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Fіnansi of companies - Poddєrogіn AM

7.3. NEBANKІVSKE KREDITUVANNYA of companies

7.3.1. KOMERTSІYNE KREDITUVANNYA of companies

Circuit koshtіv pіdpriєmstva in protsesі virobnitstva produktsії, poslug that іnshih vidіv komertsіynoї dіyalnostі often suprovodzhuєtsya timchasovim marriage fіnansovih resursіv - pokupets produktsії s rіznih reason not Mauger svoєchasno rozrahuvatisya s postachalnikom. Todі vinikaє require payment in vіdstrochtsі, tobto in komertsіynomu kreditі.

Komertsіyny credit - tse naypershih s one form of credit in vіdnosin ekonomіtsі, Same vіn giving rise to the promissory note obіg i note by spriyav rozvitku bezgotіvkovogo obіgu trumpery. Mainly methane komertsіynogo loan - priskorennya processes realіzatsії tovarіv i otrimannya zakladenogo them pributku.

Komertsіyny credit - tse vіdpovіdna Credit lands mіzh EYAD pіdpriєmstvami - the seller (lender) i pokuptsem (pozichalnikom). Іnstrumentom komertsіynogo loan traditsіyno Je bill, scho viznachaє fіnansovі goiters' Yazan pozichalnika stosovno lender.

Vіdsotok komertsіyny for credit at go tsіnu product that bag of promissory notes in A i, yak usually Je Mensch, nіzh for credit bankіvsky. Repayment of the loan Mauger zdіysnyuvatisya:

- To pay bills;

- Committing to the bill vіdpovіdno to sedate zakonodavstva іnshіy yuridichnіy osobі;

- Re-issuance of the loan on komertsіynogo bankіvsky.

Komertsіyny credit printsipovo vіdrіznyaєtsya od bankіvskogo:

- In rolі lender vistupayut not spetsіalіzovanі credit and fіnansovі organіzatsії and yuridichnі individuals scho zv'yazanі s virobnitstvom abo realіzatsієyu tovarіv that poslug;

- Vіn nadaєtsya tіlki in tovarnіy formі;

- Pozikovy kapіtal іntegrovano s Promyslova abo trading scho znayshlo practicality vtіlennya in stvorennі fіnansovih kompanіy, holdingіv that іnshih analogіchnih structures SSMSC ob'єdnuyut pіdpriєmstva rіznoї spetsіalіzatsії i napryamkіv dіyalnostі.

In operatsіyah s komertsіynim credit vinikayut pevnі riziki:

- Rizik mozhlivoї zmіni tsіni tovarіv;

- Rizik nedotrimannya pokuptsem strokіv payment;

- Rizik bankrutstva pokuptsya;

- Rizik mozhlivogo podorozhchannya loan. Specific lines of credit deposits komertsіynogo od:

- I mean tovarіv poslug;

- Vartostі land;

- Fіnansovogo will pokuptsya i postachalnika;

- Vartostі loan;

- Nayavnostі dovgotrivalih zv'yazkіv mіzh postachalnikami i pokuptsyami;

- Product of Quality.

Komertsіyny credit Got svoї perevagi i nedolіki. Before perevag nalezhat:

- Operativnіst nadannya koshtіv in tovarnіy formі;

- Tehnіchna neskladnіst registration of land;

- Nadannya pіdpriєmstvu Shirshov mozhlivostey manevruvannya werewolf Costa;

- Spriyannya rozvitku credit market analysis.

Nedolіkami komertsіynogo loan Je: obmezhenі mozhlivostі in chasі that rozmіrah; nayavnіst pomіtnogo riziku to the lender; mozhlivіst nebazhanogo vplivu bankіv scho diskontuyut vekselі.

Ninі on praktitsі zastosovuyutsya perevazhno three rіznovidi komertsіynogo loan:

- Credit іz fіksovanim termіnom maturity;

- Loan repayment іz pіslya faktichnoї realіzatsії pozichalnikom obsession tovarіv;

- Kredituvannya for vіdkritim rahunkom, if postachannya nastupnoї partії tovarіv on the minds komertsіynogo zdіysnyuєtsya loan to maturity poperednoї zaborgovanostі.

In XIX i XX century on the cob. in rozvinenih kraїnah at the Branch vnutrіshnoї i mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі perevazhav traditsіyny promissory note loan іz nadannyam owner pokuptsevі right pogashati yogo Chastain. Praktikuvalos nadannya seller komertsіynogo loan from viglyadі vіdstrochki platezhіv, її without issuing a promissory note, and takozh nadannya pokuptsyami komertsіynogo loan postachalnikam through avansovі platezhі.

Ninі traditsіyny paper credit pochinaє postupat mіstsem credit, scho nadaєtsya seller pokuptsyam through a simple record vartostі Prodan from credit tovarіv.

Mayuchi vіdkrity rakhunok, pіdpriєmstvo-pokupets Mauger perіodichno zakupovuvati goods without completed credit lands in cutaneous okremomu vipadku. On pokuptsya of order goods negayno vіdvantazhuєtsya and payment for Demba zdіysnyuєtsya in viznachenі termіni pіslya obsession rahunku invoice.

Sogodnі in rozvinenih kraїnah vіdkrity rakhunok Je Main fіnansovim іnstrumentom zbutu produktsії in optovіy torgіvlі. Taqiy rakhunok yak s one form of credit-rozrahunkovo ​​vіdnosin mіzh owner i pokuptsem widely zastosovuєtsya in Velikobritanії, Nіmechchinі, Frantsії that іnshih kraїnah.

Credit for vіdkritim rahunkom Got kіlka perevag porіvnyano s komertsіynim loan from vekselnіy formі. According au-Perche, a loan from vekselnіy formі descho obmezheny, oskіlki promissory note loan Mauger nadavatisya pіdpriєmstvami scho vigotovlyayut produktsіyu, tіlki pіdpriєmstvam scho їh spozhivayut, abo tovarovirobnikami - Shopping fіrmam. Credit for vіdkritim rahunkom not Got such obmezhen. Mehanіzm kredituvannya th rozrahunkіv for vіdkritim rahunkom naychastіshe zastosovuєtsya in vzaєmnih zustrіchnih supply of companies. On vіdkritomu rahunku vіdobrazhuyutsya vzaєmnі fіnansovі vimogi th zobov'yazannya, vіdbuvaєtsya zalіk such vimog i zobov'yazan scho descho zmenshuє platіzhnі riziki. Alternatively, such a system kredituvannya th rozrahunkіv prostіsha in tehnіchnomu vіdnoshennі porіvnyano іz promissory note form.

Ninі mehanіzm komertsіynogo loan іstotno zmіnivsya. Digit rozsunulisya yogo mezhі. Yakscho on the cob ninіshnogo stolіttya komertsіyny credit funktsіonuvav perevazhno torgіvlі in the Branch, the ninі yogo vikoristovuyut practical OAO All promislovі kompanії i torgovі fіrmi. Zavdyaki Yomou fіnansuєtsya zbut tіlki not great, but th drіbnih partіy tovarіv.

W metoyu priskorennya realіzatsії tovarіv i peretvorennya commodity kapіtalu on penny zastosovuyut Taqiy sposіb nadannya komertsіynogo pokuptsyam loan, yak torgovі znizhki s pokupnoї vartostі product (cash discount).

Taqiy sposіb nadannya komertsіynogo loan polyagaє in tіm scho pіdpriєmstvam-pokuptsyam nadaєtsya znizhka minds for payment of goods in viznacheny termіn. Yakscho paid zdіysneno pokuptsem svoєchasno, then Cena product zmenshuєtsya on the bag torgovoї znizhki. Rozmіr znizhki pіdpriєmstvo creditor viznachaє samostіyno. In zarubіzhnіy praktitsі Won becoming, yak usually 1-3% vartostі product.

The amount of cash discount at viznachaєtsya vіdsotkah, diferentsіyuєtsya fallow od i pay by credit line to orієntuєtsya chinny rіven vіdsotkovih rates.

Pіdpriєmstva s gotovnіstyu nadayut pokuptsyam cash discount, oskіlki vartіst product zdebіlshogo kalkulyuєtsya so scho scrip vіdstrochenih platezhіv (tobto vіdsotki for nadany credit) included in tsіnu product. Yakscho Well vіdbuvaєtsya ranіshe payment, the product zamovniku nadaєtsya znizhka in formі cash discount.

Seasonal credit zastosovuєtsya pіdpriєmstvami s metoyu stvorennya neobhіdnih zapasіv in perіod of seasonal rozprodazhu i daє zmogu virobnikovі vіdstrochiti platezhі to kіntsya rozprodazhu. Perevaga such loan polyagaє in tіm scho pіdpriєmstva mozhut vipuskati produktsіyu without dodatkovih vitrat on skladuvannya i zberіgannya.

Consignment - zastosovuєtsya zdebіlshogo for realіzatsії novih tovarіv, popit to SSMSC vazhko peredbachiti. The essence of konsignatsії polyagaє in tіm scho Mauger rozdrіbna torgіvlya oderzhuvati inventory materіalnі tsіnnostі without specific zobov'yazannya. Oznachaє Tse, scho payment virobniku zdіysnyuєtsya tіlki of minds realіzatsії product. Koli popitu on Novi goods Buda goods povertayut pіdpriєmstvu-virobniku.

Komertsіyny credit in Ukraїnі typing Pevnyi rozvitku s of acceptance Holds Verkhovna Rada "On zastosuvannya Bills have gospodarskomu obіgu". Pіdpriєmstvam i organіzatsіyam allowed zdіysnyuvati postachannya produktsії, vikonannya robіt that nadannya poslug in credit vikoristovuyuchi for registration of such lands vekselі (Fig. 7.10).

1. Trasant peredaє time s i vistavleny item on Demba bill (draft) trasatu. Trasat put on vekselі pid word "accepted" abo "Priymayu" svіy pіdpis, tobto daє Zgoda for payment. Tsya exposure The nazivaєtsya aktseptuvannyam. 2. Acceptance of a bill trasat povertaє trasantu. 3. Trasant peredaє Tsei bill remіtentu (oderzhuvachu). 4. Remіtent, tobto ostannіy vlasnik bills pred'yavlyaє yogo before payment.

In Pevnyi vipadkah pіdpriєmstvo-vlasnik bills to nastannya termіnu Splat bill Mauger diskontuvati yogo in komertsіynomu bank. Todі komertsіyny credit transformuєtsya in bankіvsky.

Bill musit Buti Paid from day yogo pred'yavlennya remіtentom. In razі vіdmovlennya od pay your creditors the following day taxes Mauger protest abo vіdstrochiti (prolonguvati) termіn payment of bills. Tse mozhlivo, Yakscho bill vlasnik i borzhnik domovlyatsya vistavlennya about the new bills. Novi bill vipisuyut on poperednyu scrip Borgo dodayuchi vіdpovіdnі vіdsotki i komіsіynі platezhі for koristuvannya novim credit. Koli borzhnik nespromozhny oplatiti bill creditor Mauger pred'yaviti pretenzіyu whether someone s uchasnikіv bill obіgu regression in order.

The lender is guilty svoєchasno i s dotrimannyam vіdpovіdnih formalities zayaviti protest one abo vsіm participant obіgu bill. Іnakshe vіn vtrachaє right to fіnansovі Prete nzії.

Vіdnosno recently vinikli novі Vidi komertsіynogo loan. Tse mіzhfіrmovі groshovі credit, scho pid nadayutsya komertsіynі Paper the i prostі vekselі. In deyakih kraїnah, napriklad in SІLA, Nabeul poshirennya komertsіynі Paper the nefіnansovih kompanіy scho garantovanі banks. Yak zasіb korotkostrokovogo zaluchennya penny koshtіv komertsіynі Paper the konkuruyut s deposit sertifіkatami that kaznacheyskimi bills.