Mіzhnarodne ekonomіchne right - Dahno II

7.2.15. Treaty within Svіtovoї Organіzatsії Torgіvlі

In 1944 r. at Bretton Vudsі (New Hampshire, United States) s allies antigіtlerіvskoї koalіtsії US that Velikobritanієyu Bulo way to please, scho dіstala titles Bretton Vudskoї, about mіzhnarodne ekonomіchne spіvrobіtnitstvo. Lands peredbachala stvorennya IMF zavdannya yakogo polyagalo in pіdtrimannі stabіlnostі Monetary kursіv i nadannі Relief kraїnam scho toil defіtsit platіzhnogo balance, IBRD, Pochatkova metoyu yakogo Bulo nadannya kapіtalu for BUILD UP Economy quiet kraїn, SSMSC arrogant nischіvnogo vplivu vіyni, that Mіzhnarodnoї torgovelnoї organіzatsії, zavdannya yakoї vbachalosya naglyadі in the negotiations i keruvannі novim bagatostoronnіm lіberalnim torgovelnim regime. Zaznachenі fund is the bank boule stvorenі. However Mіzhnarodnoї torgovelnoї organіzatsії so i do not Bulo target, peredusіm s look around at opozitsіyu US Congress, yaky vbachav in Organіzatsії zagrozu natsіonalnomu suverenіtetu. Gavanskіy deklaratsії, zgіdno s yakoyu small stvoritisya tsya Organіzatsіya, so i do not have sudilosya vtіlitis Zhittya.

In 1947 r. 23 naybіlshі Kraina svitu UCLA lands (yak yak peredbachalas timchasova) about the tariffs that torgіvlyu (GATT).

In furrows of the GATT Bulo held vіsіm raundіv peregovorіv. Pershi shіst raundіv, vklyuchayuchi round scho zavershivsya in 1967 p. (Names in honor of the US President "Round Kennedі") kontsentruvali uwagi at about vzaєmnі tarifnі actions negotiations. Fahіvtsі zaznachayut, scho boule uspіshnimi discuss it, to scho umozhlivili znizhennya svіtovih tarifіv іz 40 to 5%.

Somy (Tokіysky) round zakіnchivsya at 1979 p. Vіn poznachivsya away suttєvim znizhennyam tarifіv. On tsomu Bulo raundі Vpershe zvernuto seryoznu uwagi on netarifnі pereponi for torgіvlі (derzhavnі of order, subsiduvannya, Mitnija otsіnka tovarіv, tehnіchnі standardized toscho).

Eight (Urugvaysky) round CCB nayskladnіshy. Rozpochavsya vіn veresnі 1986 at p. y m. Punta del Este i blame CCB trivati ​​protyagom chotiroh rokіv. Well Naspravdі round sider Ponad sіm rokіv s look around at pereponi that crisis, scho hour traplyalisya od hour. Formally round zavershivsya kvіtnі 1994 at p. y m. Marrakesh (Morocco). Zaklyuchny act scho mіstiv Result Round typing chinnostі sіchnya 1995 1 p. [7, 1-2] *.

HEAD mіzhnarodno-legal acts in the furrows Svіtovoї organіzatsії torgіvlі Je takі:

1. The lands tarifіv s i torgіvlі (GATT) (General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade - GATT). Stosuєtsya torgіvlі goods.

2. The lands s torgіvlі Hotel (GATS) (General Agreement on Trade in Services - GATS). Stosuєtsya torgіvlі Hotel.

3. The lands about torgovelnі aspects of the right to іntelektualnu vlasnіst (TRІPS) (Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - TRIPS). Tse Lanka scho pov'yazuє іntelektualnu vlasnіst s torgіvleyu.

Same on Tsikh troh "pillars" zvedy "budіvlya" Svіtovoї organіzatsії torgіvlі.

Result Urugvayskogo round zafіksovanі in Dali guidance documents:

A. Marakeska lands about zasnuvannya Svіtovoї Organіzatsії Torgіvlі (Marrakech Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization ). B. Bagatostoronnі lands (Multilateral Agreements):

1. sferі torgіvlі goods (trade in goods) - the General tarifіv lands h i p torgіvlі 1994. (GATT 1994). Pov'yazanі lands (Associated Agreements): • lands about zastosuvannya Art. VII GATT 1994 p. (Lands about Mitnija otsіnku) (Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT, 1994, Customs Valuation);

• lands about dovіdvantazhuvalnu іnspektsіyu (PSІ) (Agreement on Preshipment Inspection - PSI);

• lands about tehnіchnі bar'єri for torgіvlі (TBT) (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade -TBT);

• lands about zastosuvannya sanіtarnih i fіtosanіtarnih zahodіv (PCA) (Agreement on the Application of Sanitary & Phytosanitary Measures - SPS);

• lands about PROCEDURE іmportnogo lіtsenzuvannya (ІLP) (Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures - ILP);

• to please come in about BEZPEKA (AU) (Agreement on Safeguards - AC);

• lands about subsidії vrіvnovazhenі that come in (SCM) (Agreement on Subsidies & Countervailing Measures - SCM);

• lands about zastosuvannya Art. VI of GATT 1994 p. (Antidempіngova - ADP) (Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994, Anti-dumping - ADP);

• lands about іnvestitsіynі come in, pov'yazanі s torgіvleyu (TRІMS) (Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures - TRIMs);

• lands about that textiles of clothes (ATC) (Agreement on Textiles

& Clothing - ATC);

• lands about sіlske Gospodarstwa (AA) (Agreement on Agriculture - AA);

• lands about rules pohodzhennya (APO) (Agreement on Rules of Origin - ARO).

Domovlenostі th rіshennya.

• Domovlenіst about the provisions of the GATT 1994 p. about platіzhnі balance (Understanding of Balance-of-Payments Provisions

of GATT, 1994);

• Rіshennya about vipadki for Yakima mitnі admіnіstratsії toil pіdstavi sumnіvatisya in pravdivostі chi tochnostі zadeklarovanoї vartostі (Rіshennya about bringing suffering a tyagarya). Decision Regarding Cases Where Customs Administrations Have Reasons & Doubt the Truth or Accuracy Of the Declared Value (Decision on Shifting the Burden of Proof).

• Domovlenіst about tlumachennya Art. XVII of GATT 1994 p. (Derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva). Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XVII GATT 1994 (State trading enterprises).

• Domovlenіst about rules i procedures for scho zastosovuyutsya vregulyuvannya sporіv. Understanding on Rules & Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.

• Domovlenіst about tlumachennya n. 1 (6) of Art. II of GATT 1994 p. (Priv'yazuvanіst Tariff Act). Understanding on the Interpretation of the Article II: 1 (6) of GATT, 1994 (Binding of tariff concessions).

• Rіshennya about torgіvlyu i dovkіllya (Decision on Trade & Environment).

2. Torgіvlya Hotel.

S sake of the General torgіvlі Hotel (GATS).

3. Rights іntelektualnoї vlasnostі (ІPR) (Intellectual Property

Rights - TRIPS).

B. Kіlkastoronnі torgovelnі lands (Plurilateral trade agreements):

• lands about torgіvlyu tsivіlnimi lіtakami (Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft);

• lands about derzhavnі of order (Agreement on Government Procurement);

• Mіzhnarodna lactic lands (International Dairy Agreement);

• Mіzhnarodna lands s m'yasa (International Bovine Meat Agreement).

Vier osnovnі GATT rules. Golovna meta GATT - stvoriti in svіtі lіberalnu i vіdkritu torgovelnu system, yak will give zmogu pіdpriєmstvam kraїn-chlenіv zdіysnyuvati torgovelnu dіyalnіst in ambushes dobrosovіsnoї konkurentsії. Osnovnі GATT rules:

1. Zahist natsіonalnoї promislovostі deprivation Relief for tarifіv. Kraїnam Member zaboronyaєtsya zaprovadzhuvati kіlkіsnі obmezhennya. Іsnuє duzhe obmezhena Quantity vinyatkіv s tsogo rules.

2. Priv'yazuvannya tarifіv. Cutaneous Krajina Got Vlasnyi grafіk znizhuvannya tarifіv. Znizhenі tariffs zaboronyaєtsya pіdvischuvati.

3. Rule "natsії naybіlshogo spriyannya" (NIS) (Most Favored Nation - MFN). Oznachaє scho zastosovuyutsya tariffs on no-diskrimіnatsіynіy osnovі to vsіh kraїn. Vinyatki s tsogo rules stosuyutsya kraїn-chlenіv regіonalnih ekonomіchnih ugrupovan i kraїn scho rozvivayutsya. For such kraїn mozhut zastosovuvatisya preferentsіynі tariffs, i Tse not vvazhaєtsya torn down rules.

4. Rule "natsіonalnogo regime." Zaboronyaє diskrimіnatsіyu іmportnih tovarіv schodo ekvіvalentnih tovarіv, vigotovlenih natsіonalnimi ekonomіkami.

Rules zagalnogo zastosuvannya. Okrіm basic rules chotiroh іsnuyut takozh zagalnogo zastosuvannya rules (rules of general application). Tsі rules for vikoristovuyutsya tovarіv scho nadhodyat to mitnoї teritorії kraїn-chlenіv. Peredbachaєtsya scho vartіst tovarіv for Mitnija tsіley viznachaєtsya on osnovі splachenoї tsіni chi takoї scho Mauger Buti splachena. Yakscho Well mitnі organic matimut rezonnі sumnіvi schodo pravdivostі chi tochnostі zadeklarovanoї vartostі then іmporteram Got nadavatisya mozhlivіst argumentuvati zadeklarovanu vartіst. Yakscho mitnі organic prodovzhuvatimut sumnіvatisya, the GATT peredbachaє scho stink for pіdtverdzhennya svoєї pozitsії mozhut spiratit deprivation on p'yat sposobіv viznachennya vartostі.

Kraїnam Member dozvolyaєtsya zastosovuvati primusovі standardized z metoyu receptionists Zdorov'ya i BEZPEKA population. Rozglyaduvana-General to please peredbachaє scho schodo standardized produktіv toil formuvatisya i vikoristovuvatisya so dwellers are not stvoryuvalisya shtuchnі neta-rifnі bar'єri for torgіvlі. Kraina zaohochuyutsya vikoristovuvati mіzhnarodnі standardization in the areas de tsі standardized іsnuyut, i stvoryuvati primusovі standards spirayuchis on Naukova іnformatsіyu.

Sanіtarnі that fіtosanіtarnі rules dozvolyaєtsya vikoristovuvati, ale so dwellers are not stvoryuvalis nerezonnі bar'єri for torgіvlі.

Tsі rules toil, naskіlki tse mozhlivo, bazuvatisya on mіzhnarodnih Standards RESOLVED i.

Peredbacheno rules scho zastosovuyutsya to vidachі іmportnih lіtsenzіy.

INSHI rules. Before tsієї nalezhat category of rules, scho regulyuyut nadannya Uriadovy subsidіy, vzhittya Uryadov zahodіv on Prohanov natsіonalnih of companies and іnvestuvannya takozh, yak negatively vplivaє on torgіvlyu.

Lands SCM zaboronyaє chi obmezhuє vikoristannya subsidіy scho spotvoryuyut torgіvlyu. Rozrіznyayutsya subsidії dozvolenі that zaboronenі. Ostannі ohoplyuyut eksportnі subsidії that subsidії, SSMSC underwrite metі stimulyuvati vikoristannya natsіonalnih tovarіv. Before rіshen of acceptance in the furrows round Urugvayskogo vikoristovuvati eksportnі subsidії zaboronyalosya deprivation rozvinenim kraїnam. Ninі usually about eksportnі subsidії not poshiryuєtsya deprivation on naybіdnіshі Kraina svitu (scho toil rozmіr natsіonalnogo gross product in rozrahunku per capita to US $ 1,000.). For іnshih kraїn scho rozvivayutsya, Bulo vstanovleno vosmirіchny perehіdny perіod.

Dozvolenі subsidії have their Cherga, podіlyayutsya on takі scho mozhna vikoristovuvati, i takі, scho not pіdlyagayut oskarzhennyu.

Yakscho subsiduvannya eksportu Bulo permissibility i vіdpovіdnі іmportovanі Flea negatively vplinuli on obsyag torgіvlі in kraїnі іmportu, then won Mauger zdіysnyuvati zahisnі come in.

Yakscho NATIONAL promislovіst zvertaєtsya to Uryadov s petitsієyu about Zahist, vіdpovіdny Uryadov Mauger timchasovo obmezhiti іmport vіdpovіdnogo product for Relief pіdvischennya tarifіv abo kvotuvannya.

Uryadov toil right vzhivati ​​takі come in deprivation pіslya Venue of nalezhnogo rozslіduvannya. When tsomu neobhіdno, dwellers shkіdlivogo vplivu arrogant-valued chastka natsіonalnoї promislovostі instead okremі pіdpriєmstva.

Maximum termіn obmezhen not Mauger perevischuvati 8 rokіv for a particular product. Tsey perіod vvazhaєtsya dostatnіm for dwellers vіdpovіdnі the Branch natsіonalnoї promislovostі zmogli pіdgotuvatis to mіzhnarodnoї konkurentsії.

ADP lands peredbachila scho dempіngom situatsіya Yea, if eksportna Cena eksportnogo product Je nizhchoyu od yogo Well prodazhnoї tsіni on market analysis Kraina-eksportera. Nedobrosovіsna konkurentsіya Mauger zavdyachu-vatisya subsiduvannyu product Uryadov Kraina-eksportera. In favor of ADP i SCM peredbachayutsya chinniki on SSMSC povinnі zvazhati Uryadov, scho zdіysnyuyut rozslіduvannya, spryamovane on vstanovlennya fact zapodіyannya іmportom Skoda.

Lands TRІMS peredbacheno p'yat vidіv zahodіv scho superechat GATT SSMSC Uryadov kraїn-chlenіv not mozhut vikoristovuvati for stimulyuvannya іnozemnih іnvestorіv in vkladannі kapіtalіv vіdpovіdno to natsіonalnih prіoritetіv.

S sake of the General torgіvlі Hotel (GATS). Tsya lands spryamovana on pristosuvannya rules scho vikoristovuyutsya to torgіvlі goods that Hotel. Land, napriklad, poshiryuєtsya on bankіvsku that strahuvalnu right, osvіtu, telekomunіkatsії toscho.

Perelіk Svіtovoї organіzatsії torgіvlі ohoplyuє Ponad 150 vidіv poslug.

Goods - tse rechі, SSMSC mozhna vіdchuvati i bachiti. Hotel - tse yavischa, SSMSC neosyazhnimi Yea i SSMSC not mozhna pobachiti.

Meta tsієї lands polyagaє in lіberalіzatsії svіtovoї torgіvlі Hotel. Tsogo mozhna dosyagti Shlyakhov modifіkatsії natsіonalnogo zakonodavstva th usunennya s Demba provisions scho Yea diskrimіnatsіynimi for іnozemnih nadavachіv poslug. Peredbachaє lands, scho to іnozemtsіv zastosovuvatimutsya fun- naybіlshogo spriyannya that natsіonalnogo regime.

TRІPS lands. Rights іntelektualnoї vlasnostі - tse avtorskі th sumіzhnі s their right and the right to takozh vinahodi, korisnі modelі, promislovі zrazki, tovarnі signs, signs obslugovuvannya toscho. In svіtі Nabeul digit poshirennya TAKE yavische, yak torgіvlya goods SSMSC nesanktsіonovano vtіlyuyut result іntelektualnoї pratsі vіdpovіdnih avtorіv that / abo vlasnikіv such rights.

Lands peredbachaє єdinі mіnіmalnі standardized schodo pravovoї receptionists rіznih ob'єktіv іntelektualnoї vlasnostі that їh receptionists, posilennya regime lucid for dotrimannyam natsіonalnogo zakonodavstva s іntelektualnoї vlasnostі, usunennya diskrimіnatsії mіzh natsіonalnimi that іnozemnimi vlasnikami schodo nabuttya, obsyagu i pіdtrimki rights.

Rule єdinogo sunset (Single Undertaking Rule). Bagatostoronnі lands that domovlenostі Urugvayskogo round vvazhayutsya єdinim kit. Kraina MEMBER COT povinnі uzgoditi svoє zakonodavstvo s GATT pov'yazanimi i s to please her, and takozh s sake GATS provisions that TRІPS. Before Urugvayskogo round od kraїn not vimagalosya, dwellers stink priєdnuvalisya to pov'yazanih land. Ninі situatsіya zmіnilasya. "Right єdinogo sunset" oznachaє scho kraїni- The members of the COT automatic and Je parties pov'yazanih that іnshih bagatostoronnіh land. For kraїn scho rozvivayutsya, i kraїn perehіdnoї Economy boule peredbachenі perіodi, protyagom yakih stink Somalia priynyati OAO All zobov'yazannya scho viplivayut s land. For nayvіdstalіshih kraїn svitu zberezhenі pevnі zvіlnennya od zobov'yazan.

Pokraschannya access to rinkіv. Lands Urugvayskogo round peredbachayut away znizhennya tarifіv 40%. Tse Got Booty zdіysneno p'yatma rіvnomіrnimi rіchnimi chastkami. Kraina, scho rozvivayutsya, i Kraina s perehіdnoyu ekonomіkoyu mozhut mother nizhchі Tempi znizhennya tarifіv. Peredusіm tse stosuєtsya textiles, odyagu, shkіri that virobіv s neї.

Lands about textiles i odyag (ATC) peredbachena chotirifazna lіkvіdatsіya 1 sіchnya 2005 p. kіlkіsnih obmezhen on іmport Tsikh tovarіv s kraїn scho rozvivayutsya. Before Urugvayskogo round kіlkіsnі obmezhennya іsnuvali i vvazhalisya permissibility vinyatkom s printsipіv GATT.

We passed the GATT rules do not zavzhdi vikoristovuvalisya schodo sіlskogospodarskogo sector. Deyakі rozvinenі Kraina zahischali svoє neefektivne sіlske Gospodarstwa pomіrnoї klіmatichnoї Zoni for Relief tarifіv i kіlkіsnih obmezhen. Vreshtі-Rasht such sіlskogospodarska Produkciya viyavlyalas the way i could realіzovuvatisya, deprivation spirayuchis on znachnі uryadovі subsidії. Tse Skoda ekonomіchnіy konkurentsії on mіzhnarodnomu sіlskogospodarskomu market analysis.

Way vnaslіdok rіshen Urugvayskogo lands round about sіlske Gospodarstwa spryamovana zastosuvannya on rules of GATT to torgіvlі agrarian produktsієyu. W metoyu lіberalіzatsії tsієї torgіvlі rozvinenі Kraina Weather vіdmіniti kіlkіsnі that INSHI netarifnі obmezhennya. Tariffs have rozvinenih kraїnah toil skorotitisya 30%. Kraina, scho rozvivayutsya, that Kraina s perehіdnoyu ekonomіkoyu toil skorotiti svoї tariffs for Dvi tretini. Usі Kraina took zobov'yazannya not pіdvischuvati viznachenih tarifіv. Rozvinenі Kraina Weather zniziti subsidії yak on virobnitstvo sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії, so i on її eksport.