnik pіsen. Tsі Vidanov rozkrili chitacham beauty ukraїnskoї narodnoї poezії. In 1832-1838 Rokach in Harkovі 1. Sreznevsky nadrukuvav zbіrnik "Zaporozka Ol 's pіsnyami i іstorichnimi thoughts. In Harkovі young іstorik Kostomarov M. i A. Metlinsky steel viraznikami duhovoї vzasmnosti slov'yanskih narodіv.

In Harkіvskomu unіversitetі stvorivsya gurtok studentіv Where Money Does she read vіrshі Rilєєva іnshih dekabristіv. The members of gurtka tsogo boule areshtovanі, ale revolyutsіyny nastrіy studentstva not zmіnivsya. In 1840 their Rokach in Harkovі and incremental іdeї vseslov'yanskoї federatsії, SSMSC coming іz Chehії, Here vivchayut polsku, serbsku, chesku MTIE, z'yavlyaєtsya pereklad "Kraledvorskogo lіtopisu".

In 1840 their Rokach, if to of Kyiv dіyshli Pershi vіdguki polskogo insurrection, kiїvskі mіschani spіvchuvali rebels i Shuka shlyahіv, dwellers porozumіtisya s them. Pіslya zdushennya polskogo insurrection becoming the center of Kiev rusifіkatsіynoї polіtiki. Prote tsogo not dosyagti away. In unіversitetі Bulo vikriti taєmne polіtichne tovaristvo s student at Gordon cholі, tovaristva members boule Poles that rosіyani.

Antiuryadova agіtatsіya ohoplyuvala shirokі groupies suspіlstva Pravoberezhnoї Ukraine that of Kyiv. Organіzatsіya "Young Polscha" that the people of Somalia Polskogo Union in Kiєvі svіy Oseredok i Sered їh chlenіv boule Poles - students th gromadskі dіyachі. In 1839 rotsі tsі organіzatsії vikriti; troh kerіvnikіv noticed to hard labor (Dr. Beaupre, dіdichіv - Borovskogo that Mihalskogo); 191 student viklyucheno, Chastain building in soldiers. Kiev The University, іgіdno scho Uryadov s brainchild of musіv Buti Fortress rusifіkatsії, viyaviv currently yak revolyutsіyny Oseredok.

Contrary Represії Union pripinili not in arbitrary Ruhu in Ukraїnі. On the cob 1840 in their rokіv Kiєvі grupa studentіv that young profesorіv target neleґalny gurtok, metoyu yakogo Bula Borotba proti krіpatstva that natsіonalne vizvolennya ukrajins'koho people. Todі in Kiєvі zіbralosya Cheema ukraїnskoї natsіonalnosvіdomoї; talanovitoї molodі. Sered neї boule: іstorik M. Kostomarov, scho z 1844 roku vikladav іstorіyu in gіmnazії and Zgoda becoming an associate professor unіversitetu; P. Kulіsh - talanovity etnograf, pismennik; M. Gulak-Artemovsky - іstorik law; AP Markevich - etnograf; B. Bіlozersky; h blizko them zіyshlisya molodshі people scho recently zakіnchili University abo boule slit students.

Moral authority tsogo unformed tovaristva becoming Shevchenko, yaky from 1846 rotsі dіstav Posada vchitelya malyuvannya at Kiїvskomu unіversitetі. Todі Shevchenko CCB already zenіtі svoєї glory, yak vidatny painter and slit yak bіlshe sings. Yogo for podorozhі Ukraїnі - Chernіgіvschinі, Poltavschinі, Kiїvschinі - showed wide yak bula yogo populyarnіst, yak gliboko shanuvali she loved Yogo. Naybіlshі magnates Ukraine - Rєpnіni, Tarnovskі, Lizogub, Luk'yanovichі, Rodzyanko that іn, -. Zaproshuavli yogo to myself zamovlyali Yomou portrait, zahoplyuvalisya yogo poezіyami. In addition gurtku molodі vіdrazu Shevchenko became central not particularly glorious singing tіlki yak i painter: before priєdnuvavsya NKVD charms, yaky pіdkoryav Yomou vsіh, hto h zustrіchavsya him. Bula second slit is one reason for the popularity Shevchenko: in Dobou panuvannya romanticism vіn yakraz CCB note geroєm, about yakogo mrіyala juveniles - CCU krіpakom, yaky bagato terpіv in svoїm zhittі, CCB Lyudin s masi Ukrayinsky people yak virosla pid vplivom іstorichnih spohadiv about kozatstvo, about gaydamakіv.

The members of gurtka read frantsuzkih fіlosofіv-utopіstіv - SenSіmona, Fur'є, tsіkavilisya vіdrodzhennyam polyakіv, chehіv, horvatіv,

serbіv, bolgarіv, slovakіv, slovіntsіv i mrіyali, dwellers "usі slov'yani become good brothers". . "I Brother s brother hug i uttered the word love in tihoї vіki i vіki". . .

Roku 1846 th gurtok kiїvskoї molodі oformivsya in tovaristvo scho dіstalo titles Kirilo-Mefodіїvske Brotherhood. Hosting Project itself "fraternity" i obrannya for patronіv Holy bratіv-prosvіtitelіv slov'yan vkazuvali on yogo character. Before the Brotherhood came Kiїvskogo students unіversitetu A. Navrotsky 1. Posyada, Yu Andruzky, O. Tulub, L. Zagursky, M. Savic dіdich that INSHI. Do not Bulo Bratstvі predstavnikіv aristokratії, Yak Bulo in the dekabristskomu rusі, members yogo boule pismenniki, vchenі, dіti serednіh abo drіbnih dіdichіv, uryadovtsі - predstavniki tієї іntelіgentsії, scho in 1840 Rokach their vihodila a wide kіn Zhittya.

Taqiy warehouse chlenіv Brotherhood, natural, vіdbivsya on yogo іdeologії. Pong mrіyali scho nastane hour, if all Slov'yanschina Arise i "not zalishitsya in nіy ni king ni prince. .., Ni Prince, Count ni, ni Duke. . ., Ni Pan, Boyar ni, ni slave. . . "

Brotherhood puts svoїm zavdannyam perebudovu suspіlstva in ambushes Christianity i pragnulo lіkvіdatsії krіpatstva, stanіv, poshirennya osvіti th ob'єdnannya vsіh slov'yanskih narodіv one federatsіyu in yakіy cutaneous people zberіgav bi vnutrіshnyu their freedom. Provіdnu rolyu priznachalosya Ukraїnі: The capital of Kiev MAV Buti federatsії de zbiravsya b zagalny Soim.

We'll see on tsіlomu Kirilo-Metodіїvskogo Brotherhood vіdbivalasya programa Tovaristva Ob'єdnanih Slov'yan, ale th Bulo basis: іdeya mesіyanіzmu ukrajins'koho people. Voice of Ukraine - wrote Kostomarov at the "Butte Knizі ukrajins'koho people", - scho "zvav usyu Slov'yanschinu freedom i fraternity rozіyshovsya on svіtі slov'yanskomu of I .. Arise UKRAINE s svoєї Mogili st znovu ozovetsya to svoїh bratіv ... the I Arise Slov'yanschina. . . i bude UKRAINE nepіdlegloyu Rіchchyu Commonwealth in Soyuzі Slov'yanskіm. . . "Look at that programa Brotherhood zafіksovanі boule into" Butt Knizі ukrajins'koho people "that in Ustavі Tovaristva St. Cyril is the Metodіya. In Tsikh creates pomіtnі vplivi "Іstorії Rusіv" and takozh zahіdnoevropeyskih іdey, headaches rank Mіtskєvіcha s yogo "Books polskogo people."

Another digit oseredkom panslavіzmu Prague bula, i The members of Kirilo-Metodіїvskogo Brotherhood Especially Shevchenko, Yana Kollyara know do the first, Shafarіka P., V. Hanka and dehto іz chlenіv listuvavsya s them.

Do not Bulo Bratstvі єdnosti dumok: Kostomarov, Kulіsh postupovі stood for reform, Shevchenko, Hulak, Savic - company profile for zbroynogo insurrection i felled tsaratu.

Brotherhood іsnuvalo nedovgo. On the cob 1847 roku on denunciation etudenta Petrova The members of Yogo boule zaareshtovanі. Bіlshu Chastain noticed to їh to rіznih mіst Evropeyskoї Russie and naygіrsha dіstalas share Shevchenkovі: Yogo buildings as soldiers noticed to the first to Orenburg non-pisati th maljuvaty.

Zasnuvannya Kirilo-Metodіїvskogo Brotherhood fell at an hour revolyutsіynih ruhіv scho ohopili the whole of Europe. The reasons for tsogo Bulo bagato. Nadto hard CCU mode, scho yogo zaprovadiv "Holy Alliance", i vves hour at kraїnah Europe vіdbuvalis sprobi to throw absolutism i vstanoviti konstitutsіynі pravlіnnya. At the same hour bagato narodіv scho vtratili svoї Power, Rotate nezalezhnіst of Namangan. Vinahіd parovoї kіntsі car in the XVIII century. vnіs velikі zmіni in suspіlno-gospodarskі vіdnosini i target Novi stan robіtnikіv, SSMSC has acted h svoїmi vimogami. In lyutomu 1848 rock frantsuzky King pid pressure headache robіtnikіv zrіksya throne, i Frantsіyu progolosheno respublіkoyu. Addressing President Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon plemіnnika 1. Ale Bonaparі in 1852 rotsі on pіdstavі new plebіstsitu, vote yourself іmperatorom, s іmenem Napoleon III.

Other Location schodo Sealy revolyutsіynogo vibuhu zaynyala Avstrіya. її tsіsar Ferdіnand in 1848 rotsі zrіksya throne, i yogo Location zaynyav Novi tsіsar - Franz Josef - yaky pospіshiv dati konstitutsіyu.

Skoristavshis s Weakening Avstrії, povstali Madjar, SSMSC hotіli progolositi his power Square. On Relief Avstrії rosіysky tsar Mykola 1 Wieslaw vіyska, SSMSC priborkali madyarіv. Mikola 1 boyavsya scho revolyutsіya s Madyarschini will spread to pіdvladnih Yomou powers.

In Chehії Pocha Renaissance, i Czechs vimagali zvіlnennya od nіmtsіv i stvorennya okremogo cheskogo Soim. Tsim time stench arrogant porazki: avstrіyska artilerіya zbombarduvala Prague, i Chehіya Bula pіdkorena Avstrії.

1848 roku call together to Prague Slov'yansky Z'їzd, yaky pіdkresliv values ​​slov'yanstva in borotbі proti nіmtsіv.

1849 rock in Іtalії revolyutsіoneri zaynyali Rome i will vote Rimsku Respublіku, ale Won potrivala nenadovgo: frantsuzkі vіyska privernuli old way.

In 1840 their Rokach Rosіyska іmperіya not zvazhayuchi on її zovnіshnyu force experienced vnutrіshnіy rozpad, Admіnіstratsіyny aparata viyavlyav nezdatnіst keruvati іmperієyu. In ekonomіtsі Postal rіznі zmіni. Novi stan "rіznochintsіv" giblets vіdsuvav nobles. Naypopulyarnіshі pismenniki Russie nalezhali to rіznochintsіv V. Bєlіnsky (1811-1848), A. Herzen (1812-1870) boule propovіdnikami materіyalіzmu i vistupali proti krіpatstva that monarhіzmu. Herzen emіgruvav to Anglії i in zhurnalі "Bell" Thunder rosіysku Reigning system. In rіznih mіstsyah Russie postavali taєmnі revolyutsіynі gurtki. Naybіlshim s them CCB zasnovany 1845 rock in Peterburzі gurtok Petrashevskoto to yakogo nalezhav M. Dostoevsky. Metoyu tsogo gurtka Bulo pіdgotoviti Narodne insurrection. Roku 1849 gurtok CCB vikriti polіtsієyu i noticed to chlenіv yogo on Sibіr. Gurtok Petrashevskogo dіyav one hour іz Kirilo-Metodіїvskim Brotherhood.

Usі tsі revolyutsіynі nastroї - i in Zahіdnіy Evropі, i in Russie - posilyuvali revolyutsіynі Ruhi in Ukraїnі, reached selyanstva th viklikali sensitive about blizke skasuvannya krіpatstva. Shirilisya selyanskі insurrection. On Volinі pomіschiki tіkali іz svoїh maєtkіv to Zhitomir, de Bulo vіysko, i zvertalisya to the king s Prokhanov about Relief. 1848 rock tsarskі gendarmes viareshtuvali in Polschі 574 uchasnikіv polskogo natsіonalno-vizvolnogo Ruhu. According Ukraїnі shirilisya listіvki s zaklikom to zagalnogo insurrection.

In 1848 they have Polschі Rokach, Bіlorusі, Ukraїnі that Basarabії zaprovadzheno "Nadzvychaina sytuatsia camp" i zagostreno censorship. Reaktsіya zapanuvala in Russie.

For such minds OOO Russian Federation joined in vіynu s Turechchinoyu. Pragnennya rosіyskih tsarіv zdobuti vihіd s Chorny Sea zustrіchalo sprotiv not tіlki Turechchini, yak volodіla vihodom CIM, ale th Anglії, yak small great vpliv on Turechchinu th plyanuvala zahopiti Cream i Caucasus. Rosіysky Uryadov not vrahuvav, scho to Turechchini that її tread Anglії priєdnayutsya Frantsіya that Avstrіya, SSMSC boule takozh zaіnteresovanі at Rink on Blizkomu Shodі i do not hotіli zmіtsnennya Russie in the Balkans. Mikola 1 vimagav od turetskogo Uryadov Yomou send out to the protectorate over the Orthodox in Turechchinі.

Vіyna velasya on Krymska pіvostrovі, perevazhno Sebastopol Area information overlaid vіyskami soyuznikіv. Pіslya odinadtsyatimіsyachnoї oblogi tsya zruynovana Fortress skapіtulyuvala.

Vіyna viyavila Povny nezdatnіst rosіyskogo komanduvannya: armіya, scho bula vimushtrovana parades, not to Bula pіdgotovlena vіyni; іntendantstvo obkradalo її; tehnіchne ozbroєnnya Bulo vіdstale; komunіkatsії boule Nadzvychaina sytuatsia slabі. "The collapse of the scho yogo arrogant OOO Russian Federation in Krimskіy vіynі, CCB collapse tsіloї derzhavnoї system", - wrote D. Doroshenko. Mikola not vitrimav soromu 1 st otruїvsya. Prestіl pereyshov to yogo sina, Oleksandr P.