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Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 1

Hetman Petro-Konashevich Sagaidachniy (1616-1622)

Naybіlshe uspіhіv the glory zdobulo kozatstvo for Hetman Peter Sagaidachnogo Konashevich. Hike іz shlyahetskoї Rodini s Sambіrschini in Galichinі, vіn Dіstav osvіtu in Ostrozkіy Academy, served in sudі i pіshov to Zaporіzhzhya. Smіlivіst, vіdvaga, vidatnі admіnіstrativnі zdіbnostі visunuli yogo on Hetman.

Sagaidachniy provіv ґruntovnu reform kozatstva, peretvorivshi okremі partizanskі gang on a regular vіysko s Suvorov distsiplіnoyu. Sagaidachniy Brave fate in campaigns against Moldavіyu, Lіvonіyu, ale bunt rank proslavivsya morskimi campaigns on Crime that Turechchinu. 1616 rock zdobuv Kaffa, de CCB naybіlshy nevіlnikіv rinok, i zvіlniv їh.

Pid clutches of turetskogo Uryadov Polscha put Sagaidachnyi vimogu pripiniti attacking on Turechchinu th obmezhiti Quantity reєstrovih Kozakіv: vipisati "remіsnikіv" vіytіv, kuptsіv, .shinkarіv, burmіstrіv, kravtsіv. Tsya vimoga vkazuє to those who h skladalosya kozatstvo.

In Obstavini sklalisya so scho prince Vladislav, yaky LUVs 1617 virushiv rock at Moscow dwellers uzyati "its power" opinivsya І618 rock in duzhe skrutnih minds. Todі on Relief pospіshiv Sagaidachniy of 20-tisyachnim vіyskom: zdobuv Putivl, Єlets, Lіvy i s polskimi vіyskami pіdstupiv to Moscow. Naslіdkom campaign Vladislav Bulo Deulіnske peremir'ya of rock Well, for Yakim Polscha dіstala Smolensku that Sіversku zemlі. Not zvazhayuchi on Relief, scho vryatuvala Vladislav od Polona flattered Primus Sagaydachnogo zmenshiti number reєstrovih kozakіv to 3000 cholovіka; Rasht pіshla on Zaporіzhzhya.

Meaning Sagaydachnogo polyagalo not deprivation in viznachnіy vіyskovіy dіyalnostі: vіn, Purshia s Kozatska getmanіv, poєdnav Interests aktivnіshih group ukrajins'koho gromadyanstva - kozatstva, mіschanstva th clergy. Sagaidachnogo takozh Purshia s getmanіv, wider at its dіyalnіst Kiev, yaky znovu becoming polіtichnim oseredkom novoї Ukraine.

In that hour at Kiєvі in tsentrі gurtka osvіchenih people standing Archimandrite Kiєvo-Pechers'ka Monastery Єlisey Pletenetsky. M. Grushevskogo vluchno skharakterizuvav yogo these words: (Pletenetsky) "nova vіdkriv Dobou in Zhittya seї tverdinі ukrajins'koho asceticism th Zroby s Pechers'ka Monastery pershoryadnu cultural force." Pletenetsky skupchiv bilja Monastery of naykraschі naukovі that lіteraturnі Sealy, yak Pamba Berynda, Zaharіy Kopistensky, Lavrentіy Zizanіy, Yaw Boretsky - Purshia Rector Bratskoї school that INSHI. Pletenetsky 1615 having bought at rock Sіryatinі Drukarnya, zasnovanu Gideon Balaban pid hour Borotba s Lvіvskim Brotherhood, i perevіz її up of Kyiv. Over 15 rokіv tsya Drukarnya vipustila Ponad 30 Vidanov - bіlshe, yak vipustili OAO All Ukrainian drukarnі, once uzyatі 3 CIM gurtkom zv'yazane zasnovane 1615 rock fraternity yakogo to enter the "innumerable" rіznogo people: the clergy s Pechers'ka gurtka, mіschanstvo, gentry. 1616 rock vpisavsya to Demba i Hetman Sagaidachniy s "usіm Vіyskom Zaporozkim" priynyavshi brotherhood pid his protektsіyu. Brotherhood zluchilosya Zi school, ufundovanoyu Galshkoyu Gulevichіvnoyu at cholovіkovі Lazko on podarovanіy her ploschі that s zasnovanim on її ґruntі Bogoyavlenskim Monastery.

Pid hour shirokoї dіyalnosti Sagaydachnogo on Zaporіzhzhі skupchuvalisya nezadovolenі s yogo polіtiki Contrary Polschі. Vіn іshov on actions vichіkuyuchi nagodi rozpochati vіynu s flattered: obmezhennya reєstru kozakіv, zaborona vihoditi to toscho sea. Ale Kozatska masa not podіlyala yogo oberezhnosti. Identity Sagaydachnogo overthrown and getmanstva, and Hetman paying Yatska Nerodicha-warts predstavnika radical kozatstva. Pid yogo wire Cossacks negayno Pocha gotuvati pohіd on Chorny sea.

Against vtrata Zaporіzhzhya not zahitala encampments Sagaydachnogo: vіn zalishivsya Colonel vіyska Zaporіzkogo - ofіtsіyno pid "reґіmentom Hetman Warts" ale factuality - Povny hospodar "parish", yak not pіdlyagala Zaporіzhzhyu: Kiїvschini that Terehtimirova de linger statechne kozatstvo.

In koli tsієї ukraїnskoї іntelіgentsії zrodivsya plyan vryatuvannya Pravoslavnoї Church. Pіslya Beresteyskoї unії povolі OAO All pravoslavnі єpiskopi pereyshli on unіyu and Michael Kopistensky that Gideon Balaban died. Zalishivsya one Orthodox єpiskop Lvіvsky - Єremіya Tisarovsky. Marriage єpiskopіv to cope Orthodox velikі trudnoschі. Candidates for svyaschenikіv ever їzditi on visvyachennya for 500-600 kіlometrіv. Svyaschenikіv Bulo Zaman, dіti vmirali nehrischenі, starі - without spovіdі, fry without odruzhuvalasya vіnchannya. However, in Kiєvo-Pechers'ka manastirі z 1612 roku od o'clock hour loiter Metropolitan Neofіt Ambassador Oleksandrіyskogo patrіyarha, yaky in razі visvyachuvav require that the clergy of Holy Church.

Vorozhnecha mіzh Orthodox that unіyatami Bula obopіlna. Vische vzhe zvertalosya uwagi, scho Unіyatska Church is not small pіdtrimki zboku Roman katolikіv, polyakіv, SSMSC tіlki terpіli її. So OPIN Won mіzh dvoh vognіv: pravoslavnі nenavidіli unіyatіv yak zradnikіv and Poles - yak ukraїntsіv. Lachey dad pіdtrimuvav unіyu, ale Sіґіzmund PІ, pid vplivom polyakіv-senatorіv not vikonuvav nakazіv Papi. So zmalovuє encampment of Ukrainian Churches in XVII century. katolitsky іstorik G. Luzhnitsky. Vorozhnecha vilivalasya wild ekstsesah in yakih obidvі PARTIES zalishalisya zdebіlshogo bezkarnimi. 1606 rock in Slutsku yurba, obkidavshi kamіnnyam unіyatskogo Metropolitan Mikhailo cattail, pokalіchila Yogo. 1609 rock in Vіlnі fin Vіlensky, Ivan Tupenka, throwing s sword in the Metropolitan Іpatіya Potіya i vіdtyav Yomou two paltsі.

Metropolitan - Іpatіy Potіy (1599-1613) is the Joseph-Velyamin Rutsky (1613-1637) Mali title mitropolitіv Kiїvskih, ale kozatstvo not give їm zmogi vstupiti up of Kyiv. Roku 1610 vіyt that burgomіstri of Kyiv zvernulisya to zaporozkih kozakіv for Relief proti unіyatskogo іgumena Vidubitskogo Monastery, Antonіya Grekovicha, namіsnika Metropolitan Іpatіya Potіya, yaky does not allow a priest of the Orthodox praviti in Sofіyskomu Soborі. Roku 1618 the Cossacks vtopili Grekovicha in Dnіprі.

Not Mali naslіdkіv Skarga Metropolitan Joseph Velyamіna Rurskogo to lyublinskogo Tribunal on kiїvskih mіschan that the clergy, scho not viznavali Vladi Metropolitan Іpatіya Potіya i pіdburyuvali "Kozatska freemen" against unіyatіv and pіslya yogo death - i of Joseph Velyamіna Rutskogo. Sche ranіshe, 1614 rock, Metropolitan skarzhivsya on kozakіv for those scho dopomagali Єliseevі Pletenetskomu vіdbirati maєtnostі Kiєvo-Pechers'ka Monastery, SSMSC pereyshli to unіyatіv. So Cossacks vistupali yak oborontsі Orthodox have borotbі s unіyatami.

Zboku unіyatіv takozh not pripinyalasya Borotba s Orthodox. Ambassador Volins'ka, Lavrentіy Drevinsky on Soymі 1620 rock ofіtsіyno declare scho unіyati zachinyayut pravoslavnі church get poorer ecclesiastical Main, rozganyayut svyaschenikіv. In Pinsku Lіschinsky Monastery at Auburn tavern. In Vіlnі zaboroneno vinositi pokіynikіv through Zamkova Brahma; chentsіv, scho is not migrating to unіyu, Beating, kidayut to v'yaznits. "In a word - zakіnchiv vіn - ukrainian people suffers nechuvanu falsehood."

Polsky Uryadov not pіdtrimuvav unіyatіv ni, ni Orthodox. Rock 1618, potrebuyuchi Relief kozakіv for vіyni against Moscow, vіn obіtsyav "Orthodox people gretskoї relіgії" spokіy, freedom of worship, freedom to relіgіynih right, Ale tse greedy zaspokoєnnya no avail.

In such minds that Sagaidachniy kiїvskі vischі verstvi priyshli to perekonannya, scho stink shaping can tіlki samі ponoviti ієrarhіyu, bo, in vipadku death Yeremii Tisarovskogo, Won pripinilasya b. Nagodu to tsogo giving Єrusalimsky patrіyarh Teofana scho 1620 roku povertavsya up Ukraine s through Moscow. In most kordonі zustrіli patrі-yarha Cossacks, i pid їh receptionists vіn pribuv up of Kyiv. Pіslya Narad іz Sagaydachnogo clergy that nobility, Theophan, s participation Sofіyskogo Metropolitan Neofіta that єpiskopa Stragonskogo Avraamіya, takі perebuvali todі in Kiєvі, visvyativ on Metropolitan Yaw Boretskogo that p'yat єpiskopіv on katedri: Polotsku, Lutsk, Volodimirsku, Peremisku that Holmsku.

Tsei fact - visvyata without Zgoda - becoming pіznіshe for formally privіd before scho Uryadov not polsky viznav ієrarhії 1620 roku. According sutі Uryadov MAV no nіchogo proti pravoslavnoї ієrarhії, yak bring G. Luzhnitsky. Todі, if the metropolitan Josif-unіyat Velyamіn Rutsky throwing on novih Vlad oath polsky klіr іz Primate Ґembschkim unії not harrowed. In 1631 Soymі katolitskі rock ambassadors, senators, єpiskopi - not hotіli boroniti ushі.

Visvyachennya novoї pravoslavnoї ієrarhії vryatuvalo Orthodox Church od nebezpeki zalishitisya without clergy. W other side, there is little vono those values, scho right Pravoslavnoї Church in Polsko-Litovskіy derzhavі ofіtsіyno became pid Zahist kozatstva mіschanstva that, if povolі zmenshilosya number zahisnikіv її - ukraїnskoї nobility, scho dedalі bіlshe okatolichuvalasya. Novі Vlad manіfestі in 1621 p. vіtali kozakіv, nazivayuchi їh intercessors "Ruthenian people", scho "s voyuvav Gretskim kingdom that hristivsya s Volodymyr." Tse pіdnosilo authority Zaporіzhzhya minutes gave Yomou provіdne Location zhittі in Ukraine.

Polsky Uryadov LUVs vіdmovivsya viznati nova ієrarhіyu for the law, ale 1620 rock Pocha vіyna s Turechchinoyu. Pid Tsetsoroyu Turks rozbili Hetman Zholkevskogo, i Sіґіzmund W primusheny CCB prosieves Relief kozakіv. Pong got rid of warts getmanstva s th referring znovu Sagaydachnogo yaky putting minds viznannya polskim Uryadov novopostavlenih Vlad. King giving Zgoda words. Kozaki pid pid wire Sagaydachnogo zdobuli Hawtin bliskuchu Peremoga. Ale in combat Sagaidachniy CCB wounding i od died of wounds. Polsky Uryadov not vikonav obіtsyanki i novih not legalіzuvav Vlad.

The short Doba Sagaydachnogo Got great significance in іstorії Ukraine. W one side - vіn pіdnіs prestige ukrajins'koho kozatstva, Money Does zavdano serious impact pid Solonitseyu. Zavdyaki polіtitsі Sagaidachnogo Cossacks vistupayut on Pershe Location in Ukraine suspіlstvі i perebirayut on a meaning provіdnoї verstvi, yak vtrachaє povolі ukraїnska nobility, scho polonіzuєtsya i move to katolitstvo. Kozaki Vpershe vistupayut not tіlki, yak oborontsі villagers, ale yak th tread Pravoslavnoї Church. W other side - svoєyu dіyalnіstyu Sagaidachniy turning Kiev on the importance of cultural, relіgіynogo oseredku Ukraine. In Promova novovisvyachenih Vlad Vpershe vislovleno perekonannya scho Kyiv, s yogo Khorobrikh kozatstvom, ie truthfulness spadkoєmtsem Slavi Kiev Knyazhye chasіv: vstanovlyuvalosya іdeyu tyaglosti іstorichnogo processes; іstorichna traditsіya perekrivala the one used zdaval, prіrvu scho naslіdkom tatarskih, ruynatsіy that chuzhozemnih okupatsіy vіddіlyala Knyazhye up Ukraine-Rus od polskogo voevіdstva. Ale has been viewed slit rice, not to yak zvertalosya uwagi. Sam Sagaidachniy, yogo cultural otochennye - Єlisey Pletenetsky, Pamba Berynda, Lavrentіy Zizanіy and smut Yaw Boretsky, Purshia Metropolitan ponovlenoї Kiїvskoї Church Pravoslavnoї - boules Galicians. Tsim pіdkreslyuvalosya sobornіst Ukraine, CIM znovu zv'yazuvalosya in єdiny natsіonalny organіzm rozіrvanі course іstorії її Chastain. Shіst rokіv Trimai Sagaidachniy Vlad in svoїh hands - i for tsі Rocky peregornuv storіnku іstorії, umozhlivivshi nastupnі podії - Postan powers Khmelnytskyi.

Troch pіznіshe, 1628 roku, semigorodsky Prince, Bethlen Gábor seemed shvedskomu poslovі Strasburґerovі "vіdomy Poglyad Zamoyskogo, scho people Kozatskyi Mauger zatopiti flattered Yakscho znayde Rozumny that Gentry leader", i puts the power - chi not zmozhe zaporozky people zbuduvati okremu Rіch Commonwealth ? "