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Fіnansi of companies - Poddєrogіn AM

7. ROZDІL KREDITUVANNYA of companies

Osnovnі termіni i ponyattya: Oval credit; acceptance credit; bankіvsky credit; byudzhetnі poziki; vіdsotki for the credit; Reigning credit; Discount credit; komertsіyny credit; consignment; konsortsіonal-ny credit; kontokorentny credit; Credit lіnіya; kreditospromozhnіst; kredituvannya; lіzing; lіzingovy credit; ob'єkti kredituvannya; overdraft; Seasonal credit; factoring.

7.1. NEOBHІDNІST TA SUTNІST KREDITUVANNYA of companies

7.1.1. Circuit of companies KOSHTІV TA NEOBHІDNІST ZALUCHENNYA KREDITІV

Dіyalnіst pіdpriєmstva in sistemі rinkovoї Economy nemozhliva without perіodichnogo vikoristannya rіznomanіtnih forms zaluchennya kreditіv.

W glancing ekonomіchnogo credit - tse form pozichkovogo kapіtalu (in groshovіy abo tovarnіy forms), in the minds scho nadaєtsya Povernennya i obumovlyuє viniknennya Credit vіdnosin mіzh note hto nadaє credit, i note hto yogo otrimuє.

Zagalnoekonomіchnoyu the cause will appear Credit vіdnosin Je trademark virobnitstvo. Basics funktsіonuvannya loan Je ruh vartostі in sferі commodity obmіnu in protsesі yakogo vinikaє RPPOs have chasі mіzh Rukh product i yogo penny ekvіvalentom, vіdbuvaєtsya vіdokremlennya groshovoї FORMS vartostі od tovarnoї. Yakscho ruh trademark potokіv viperedzhaє penny, then pіdpriєmstva - spozhivachі tovarіv іz nastannyam pay for the time they do not toil zavzhdi dostatnі Costa, scho Mauger zupiniti Normal processes vіdtvorennya. Koli ruh penny potokіv viperedzhaє tovarnі, then pіdpriєmstvah nagromadzhuyutsya timchasovo vіlnі Costa.

Vinikaє superechnіst mіzh bezperervnim vivіlnennyam pennies in krugooborotі werewolf koshtіv i needed in postіynomu vikoristannі materіalnih i resursіv penny.

So rank, viniknennya i funktsіonuvannya loan pov'yazane s neobhіdnіstyu zabezpechennya bezperervnogo processes vіdtvorennya, іz timchasovim vivіlnennyam koshtіv in some pіdpriєmstvah the I appears to require them in іnshih. When tsomu viniknennya CreditFV x vіdnosin zumovlyuєtsya not by the fact of nezbіgu in chasі vіdvantazhennya product i yogo payment and uzgodzhennyam mіzh sub'єktami Credit vіdnosin minds schodo vіdstrochki payment Shlyakhov ukladannya kreditnoї land. Ale turnover tovarіv Je єdinoyu not the cause will appear Credit vzaєmovіdnosin. Ninі kreditnі vіdnosini vinikayut of whether yakoї ekonomіchnoї chi fіnansovoї operatsії scho pov'yazana іz zaborgovanіstyu one s uchasnikіv takoї operatsії.

Sort order s ob'єktivnoyu іsnuyut spetsifіchnі the basis of the reasons i viniknennya funktsіonuvannya Credit vіdnosin scho pov'yazanі s neobhіdnіstyu zabezpechennya bezperervnostі vіdnovlennya processes.

For rozvitku Credit vіdnosin neobhіdnі pevnі minds. According au-Perche, the participants are kreditnoї ground - i pozichalnik lender, toil Buti Yurydychna samostіynimi sub'єktami, SSMSC materіalno garantuyut vikonannya zobov'yazan. Alternatively, Interests sub'єktіv kreditnoї lands povinnі zbіgatisya.

For zabezpechennya vsogo processes vіdtvorennya neobhіdno, dwellers pіdpriєmstva Mali neobhіdnі oborotnі Costa, SSMSC stink vikoristovuyut for pridbannya werewolf virobnichih fondіv. Іz stadії virobnichih zapasіv oborotnі Costa rolling in UNFINISHED virobnitstvo and potіm Goths produktsіyu. In his Cherga ready Produkciya, priznachena for sale, staє item i realіzuєtsya. Viruchka od realіzatsії postupaє on rakhunok pіdpriєmstva.

For marriage Vlasnyi werewolf koshtіv pіdpriєmstva zaluchayut bankіvskі loans, Costa іnshih kreditorіv that komertsіyny (commercial) loan. Credit daє zmogu dotsіlnіshe organіzuvati koshtіv turnover of companies, not vitrachati digit fіnansovih resursіv on stvorennya zayvih zapasіv sirovini th materіalіv.

In protsesі kredituvannya of companies nasampered urahovuyutsya іndivіdualnі osoblivostі the circuit їhnіh koshtіv werewolf. Osoblivostі іndivіdualnogo the circuit koshtіv proyavlyayutsya of companies in rozbіzhnostі in chasі mіzh vivіlnennyam s turnover in vartostі groshovіy formі that avansuvannyam koshtіv in Novi turnover. Takі rozbіzhnostі vіdbuvayutsya, peredusіm through sezonnіst virobnitstva. Sezonnіst virobnitstva zumovlyuє in odnі perіodi viperedzhayuche zrostannya virobnichih vitrat porіvnyano s nadhodzhennyam koshtіv i sprichinyaє dodatkovu needful in Costa Ponad Ti, scho Yea in rozporyadzhennі pіdpriєmstva. In INSHI perіodi vitrati virobnitstva zmenshuyutsya abo zovsіm pripinyayutsya, zbіlshuєtsya vihіd gotovoї produktsії that nadhodzhennya groshovoї viruchki, Chastina yakoї viyavlyaєtsya timchasovo vіlnoyu.

Tacke cherguvannya zrostannya dodatkovih require of Costa i stvorennya timchasovo vіlnih zalishkіv їh on that same pіdpriєmstvі stvoryuyut ekonomіchnu real basis for vikoristannya kreditіv on formuvannya virobnichih i werewolf fondіv that repayment їh through Pevnyi hour.

Vzagalі osoblivostі іndivіdualnogo turnover koshtіv pіdpriєmstva zumovlyuyutsya bagatma ob'єktivnimi i sub'єktivnimi factors. Before ob'єktivnih faktorіv nalezhat:

* Galuzeva nalezhnіst pіdpriєmstva;

* Character virobnichogo processes;

* Sezonnіst virobnitstva.

Before sub 'єktivnih faktorіv nalezhat:

* Rіven organіzatsії virobnitstva;

* Rіven organіzatsії zbutu th postachannya;

* INSHI factors.

Rozrіznyayut two Vidi Circuit koshtіv pіdpriєmstva: vіdnosno rіvnomіrny i perevazhno nerіvnomіrny.

Purshia view vlastivy pіdpriєmstvam naftovoї, vugіlnoї, metalurgіynoї that іnshih Galuzo promislovostі. For the characteristic of companies tsієї groupies vіdsutnіst trivalogo lag (perіodu) mіzh nadhodzhennyam i vitrachannyam koshtіv.

Another type of companies is typical for legkoї, harchovoї, lіsovoї promislovostі, sіlskogospodarskih of companies. They zavzhdi vinikaє Pevnyi nevіdpovіdnіst mіzh vitratami koshtіv i nadhodzhennyam koshtіv od realіzatsії produktsії. Of companies have s nerіvnomіrnim torsion-gooborotom koshtіv dodatkova required in kreditі poyasnyuєtsya sezonnіstyu virobnitstva, trivalіstyu digit turnover of circulating koshtіv. Trivalіst virobnichogo cycle Mauger kolivatisya od kіlkoh dnіv (virobnitstvo deyakih nutritive produktіv) to kіlkoh months at i rokіv (virobnitstvo sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії, sudnobuduvannya).

Sub'єktami Credit vіdnosin shaping can Buti whether SSMSC samostіynі pіdpriєmstva. Kreditnі vіdnosini harakterizuyutsya tim, scho їh sub'єktami Je Dvi sides: one s they have within konkretnoї kreditnoї lands nazivaєtsya creditor іnsha - pozichalnikom. Groshovі chi inventory materіalnі tsіnnostі, vitrati abo vikonana robot that nadanі Hotel, schodo yakih ukladaєtsya Credit dogovіr, Je ob'єktom loan.

Main ob'єktami korotkostrokovogo kredituvannya in oborotnі Costa Je:

- Virobnichі reserves (sirovina, osnovnі th dopomіzhnі materіali, zapasnі Chastain, palivo, іnstrument);

- UNFINISHED virobnitstvo that napіvfabrikati Vlasnyi virobnitstva;

- Vitrati maybutnіh perіodіv (sezonnі vitrati, vitrati on osvoєnnya Key infrastructure novih virobіv toscho);

- Ready Produkciya i goods;

- Platіzhnі that rozrahunkovі operatsії s postachalnikami th pokuptsyami.

On pіdpriєmstvah vinikaє require credits pid virobnichі stocks Yakscho їh rozmіri perevischuyut vlasnі Costa, tobto Yakscho stvoryuyutsya nadnormativnі stocks. The reasons for such shaping can Buti sezonnіst imported, nerіvnomіrna abo dostrokova delivery materіalnih resursіv postachalnikami that іn.

Nadnormativnі reserves sіlskogospodarskoї sirovini Je Main ob'єktom bankіvskogo loan on pіdpriєmstvah, SSMSC pereroblyayut qiu sirovinu i pratsyuyut seasonally (tsukrovі Creek, konservnі kombіnati, INSHI pіdpriєmstva harchovoї that legkoї promislovostі) abo stvoryuyut velikі sezonnі reserves sirovini on Year, to new tobto vrozhayu.

Nadnormativnі progress inventories virobnitstva i gotovoї produktsії mozhut stvoryuvatisya on pіdpriєmstvah in zv'yazku s priskorennyam tempіv zrostannya obsyagіv virobnitstva, nekomplektnіstyu postachannya, transport utrudnennyami schodo vіdpravlennya produktsії spozhivacham, pripinennyam vіdvantazhen produktsії spozhivacham through їhnyu neplatospromozhnіst toscho.

In skladі vitrat maybutnіh perіodіv banks vidayut pіdpriєmstvam poziki on pokrittya season vitrat, oskіlki in perіodi seasonal zmenshennya obsyagіv virobnitstva abo mіzhsezonnogo downtime vitrati on vigotovlennya produktsії timchasovo not pokrivayutsya viruchkoyu od realіzatsії. So, tsukrovy plant navіt in perіod mіzhsezonnogo downtime (lyuty-Serpen) potrebuє koshtіv to repair obladnannya, utrimannya postіynogo personnel or vsіh pіdgotovchih robіt to tsukrovarіnnya season. Tsі vitrati vіn pokrivaє for rakhunok bankіvskih pozik and rozrahovuєtsya for them viruchki od s realіzatsії tsukru.

Vitratami maybutnіh perіodіv Je takozh vitrati, pov'yazanі s osvoєnnyam Key infrastructure novih vidіv produktsії, puskonalagodzhuvalnі vitrati. Yakscho tsі vitrati kredituє Bank, the Credit lands nazivaєtsya concrete Produkciya i vitrati vklyuchayutsya in її sobіvartіst.

For Relief kreditіv pіdpriєmstvo, if Yomou timchasovo brakuє Vlasnyi koshtіv, Mauger rozrahuvatis Zi svoїmi postachalnikami.

Otzhe, credit neobhіdny i for the circuit pіdtrimuvannya fondіv dіyuchih of companies, scho obslugovuyut processes realіzatsії produktsії.

Ob'єktami dovgostrokovogo that serednostrokovogo kredituvannya Je kapіtalnі vkladennya, pov'yazanі s rekonstruktsієyu pіdpriєmstva, yogo tehnіchnim pereozbroєnnyam, uprovadzhennyam novoї tehnіki, udoskonalennyam tehnologії virobnitstva, that INSHI vitrati scho lead to zbіlshennya vartostі mainly zasobіv. Until such kreditіv pіdpriєmstva protrude, Yakscho vіdchuvayut marriage Vlasnyi koshtіv, priznachenih on tsі tsіlі and the Same: pributku th amortizatsіynih vіdrahuvan.

Vikoristannya rіznomanіtnih forms kredituvannya pіdpriєmstva priskoryuє ruh penny i materіalnih resursіv that spriyaє pіdvischennyu efektivnostі fіnansovo-gospodarskoї dіyalnostі.

Viznachayuchi require credits, pіdpriєmstva vihodyat іz zagalnoї require of Costa i nayavnostі such.

Butt 1.

Pіdpriєmstvu neobhіdno zakupiti sirovini that pіvfabrikatіv for organіzatsії virobnitstva product xy sumі 1870 tis. UAH. Vlasnyi Jerel vono Got deprivation 1270 tis. UAH. Vіdtak pіdpriєmstvo vіdchuvatime dodatkovu needful to the Working in Costa sumі 600 tis. UAH., yak Mauger Buti zadovolena for rakhunok loan.

Planuvannya required in kreditі for formuvannya werewolf koshtіv pіdpriєmstva zdіysnyuєtsya such rank. In Persha etapі rozrahovuєtsya require a werewolf in Costa tsіlomu that for okremimi napryamkami: formuvannya virobnichih zapasіv, unfinished virobnitstva, gotovoї produktsії.

On the other etapі viznachaєtsya neobhіdny rozmіr zaluchennya kreditіv jar on pokrittya zbіlshennya require a werewolf Costa. For tsogo mozhna koristuvatisya formula:

Cob. = OK - IPOs - OKpr + RS

de Ko.b. - Neobhіdny rozmіr kreditіv, SSMSC zaluchayutsya in oborotnі Costa;

OK - would require a werewolf Costa;

N OK - vlasnі oborotnі Costa perіodu on the cob;

OK, etc. - popovnennya werewolf koshtіv for rakhunok pributku pіdpriєmstva;

KZ - zmenshennya kreditorskoї zaborgovanostі.

Require pіdpriєmstva credits pid іnvestitsіynі projection viznachaєtsya on osnovі іnvestitsіynoї warming up for okremimi Etap її realіzatsії that s urahuvannyam Vlasnyi Jerel fіnansuvannya.

Vlasnі Costa for fіnansuvannya іnvestitsіynih program skladayutsya s amortizatsіynih vіdrahuvan, Chastain pributku, yak spryamovuєtsya on rekonstruktsіyu, tehnіchne retooling, budіvnitstvo basis.

Venue of Pіslya rozrahunkіv pіdpriєmstva require credit resources viznachayut perіod їh zaluchennya. Perіod zaluchennya kreditіv - Tse hour s time nadannya bankіvskogo loan until the time that repayment yogo Povny viplati vіdsotkіv for koristuvannya. Perіod zaluchennya viznachaєtsya loan bank. Practice svіdchit scho ninі in Ukraїnі in zv'yazku s temple іnflyatsієyu Tsey lines not perevischuє months at H.

In bankіvskіy praktitsі for viznachennya rozmіrіv loan vikoristovuєtsya method if pozika vidaєtsya not Povny obsyazі and for mіnusom viznachenoї Chastain have to vіdsotkah zayavlenoї loan amount. Tsya value for dermal pіdpriєmstva Mauger Buti rіznoyu, vihodyachi s yogo i kreditospromozhnostі stage riziku kredituvannya.