Історія України - Полонська-Василенко Наталія: Том 2

C) Trading

А ) Внутрішня торгівля . Внутрішня торгівля в кінці XVIII і in the XIX century. Zosedredzhuvalasya at the fairs in the postwar markets, sebto - in the markets and in kramnitsy.

The fairs of the Mali are of great significance in the economy of Ukraine, they are very happy with the trading calls of the people in remote locations, the security of the people in need of goods, especially if they have not been damaged in the initial stage and in the course of the sun. Shosseynikh dorіg not bool, tilki in the 1350-th of them rocked the Shosse mіzh Kiev and Berestey, Kharkov and Moscow. In 1867, the company was held in Ukraine by the Persian Hall of the People's Artist of Ukraine Kyiv and the Course. Buli rіchkovі shlyachi spoluchennia, ale on bolshikh arterіah mali stink heavy burdens: on the Dnieper - rapids, on the Dniester - kaminnya, that th of the trivala nepovny rik. On the Dnieper went barges, visceral ships, flesh. The first steam engine was lowered to Rock 1823, and the fate of 1838 was fueled by a steam engine company, while two steam-melt vessels were small.

For such minds spoluchennya, zvichayno, fairs maly svezne znachennya. Вони були різноманітні: fairs of the allukrainian one of the all-Russian meaning, on yakі have come to the merchant's attention and to the z-shtordon. So bouf fairs of Khreshchensky, a spoiler in Dubna, and rock of 1797 transfers to Kiev, de mav vin named "Contracts." It was the same as the name for that, that dyodichi that merchant laid there contract on the original kind of delivery. On the Contracts, from 10 to 15 thousand people came, and the product quality reached 2.6 million karbovanets. We brought to the Kontraktovy fairs the products of the Silesian statehood, tsukor, mothers, dishes, juvenile virobes, calisthenics, books, music, paintings, music, and so on. The buyers, merchants from Ukraine, Russia, the Caucasus, Sibir, Venice, Poland, France, Turechcin, Austria, Nimeccini arrived. Zvazhayuchi for the great z'їddіdіchіv, at Kievі vіdіvаvаvаti concerts, balі, performance; The opera was performed by the Italians. Vikoristovoychi great natip riznomannitnogo people, Decembrists for an hour Contracts recognized their own conspiratorial obstacles. «Київські контракти» зберігали своє значення to першої світової війни, especially in the trading of candied fruits.

Velike znachennya mali kharkivskі fairs - теж Хрещенський та Іллінський. On Khreshchenskii there were up to 40,000 people. Fairs of Buli zagalnі th spetsialnі, yak, napriklad, kіnnі, de sold tilki horses (Gadyach, Єlisavetgrad, Novomirgorod, Voznesensk, Novomoskovsk); "Vovnyany", de sold tilki vovnu - such buv Troitsky fairs near Kharkiv. Buli fairs near the great cities - Kiev, Kharkov, Poltava, Katerinoslav, Chernivtsi, in the towns - Krolevtsi, Sumakh, Gadyachomu ta., Bagato fairs in the villages. Shodo assortimentu goods, then sylski mali інший nature: here she went thin, коні, селянські вироби, потрібний для села крам. Buli fairs kіlkadennі, аle buli th soі, scho trivali on kіlka tіzhnіv, napriklad, Georgiіvskij at Gadyachomu trivаv up to п'яти тижнів. At the trade fair, they traded in a very different way with that horned leanness.

Before the fairs were close to the nature of the Silesian and Mis'ka bazaars, they were attracted to the camp of ravages on the sepulchral of the acknowledged day. At the bazaar came, the villagers came with their own products, and takozh kramarі z riznim kramom. At mistakh they drank the dacha bazaars, on yak brought villagers own products.

З кінця XVIII ст. Починається еволюція міст, зміна їх соціального та економічного nature. Msta vidrivayutsya vіd sіl'skogo gosdarstva, in them rozvivayutsya handicrafts, manufactories. At znachnih mistah Ukraini zanovuyutsya on kolka tjatkіv manufactories of the original genus, the rulers of some buli merchants that country. In Kiev, Kharkov, Kherson, Odesa, buli dozens of rare species of virobnits.

Naprikinsky XVIII century. On mіstah і містечках України було вже багато постійних крамниць із різноманітним крамом. Stretch pershoy half of the XIX century. Кількість купців в Україні збільшувалася: for an hour from 1825 to 1861 rock in provincial towns vona grew 10.5 times. Nairobli zrostana kіlkіst komertsіv in Odessі - from 1797 to 1857 rock in 42 times.

Дуже цікаве питання про національність купецтва України XIX століття. Vzhe for Pіvdennoї України відзначалося перевагу неукраїнців у містах: Єлисаветграді - росіяни, переважно старообрядці в Херсоні - греки, вірмени, поляки, французи, in Маріюполі - the Greeks, in Нахічевані - вірмени і т. Д., In Odessa, the yaka was famous for its cosmopolitanism, The Greeks overran, virmim, zhidi, італійці. On Pravoberezhnnyi Ukrainy, the merchants of the Poles of the Caucasus were overloaded. In 1830-their rock, due to the order of Mikoli I, was transferred to Kiyova from the Russian merchants with great capital, they invested a little in the middle of the Ukrainian merchant's warehouse. So before Kiyeva arrived - Degtyarov, Masalitinov, Folomin, Bohatiryov, Єлісєєв та інші.

The staple of the XIX century. In Ukraine multiplied trading postles of nature: kramnitsi, lockers, yatki . At bugatokh mistakh kramnitsi mistilisya in tach zavanyh trading rows. Kilkist postinyk kramnits zrostala not tilki on mistah, ale th on mistechkah that villages. About zostannya kіlosti kramnitsa svyadchat takі figure: rock 1825 in Ukraine bulo vlyogo 3.662 kramnitsi, and in 1861 rotsi - 15.089, sebto 4 times more. In the active gubernias, kilkіst kramnits zrostala vche shvidshomu tempi: the Volinskii gubernii - more yak in 11 times; In Podilskiy - in 6, in Zhitomiri - from 97 to 098, in Kam'yantsy-Podilsky - from 162 to 305. In Malih kіlkіst the kramnitsy for the time of the hour grew up: in Borzny, Chernigivsky guberniya, from 2 to 58, in Zinkov , Poltava province, from 2 to 43, in the Sqvi-ri, Kiev province, from 2 to 183. In the town of Rzhshtsev, Kiev province, in 1845 rotsi bulo 39 kramnits, in Brusilov, Podilsko guberniia, - 53. In 1854 rotsi in Kharkiv Boule 991 kramnitsa, 26 of them were traded in juvenile speeches, 11 books, 7 - porcelain and that with filmed virobes. At 1845 rotsi in Kiev 3 books, 2 kramnitsy from Krishtalevim and porcelain dishes, 6 - iz modish goods.

Postyynimi competitors kupitsv Buli mishtani, kozaki, villagers, nobles, and all of them merchants were fighting. Kuptsi sublimated for three years , ripped off "trading deputies", they looked at the wagons of the trade, for the time, they did not trade individuals, they were not malicious at all.

In the XVIII and the early half of the XIX century. Промисловість і торівля України були tісно зв'язані з цеховою оргаізацією, яка заберегла багато з традицій XVII ст., Хоч офіційно 1786 року цехи it was renamed to "upravi", and the keyhole of keychains - to "treasurer" and "scribe". Workshops of Mali's own yards, in some boules of kramnitsi for the sale of vibrocks to the shop, svitlitsi, de vidbuvalis zbori member-bratchikiv, stood korogvi ti koni, and takozh skrinka, de zberigalisya grammoti dokumenty shop. Tsekhmeister spyglyadav skargi і judging members. Tsehova organizatsiya little right to control the product of production and rezno zhonoronyala monopoly workshop against the competition of non-members of the shop; Suedfully stitched for priymannami from "meystri" and "pidmayustri" Characteristic, for example, the rules of the Ryznitsky shop in Kiev, one of the nibaghatshih: vin mav its rіznitsyu and zaboronyv rіzati thinness in інших різницях. Shop mav lodovnі, kramnitsi, lockers on the market. Analogic rules of the Mav Ribalsky shop. Deyaki workshops nahahovuvali bagato fahіvtsіv і іннів.

On the cobble of the XIX century, the napoleonovs'kih vine, poblushuyutsya promislovіst, zrostaє kіlkіst підприємств, розвивається handicrafts and vibroits. In Kiev, for example, in the handicraft industry, there were fewer people in the world, nizh at promislovost: 6.048 remіsnikіv that 200 vіznikіv.

The organisation workshops were dubbed in Ukraine in 1831, and in Kiev - in 1835, the relics of ikh were sunk to the revolution in 1917: on the parade, workshops were held in their church with their own prapors, in the form of boules of workshops by emblems: knives - For the Kravetsky Workshop, for the Chebot - for Shevsky and others.

The other half of the XIX century. Characterize burhlivim rozvitkom promislovosti ta torghivli. To Tsyomu, the steam fusion of the budivnitzva fought the hall. In all the great water crafts, the steam-transport transport was lagging.

У різних підприємствах України починає грати помітну рожу чужоземний капітал, the head ranks of the machinebuilding and the reservoir of promiscuity; Organizuyut traders and promyslovі companies; Velikі pіdpriєstva obeditsya in syndicati (in 1887 the syndicate "tsukrozavodchikiv" was founded, until the governors of the most famous tsukrovaren entered: Bobrynski, Kharitonenki, Tereshchenka, Brodsky and іnshі). З кінця XVIII ст. Z'yavlyayutsya beside velikikh mistakh birzhi, yakі spriyayut o'ednannu komersantіv, їх trading operations.

The rozvitok promyslovosti і torzhіvli viklikav poshirennya rіznogo goda kreditvikh ta asekuratsіnyh operatsiy. Vinikla is consumed in cans. З 1860-them років в Україні були тільки філії-контори державно російського a bank. In the 1860-th of them rock private banks: in-kind loans, commercials, promises, and takozh poschkovo-oschadny kasi.

In Galicia, the possession of Austro-Ugorshchina dyaly fіlії Austro-ugorskih bankov. In the twentieth century. Zasnovuyut here перші українські ощадні каси: "Віра" - в Перемишлі 1894 року; Crediting the "Dnister" partnership near Lviv in 1895; The Craiovy Credit Union of Lviv in 1898.

In 1860-their rock in Ukraine co-operative collapse , the main zavdannyam yakogo bulo dopomoggi zvilnenomu villages. The first cooperative societies are trespassed: in 1866 they were settled in Kharkov, in loans - 1869 rubles. In Gadyachomu, in the Poltava region; In Sokirinets, the mother of G. Halakan. The first cooperatives were poorly developed, the population was not up to the point where they were prepared, the adminis- tration was placed before them negatively and not in general. Rock 1895 in Ukraine there are 250 cooperative partnerships. Tilki in 1897 rotsi buv zatverdzheny statute, for a yakym began zasnovuvati cooperative partnership.

In Західній Україні an ear of co-operative ruhu pokladen in 1870-them рок organізацією at parafіah brotherly кас, шпихлірів тощо. Rock 1891 with "Prosvity" is based on poschki kasi. The most important thing is small co-operation - "Narodna Trade", founded in Lviv in 1883 rock.