Історія України - Полонська Василенко Наталія: Том 1

Ґ) Cosatstvo

Stretch of the first half of the XVII century, not zvazhayuchi heavily in the wake of Solonice, the stratum of Nalivaika and Shauli , Cossacks did not fold zbroї. Sered kozatstva were learned in two ways: radical that is remembered. Pershya group was stored in uninvolved, insignificant cossacks, landless villagers, partly in the field, yukis were joking around the country's crusty dolly, they humbly implanted the fortress to the szlachta and the Poles. A group of people became the friend of the group, including Mali, the Yanti, the Dvori, Mali zv'yazki with the customs, the Minsk region, the gentry. The stubborn people tried to regain their status with a hat in their wake. Aly insults of the group were liberated. Otsya friend, pomirkovana, a group of "gorodokh kozakiv" was issued in the forefront of the XVI century. That in the first half of the XVIIth.

Cossacks began to be sent to the caspian camp, which did not go to Rech Pospolitiy. Stavlenya charge to a new boule nepepe: from one side of the Cossack boules finish potibnі for the power, yak defense of the Tatars, and that detachment recognizing the yak stan, or from the other side - the order of the manager is afraid of kozakiv і hoti їh zlіkvіduvati. The goal was to quantify the number of registered kozak residents: a number of skinheads, a number of people exchanging numbers, and a new demand in supplementary services required the number of zbylshuvati numbers (in 1624 the number of 6,000 registered kozak residents, 1630 rubles - 8,000, in 1635, 7000, in 1637 rivers-3000, in 1638 rivers - 6 000).

If they changed, the Cossacks, they did not get to the top, but already the blame was drawn, the boules were swinging to their panics, and the part of them was inflamed, as the "vipists" did not know.

Козаки були проміжним станом між шляхтою і селянами. Yak nobility, Cossacks buli zobov'azan service, buli zvіlennі vіd krіpatsvva ta panschini. Козаків відокоммлювала від селян воля, але від шлыти those, пo вони не мали закріпаченого селянства. Vishchі kozatsky vertices pravnuli zdobuty rights, rivnі zi shlyakhtoyu, in the number of the right voloditi peasants. Tse zamenilala zayazhnykh void kozakiv "pidususdkiv", yaki sacked on the ground, pratsyuvali on them, ale buli vilnі schodo right transition.

Polichnychny obstavney were stored so, scho znachennya kozatstva naprikintsi XVI - on the ear of the XVII century. It was growing. The stinkers gave glory to the famous warriors, and 1594 to the rock of the tsar, Rudolph, calling to the Spinless Borotby against Turecchini; With a whip of 30-year-old winters, pounding kozakіv took in nіy active fate. Koli on Moskvichinsky pochalosya "Time of Troubles", Ukrainian Cossacks took the fate of Masov at the military parties - then in Viaska "Falsehood" in 1604 rotsi, then in Vijsku himself King Sizimund. In the 1618 р. Stinks vryatuvali prince Vladislav z nebezpeki polonu. Blizkuchi peremogi on the Black Sea of ​​the cossack fliot (1606 rock - Varni's conquest, 1614 - Zinovnuvannya Sinopu ​​ta Trapezundu, 1615 - ziruchinuvannya front of Constantinople, 1616 - zdobuttya Kaffi) - zabezpechili kozatstvu Vys'kova syavu.

The cob of the XVII century. Kozaki to live with the elective sergeant-major, ignoring the polish vladu: "Ani magistrativ in the cities, ani starostiv, ani hetmaniv not listen, do not own the rights vstanovlyuyut, uryadovtsiv that the eldest seniors do not vyznayut, in the power of the friend power," - representing the king of Ukraine in the structure For соймиків.

Z bіgomu chasu kozatstvo, yak authority is authoritative, my brother actively participates in life in Ukraine. 1615 Hetman Sagaidachny, yak already zadano, at once із Військом Запорозьким, вписъється в Богоявленське Братство. Kozaki vimagayut turned to the orthodox St. Софії і zarrozhuyut death of naimіnikovі unyatskogo metropolitan Grekovichevі, yakshcho vin chinitime pereskodi in ts'omu, and in 1618 rock - to drive yogo. 1620 Cossacks vimagayut viskvyatiti orthodox є bishops. Pislya that stretch tenohok fateov zhurnonayut Orthodox Church and not allow any be compromised with Unitskoy Church.

A cliché of the stilted transformation can be seen, as the great power became the cossack in the first half of the 17th century.

The staple of the XVI century. Muscovite squad vzhivav zahodіv for the defense of his own південних володінь. Kraynia defensive line prikritih zasіkami, valami watchdog ішла з поріччя Suri na Desna, Novgorod-Sivershiy. In the middle of the XVI century. Укріплення не виступали далі поріччя To the Seim, reached Дннця. For їх охорони і роз'їздів beside the steppes there were no people bothering, znayomihh iz stepopim zhittyam. Odni yshli at the time of promises, and - settled in the lands "without panvs." That Moscow staff willingly adopted the Ukrainian emigrants; Some calling them "cherkasy". In the 16th c. Buduyut ukriplennya - Livni talets over Sosnoi, Voronizh - over the Don, Bilgorod - over the Dinets, Oskil and Valuiki - over Oskol, Kromk - above Okoju, Kursk - over the Sejm. Naidalsha na pіvden Бєлгородська «черта» в середині ХVП ст. Became the center of the defense of the organization of the Muscovite class, which did not scour the kostyas on the future.

Moskovskі come in i emіgratsіyny ukrainian ruh zustrіchayutsya hronologіchno i vzaєmno pіdtrimuyutsya: Maskovskiy Uryadov zabezpechuє of Ukrainian emіgrantіv earth, daє їm postіynu fee pid minds vіyskovoї service and ukraїnske kozatstvo shukaє Georeferencing pіslya catastrophic 1638 roku, if tens of tisyach lokozachenoї population size polsky Uryadov vikinuv s Kozatska lava.

Roku 1638, pislya nevdaloї bitvi pіd Zhovninom, hetman Yatsko Ostryanitsa (Ostryanin) with the regiment, with the homeland, pereishov the Moscow cordon, and the Moscow detachment allowing him to settle in the Chuguyevsky township. Z Ostryanitsy came to be 1000 people. Wongs zorganizovali vіysko to the image of Hetman, але підлягали московським воеводам. Nezabarom povalisya nevdovolenya: nasampered moskvyvie voevody little did not give land for settling, friend - lived such a zhorstok kar, before yaikih not zvikli Ukrainka navіt pid polskoyu vladoiu. Sam Ostryanitsa viklikav sered kozakiv obryrennya his "ugodivskoyu" politsikoyu soprot Moskvy, and in 1641 rotsi kozaki yogi scored. Ale did not stick to it.

"Emigration by the time of the decade to Khmelnychchyna assimilated the meaningful cadres of the people's populace, not defiled by the gentry yoke, they could take the fate of the great people's rukh and the other participants of the yogo zmitsniti," writing down the columns on the scheme of M. Grushevsky.