Legal Encyclopedia. The letter K

Peasant reform in 1861 ..

1861 was marked by the KR, which resulted in the Russian peasantry was freed from centuries of feudal bondage.

Main CR position is that the peasants received:

1) personal liberty;

2) limited freedom of movement (remained dependent on peasant communities);

3) The right to general education, except where the privileged schools;

4) the right knitting matsya public service;

5) The right to engage in trade, other predprinimatelskoydeyatelnostyu;

6) now farmers can join the guild;

7) the right to go to court on an equal footing with the representatives of other classes. The peasants were in position temporarily obliged the landlords until until redeemed himself a piece of land, with the amount of work or dues stipulated the law, depending on the size of the allotment. The earth did not pass free of farmers who did not have sufficient funds to buy land plots themselves, which is why the process of complete emancipation of the peasantry was delayed until the 1917 revolution, but rather a democratic government came to the decision of the land question, and stipulated that if a farmer does not could buy back the put on, he paid a part, and the rest - the state.

The procedure for repayment of the land allotment peasants was as follows:

1) land completely preserved for landowners, farmers relied only as "settled their share", for which they had to pay 25% of the redemption amount in cash;

2) continue the rest of the money received to the owner of land from the treasury, but this amount with interest the peasants had to compensate the state for 49 years.

Coming out of serfdom, the peasants had to establish a rural society, ie Villages belonging to one or more owners.

These villages are located in the neighborhood, were united in the parish (parishes).

The rural society was formed a sort of self-government peasants stood at the head of the parish parish warden and parish gathering, composed of householders parish. These bodies were economically administrativnoeznachenie.

Depending on the land, which was granted an allotment farmers (non-black soil, chernozem and steppe zone), were established in different sizes per capita allotment. Therefore, based on the fertility of the land in each district sets the maximum size of a plot of land allotted to the peasants. This size is the starting point for determining the specific size redeemable allotment, which could not be less than 1/3 of the maximum size. Landowners can donate allotment smaller, so-called "beggar's allotment."

For all Russian higher rate of peasant holding was 7 tithes, and the lowest - 3.

The main positive result of the KR is the equation of the members of society in their natural rights, especially the right to personal liberty.

Disadvantages C. R .: 1) the preservation of large landed estates;

2) The small size of the peasant holdings;

3) the establishment of peasant communities and the establishment of mutual responsibility within these communities.