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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Ohanian GA

Diferentsіatsіya dohodіv population

Chastina dohodіv population postupovo peretvoryuєtsya on the subject spozhivannya i rіznomanіtnі Hotel. Same on stadії spozhivannya viyavlyaєtsya diferentsіatsіya dohodіv. People s rіznih reason not mozhut otrimuvati absolutely odnakovі income. Vodnochase, yak stverdzhuє Ekonomichna teorіya not mozhna dopuskati nekontrolovanostі diferentsіatsії dohodіv, oskіlki Tse Mauger prizvesti to znachnoї nevipravdanoї polyarizatsії suspіlstva scho Mauger mother polіtichnі, sotsіalnі th ekonomіchnі negativnі naslіdki. W ekonomіchnoї point Zora, suspіlstvo not matim mozhlivostі popovnyuvati require Economy Kraina dostatnoyu kіlkіstyu kvalіfіkovanih fahіvtsіv, s sotsіalnoї - zagostryatsya sotsіalnі protirіchchya; s polіtichnoї - He can be bude dosyagti polіtichnoї stabіlnostі in suspіlstvі.

Diferentsіatsіya dohodіv population - vazhlivy yelement vnutrіshnoї polіtiki powers, that i won Tsei Got kontrolyuvati processes, dwellers zabezpechiti sotsіalno bezpechny rіven in suspіlstvі. Diferentsіatsіya dohodіv viznachaєtsya rozvitkom productive forces i virobnichih vіdnosin i od ekonomіchnih deposits, demografіchnih i sotsіalnih chinnikіv. Diferentsіatsіyu dohodіv mozhna naochno Show through spіvvіdnoshennya rіvnіv materіalnoї zabezpechenostі nayzamozhnіshih 10% i 10% naymensh zabezpechenih population group (dotsіlny koefіtsієnt). In Ukraїnі tse spіvvіdnoshennya uniquely zroslo. Thus, in 1992 p. vono becomes 1: (7.5-8.0), and vzhe at 1998 p. - 1: 13.5. For danimi Derzhavnoї podatkovoї admіnіstratsії Ukraine, in 2000 r. ofіtsіyno zareєstrovano 40 mіlyonerіv. Napriklad have Nіmechchinі їh chiselnіst on the cob 2000 r. It becomes 365 tis. osіb.

Main metoyu sovereign rozpodіlu i pererozpodіlu rinkovih dohodіv Je zmenshennya rіzkoї diferentsіatsії dohodіv population of rіvnem dohodіv i kapіtalu. Zmіni in revenues in minds perehіdnoї Economy zumovlenі strіmkim padіnnyam real dohodіv population zmіnami in їh strukturі, zrostannyam diferentsіatsії dohodіv population.

Meza bіdnostі

W urahuvannyam svіtovogo dosvіdu i pributkіv, oderzhuvanih ostannіmi rokami in Ukraїnі, rіven malozabezpechenostі mozhna oharakterizuvati troma of elements, that abo scho vіdobrazhayut Inshyj rіven income: prozhitkovy, fіzіologіchny i ​​sotsіalny mіnіmum.

Prozhitkovy mіnіmum - tse mіnіmalna Quantity zhittєvih zasobіv, neobhіdnih for pіdtrimannya zhittєdіyalnostі pratsіvnika that vіdnovlennya yogo robochoї Seeley. Vіn viznachaє bottom Mezhuyev suspіlno neobhіdnogo rіvnya Zhittya for Pevnyi sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih minds rozvitku suspіlstva.

When analіzі prozhitkovogo mіnіmumu rozrіznyayut fіzіologіchny mіnіmum - vartіst tovarіv i poslug, neobhіdnih for zadovolennya mainly fіzіologіchnih require that sotsіalny mіnіmum (budget mіnіmalnogo prosperity) - mіnіmalnі normalized zadovolennya fіzіologіchnih, sotsіalnih i spirituality require tobto vartіst tovarіv i poslug, SSMSC suspіlstvo viznaє neobhіdnimi for zberezhennya priynyatnogo rіvnya Zhittya.

Rіven prozhitkovogo mіnіmumu zumovleny such chinnikami: dinamіka tsіn, іnflyatsіya, kіlkіsna otsіnka set spozhivchih goods i poslug.

Rіvnі income taxes the population can be schematically (Figure 24.): • the value of income, scho vіdobrazhaє upper Mezhuyev malozabezpechenostі. Tse rіven income for yakogo yogo oderzhuvachіv not mozhna vvazhati serednozabezpechenimi, tse mіnіmalny spozhivchy budget, boundary bіdnostі, porіg bіdnostі i t. Іn. Yogo specific values ​​in percentage viznachaєtsya od serednogo income characteristic Pevnyi suspіlstva. Єvropeysky Union rekomenduє viznachati upper Mezhuyev bіdnostі rіvnі to 60% od serednogo income in derzhavі;

Fig. 24. Rіvnі incomes of the population

• The amount of income, scho vіdobrazhaє bottom Mezhuyev malozabezpechenostі. Tse mіnіmalny rіven income yaky yogo daє mozhlivіst oderzhuvachu zadovolnyati on mіnіmalno permissible rіvnі elementarnі required. Dohіd Tse, scho Power Got Suchasna tsivіlіzovana zabezpechuvati cutaneous member suspіlstva. Lower boundary malozabezpechenostі vіdpovіdaє priblizno 40% od serednogo income in derzhavі;

• The amount of income, scho vіdobrazhaє garantovany powers rіven zabezpechenostі. Taqiy dohіd, yak usually not perevischuє verhnoї mezhі malozabezpechenostі i do not Mensch for її bottom Mezhuyev, tobto fіzіologіchny mіnіmum; Tsey rіven Je sotsіalnim mіnіmumom. Specific forms of garantіy shaping can Buti ofіtsіyno viznachenі rozmіri pensіy, zarobіtnoї pay, vikoristannya rіznih penny surcharges that іnshih zasobіv Relief. On roztashuvannya garantovanogo powers mіnіmumu mіzh the top is the bottom mezheyu malozabezpechenostі vplivaє low chinnikіv: Economy Kraina camp, osoblivostі sotsіalnoї polіtiki powers.

Supreme Radoyu Ukraine of 1 sіchnya 1997 p. Bula vstanovlena magnitude mezhі malozabezpechenostі in rozmіrі 70.9 UAH at 1998 p. її rozmіr becomes 73.7 UAH at 1999 p. - 90.7 UAH. Meza malozabezpechenostі - tse sotsіalny sukupnogo standard of per capita income, yaky zabezpechuє nepratsezdatnomu gromadyaninovі spozhivannya tovarіv i poslug on mіnіmalnomu rіvnі, vstanovlenomu zakonodavstvom. Vvazhaєtsya, scho 7% of the population of Ukraine mozhna vіdnesti to Bhagat (rіven їh income - up to $ 3,000 US mіsyats.) I vodnochase 18% gromadyan toil dohіd od 20 to 100 dollars. The US, and 35% of the population toil slit nizhchі income - od of 10 to 20 dollars. United States, with 40% of the population of Ukraine revenues stanovlyat less then $ 10. on mіsyats. Taqiy pererozpodіl svіdchit about gliboku diferentsіatsіyu dohodіv population in Ukraїnі i seryoznіst about problems pov'yazanih s bіdnіstyu. For danimi podatkovoї admіnіstratsії, in 2000 r. in Ukraїnі nalіchuvalos bіdnih 28.6%, 14.2% of them s perebuvali on mezhі zubozhіnnya.

Perehіd to rinkovoї Economy pov'yazany s viniknennyam problemi rozpodіlu income in suspіlstvі. Power about those yak neobhіdno rozpodіlyati dohіd, i Got longtime superechlivu іstorіyu. Okremі ekonomіsti vvazhayut scho Basics stabіlnogo rozvitku Economy Je rіvnіst in rozpodіlі income INSHI dotrimuyutsya protilezhnoї point Zora, zgіdno s yakoyu pragnennya to rіvnostі in rozpodіlі income not Mauger stimulyuvati zrostannya virobnitstva i generally produces to Creasy Economy.

The main argument to korist rіvnogo rozpodіlu income Yea those scho vіn neobhіdny for maksimіzatsії zadovolennya potreb spozhivachіv, tobto granichnoї korisnostі. The main argument to korist nerіvnostі dohodіv Je neobhіdnіst zberezhennya stimulіv to pratsі, virobnitstva produktsії that zrostannya income.

For viznachennya stage nerіvnostі dohodіv in makroekonomіchnіy nautsі vikoristovuyut Lorenz curve (Fig. 25). Theoreticity mozhlivіst absolyutnoї rіvnovagi in rozpodіlі dohodіv presented in grafіku in viglyadі bіsektrisi Kuta coordinates yak svіdchit, scho in suspіlstvі іsnuє absolute rіvnovaga in rozpodіlі otrimanogo income tobto 20% of the population otrimayut 20% of revenue and 40% of the population - 40% i t іn. . For absolyutnoї nerіvnostі rozpodіlu dohodіv is straight OE staє Similar to sail i pokazuє, naskіlki real abo factuality situatsіya vіdrіznyaєtsya od іdealnoї. Dіlyanka mіzh lіnієyu scho poznachaє absolutely rіvnіst rozpodіlu dohodіv, i Lorenz curve vіdobrazhaє stupіn nerіvnostі dohodіv. Scho tsya bіlsha dіlyanka then bіlshy stupіn nerіvnostі dohodіv. Yakbi factuality rozpodіl dohodіv CCB absolutely odnakovim, the Lorenz curve i b i bіsektrisa zbіglisya RPPOs zniknuv bi tobto bula b deprivation is straight OE.

Shcho bіlshe Lorenz curve vіdhilyaєtsya od pryamoї OE, then vischy stupіn diferentsіatsії penny dohodіv population. Vihodyachi s tsogo can skazati scho nerіvnіst dohodіv harakterizuєtsya stage

Fig. 25. The Lorenz curve

vіdhilennya krivoї Lorentz od bіsektrisi Kuta coordinates. Tse vіdhilennya mozhna vimіryati through vіdnoshennya ploschі fіguri mіzh Lorenz curve i direct OE to ploschі vsogo trikutnika OEJ. So obchislyuєtsya pokaznik, yaky in lіteraturі dіstav titles koefіtsієnta kontsentratsії dohodіv, abo koefіtsієnta Dzhinі, yaky slit nazivayut іndeksom

Fig. 26. The Lorenz curve in razі bіlshogo ugrupovannya population

kontsentratsії dohodіv. Koefіtsієnt Dzhinі pokazuє character rozpodіlu vsієї sumi dohodіv population mіzh okremimi GROUP. For rіvnomіrnogo rozpodіlu dohodіv in suspіlstvі koefіtsієnt Dzhinі dorіvnyuє 0 scho vischy stupіn polyarizatsії suspіlstva for rіvnem dohodіv then blizhchy Tsey koefіtsієnt 1.

Koefіtsієnt Dzhinі G obchislyuєtsya of formula

Meaning koefіtsієnta deposits od of naskіlki drіbnі groupies population analіzuyut doslіdniki. The Lorenz curve іdealі guilty naspravdі mother viglyad krivoї instead lamanoї lіnії (Fig. 26). Koefіtsієnt Dzhinі Ukraїnі in 1997 at p. becomes 0,71-0,74, todі yak at Shvetsії - 0.304, USA - 0.466. Yak bachimo, sotsіalne rozsharuvannya in Ukraїnі dosyaglo critical rіvnya. Dwellers zmenshiti sotsіalnu naprugu in suspіlstvі, neobhіdno zmіniti situatsіyu s prozhitkovim mіnіmumom yak Basic Elements sotsіalnoї garantії.

Power about optimіzatsіyu rozpodіlu dohodіv Got vazhlive theoreticity i practicality value. Yogo rozv'yazannya spriyatime naykraschomu zadovolennyu potreb population stimulyuvatime rozvitok virobnitstva.