Agrarian Ekonomіka of companies - Andrіychuk VG

21.2. Form spetsіalіzatsії second technique viznachennya virobnichogo directly pіdpriєmstva

Spetsіalіzatsіya sіlskogo Gospodarstwa - tse folding processes scho rozvivaєtsya in rіznomanіtnih forms. Fallow od ob'єkta spetsіalіzatsії rozrіznyayut takі її three forms: teritorіalnu, agrarian spetsіalіzatsіyu of companies i vnutrіshnogospodarsku spetsіalіzatsіyu.

Pid teritorіalnoyu spetsіalіzatsієyu rozumіyut perevazhayuche virobnitstvo quiet chi іnshih vidіv sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії on pevnіy teritorії. Rozrіznyayut Vier Vidi teritorіalnoї spetsіalіzatsії - zoning mіkrozonalnu, oblasne i area. Zonal spetsіalіzatsіya harakterizuє virobnichy eg Zoni, i won in Ukraїnі perevazhno vzhe sklalasya - Polissya, Lesostep, pіvnіchny i ​​Centrum Step, Step Pivdennyy, peredgіrnі i gіrskі Carpathians area, peredgіrnі i gіrskі district Krim. Mіkrozonalna spetsіalіzatsіya pritamanna vіdnosno are small habitats in the furrows vіdpovіdnih zones de viroschuyutsya pevnі culture, scho not toil digit poshirennya in Ukraїnі. Sformuvalisya, napriklad, mіkrozoni viroschuvannya hops, hemp pіvdennih. I oblasne areas spetsіalіzatsіya vkazuє, virobnitstvo yakih sama vidіv produktsії Je mainly perevazhayuchim on Tsikh teritorіyah. Vaughn formuєtsya pid vplivom zonalnoї th mіkrozonalnoї spetsіalіzatsії. Viznachalnim here Je geografіchne roztashuvannya zgadanih admіnіstrativnih odinits.

Agrarian Spetsіalіzatsіya of companies - tse perevazhayuche virobnitstvo them vіdpovіdnogo form (vidіv) produktsії for yakogo here іsnuyut nayspriyatlivіshі natural ekonomіchnі minds. Tsya form spetsіalіzatsії rozvivaє i pogliblyuє teritorіalnu spetsіalіzatsіyu. Yakscho in furrows ostannoї shaping can Buti spriyatlivі minds for virobnitstva, skazhіmo six i bіlshe vidіv produktsії then through vnutrіshnogospodarsku diferentsіatsіyu natural ekonomіchnogo factor okremo take pіdpriєmstvі shaping can Buti naykraschі minds for virobnitstva deprivation Chastain vidіv produktsії s usogo їh perelіku, pritamannogo for danoї Zoni , mіkrozoni t i. e.

On vіdmіnu od teritorіalnoї spetsіalіzatsії, yak Got bіlsh-Mensch stabіlny character spetsіalіzatsіya bagatoh sіlskogospodarskih of companies through її nezavershenіst is staying in postіynomu rusі. Nayshvidshe Won Pocha rozvivatisya in the 60 th i 70 i Rocky, if tsentralіzovano in skin admіnіstrativnomu rayonі stvoryuvalisya 1-2 spetsіalіzovanih Gospodarstwa s viroschuvannya th vіdgodіvlі young velikoї rogatoї thinness, 1-2 - s vіdgodіvlі pigs, 1 - s viroschuvannya netelіv, Rasht agrarian area of ​​companies spetsіalіzuvalisya on virobnitstvі milk. Stvoryuvalisya takozh mіzhgospodarskі spetsіalіzovanі Gospodarstwa, yak usually tvarinnitskogo virobnichogo directly. In okremih areas deyakі pіdpriєmstva spetsіalіzuvalisya on virobnitstvі kormіv, produktsії vіvcharstva, ptahіvnitstva toscho.

Prote spetsіalіzatsіya sіlskogospodarskih of companies have not podalshі Rocky pogliblyuvalasya through nedoskonalіst admіnіstrativno pobudovanih organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosin mіzh pіdpriєmstvami, vіdsutnіst rinkovih vazhelіv i materіalnoї zaіnteresovanostі Gospodarstwa that їh pratsіvnikіv have results svoєї pratsі. Bіlshe, in 90 i Rocky pogliblennya ekonomіchnoї Creasy i disparity tsіn, Especially on produktsіyu tvarinnitstva, prizvelo before scho s bagato them vіdmovilisya od orієntatsії on priskoreny rozvitok Galuzo i bunt by sutі, znovu steel rozvivatisya yak bagatogaluzevі.

Pid hour PCB reorganіzatsії in pіdpriєmstva scho funktsіonuyut in ambushes privatnoї vlasnostі problem spetsіalіzatsії s ob'єktivnih reason not Nabeul aktualnostі - novі pіdpriєmstva stvoryuvalisya for rіdkim viklyuchennyam, yak bagatogaluzevі. Prote s been approved, spravzhnogo Ruler on zemlі, away udoskonalennyam rinkovih vіdnosin i for nalezhnoї ekonomіchnoї pіdtrimki sіlskogospodarskih tovarovirobnikіv agrarian spetsіalіzatsіya of companies Naboodah new іmpulsu, oskіlki vibіr bunt Galuzo, їh rozmіr, markets Agricultural Art zbutu, ekonomіchnі stosunki, tsіni toscho steel virіshuvatisya bezposerednіmi virobnikami sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії. Kriterієm spetsіalіzatsії agricultural pіdpriєmstva s virobnitstva Pevnyi mind produktsії Je teper ekonomіchny іnteres tovarovirobnika. Vodnochase vrahovuyutsya th INSHI factors scho vplivayut on rozmіschennya i spetsіalіzatsіyu minds in market analysis.

Vnutrіshnogospodarska spetsіalіzatsіya yavlyaє him away rozvitok spetsіalіzatsії pіdpriєmstva Shlyakhov vіdokremlennya virobnitstva okremih vidіv produktsії abo yogo tehnologіchnih stadіy on okremih vnutrіshnogospodarskih pіdrozdіlah - brigades, farms, paddocks, Lanka, co-operatives. Napriklad have Gospodarstwa mozhut stvoryuvatisya milky tovarnі Fermi, pig farms, rіlnichі, tractor-rіlnichі, sadovoogorodnі, ovochіvnichі brigade mehanіzovanі corral s viroschuvannya tsukrovih buryakіv toscho. Meaning vnutrіshnogospodarskoї spetsіalіzatsії polyagaє in fact, scho Won dozvolyaє vrahuvati іsnuyuchі bagatoh in the furrows of companies in vіdmіnnostі gospodaryuvannya minds and takozh pіdvischiti kontsentratsіyu virobnitstva navіt todі, if not Pevnyi Galuzo Je here provіdnoyu, perevazhayuchoyu. Zavdyaki tsomu pіdvischuєtsya efektivnіst virobnitstva.

Especially in neobhіdnіst rozvitku vnutrіshnogospodarskoї spetsіalіzatsії proyavlyaєtsya from the great beyond rozmіrami pіdpriєmstvah and takozh in quiet Gospodarstwa, SSMSC rozvivayutsya ninі yak bagatogaluzevі. W pogliblennyam spetsіalіzatsії pіdpriєmstva on the Branch pevnіy vinikaє neobhіdnіst in vdoskonalennі vnutrіshnogospodarskoї spetsіalіzatsії, oskіlki at tsomu zmіnyuєtsya character i virobnitstva scale and time s two minutes organіzatsіyna Gospodarstwa structure. Tom spetsіalіzatsії power of companies that їh vnutrіshnogospodarskoї spetsіalіzatsії povinnі virіshuvatisya in organіchnіy єdnostі th tіsnomu vzaєmozv'yazku.

For tehnologіchnim principle virobnitstva produktsії rozrіznyayut galuzevu i vnutrіshnogaluzevu spetsіalіzatsіyu. Galuzeva - tse taka spetsіalіzatsіya for yakoї Pevnyi Galuzo funktsіonuє pіdpriєmstvі in the principle of a closed (zakіnchenogo) virobnitstva cycle. According sutі, absolute bіlshіst sіlskogospodarskih cultures through svoї bіologіchnі osoblivostі viroschuyutsya od posіvu (planting) to obsession gotovoї produktsії on odnіy i tіy samіy zemelnіy dіlyantsі. In this protsesі viroschuvannya pіdpriєmstvo vikonuє OAO All tehnologіchnі operatsії, oskіlki їh nemozhlivo vichleniti i rozpodіliti for іnshimi Gospodarstwa abo їh pіdrozdіlami in viglyadі samostіynih virobnitstv. Tom zrozumіlo, scho for roslinnitstva characteristic, yak usually galuzeva spetsіalіzatsіya.

Tsya form spetsіalіzatsії pritamanna i tvarinnitstvu, if pіdpriєmstvo rozvivaє Pevnyi Galuzo complex - od obsession to young virobnitstva kіntsevoї produktsії. Napriklad have great svinarskih complexes 12 tis., 24 tis., 54 tis. i 108 yew. golіv pigs vіdgodіvlі in Year on pig farms in bagatoh nespetsіalіzovanih on the Branch tsіy agrarian pіdpriєmstvah utrimuyut main stages, oderzhuyut young, viroschuyut Yogo, vіdgodovuyut i realіzuyut on m'yasokombіnati. For with such a scheme in the samoyu bagatoh Gospodarstwa rozvivayutsya th takі tvarinnitskі the Branch, yak skotarstvo that vіvcharstvo.

Vnutrіshnogaluzeva spetsіalіzatsіya oznachaє vіdokremlenіst virobnitstva in furrows odnієї i tієї samoї the Branch. Rozrіznyayut two Vidi vnutrіshnogaluzevoї spetsіalіzatsії: yakіsno bagatorіvnevu i postadіynu. Persha s them zdіysnyuєtsya s metoyu zabezpechennya yakіsnogo will funktsіonuvannya tієї chi іnshoї the Branch. Napriklad, at the Branch zernovіy vidіlyayutsya three abo Vier yakіsno vіdmіnnih rіvnі virobnitstva grain s Povny tehnologіchnim cycle. Purshia s them - vivedennya sortіv novih i gіbridіv grain crops - zdіysnyuєtsya NAUKOVO-doslіdnimi іnstitutami i selektsіynimi stantsіyami; Others - virobnitstvo Nasinnya elіti i pershoї reproduktsії - elіtno-nasіnnits-Kimi Gospodarstwa; tretіy - virobnitstvo varietal Nasinnya Druha reproduktsії - in agrarian spetsіalіzovanih pіdrozdіlah of companies; Chetvertyy rіven - virobnitstvo commodity grain. In tvarinnitstvі takozh efektivnosti rozvivaєtsya yakіsno bagatorіvneva vnutrіshnogaluzeva spetsіalіzatsіya. Napriklad, novі rocks i lіnії tvarin vivodyat on plemіnnih factories i plemіnnih stantsіyah.

Postadіyna spetsіalіzatsіya - tse vidіlennya in samostіynі virobnitstva okremih stadіy tehnologіchnogo the Branch cycle. Vaughn is typical for perevazhno tvarinnitstva. Napriklad have skotarstvі in samostіynі virobnitstva mozhut vidіlyatisya takі stadії, yak i viroschuvannya netelіv korіv-pervіstok, virobnitstvo milk viroschuvannya that vіdgodіvlya young velikoї rogatoї thinness. Cutaneous s Tsikh stadіy vіdokremlyuyuchis, peretvoryuєtsya on samostіyne virobnitstvo spetsіalіzovanih of companies. Postadіyna spetsіalіzatsіya Got Location i in okremih Galuzo roslinnitstva. So, in buryakіvnitstvі samostіyne virobnitstvo vidіlyaєtsya nasіnnitstvo scho is played with spetsіalіzovanimi agrarian pіdpriєmstvami, i trademark virobnitstvo buryakіv, yak zdіysnyuєtsya rіznimi Yurydychna status of agrarian pіdpriєmstvami.

For viznachennya teritorіalnoї spetsіalіzatsії th spetsіalіzatsії agrarian structuring of companies vikoristovuyut pokaznik tovarnoї produktsії. Vіn obchislyuєtsya dіlennyam groshovoї viruchki od realіzatsії Pevnyi mind produktsії vsіma channels for the sale on the bag zagalnu penny nadhodzhen Gospodarstwa i multiplication obsession result by 100. Priynyato vvazhati, scho to vuzkospetsіalіzovanih agrarian nalezhat takі of companies in yakih cephalic Galuzo on yakіy stink spetsіalіzuyutsya, in zaymaє strukturі tovarnoї produktsії 90% i bіlshe. Before tsієї groupies of companies vіdnosyat ptahofabriki, pig farms, teplichnі kombіnati. Before of companies, scho spetsіalіzuyutsya on virobnitstvі produktsії odnієї the Branch, nalezhat takі de Galuzo spetsіalіzatsії in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії zaymaє Ponad 50%. Spetsіalіzovanimi on virobnitstvі produktsії dvoh Galuzo vvazhayut pіdpriєmstva in yakih tsі the Branch in sukupnostі zaymayut in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії bіlshe 67%, in addition chislі cutaneous h are not less then 25%. In spetsіalіzovanih Gospodarstwa on virobnitstvі produktsії troh Galuzo tsі pokazniki povinnі stanoviti vіdpovіdno Ponad 75% i is not less then 24%. Before bagatogaluzevih vіdnosyat pіdpriєmstva, SSMSC not pіdpadayut pid zhodny s Names kriterіїv.

Ninі Je little agrarian of companies, SSMSC mozhna Bulo b vіdnesti to odnієї s vidіlenih spetsіalіzatsії group. In bіlshostі s them Je Dvi three provіdnih the Branch, cutaneous s yakih not Yea i domіnuyuchoyu in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії zaymaє od 10-15 to 30-35%. As such pіdpriєmstvah viznachaєtsya їh virobnichy example. In yogo titles include dotsіlno Dvi, a maximum of three vіdnosno perevazhayuchih gospodarstvі at the Branch. Yakscho, napriklad have gospodarstvі naybіlshu pitomu breaking bar in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії zaymayut Vegetables (skazhіmo, 27%), other Location - marketable milk (20%) i tretє - grain (14%), virobnichy eg such pіdpriєmstva mozhna sformulyuvati yak ovoche-dairy s rozvinutim zernovirobnitstvom.

Efektivnіst virobnitstva in agrarian pіdpriєmstvah deposits not deprivation od rozmіru Galuzo, SSMSC them Je provіdnimi and th od of yak rozvinutі th INSHI the Branch, scho toil trademark character. Chim bіlshe in gospodarstvі such Galuzo, team, yak usually menshі їh rozmіri i nizhcha kontsentratsіya virobnitstva. Tse іnkoli negatively vіdbivaєtsya on kіntsevih gospodaryuvannya results. Dwellers vrahuvati stupіn rozvitku usіh trademark Galuzo in pіdpriєmstvі, neobhіdno viznachiti i proanalіzuvati koefіtsієnt zoseredzhennya commodity virobnitstva (Ks):

koefіtsієnt zoseredzhennya commodity virobnitstva (21.1)

de Pvі - Pete Wagga i-¯ the Branch in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії%; Of Ni - ordinal number of the i-¯ the Branch in the rankings row, pobudovanomu for spadayuchoyu acquaint themselves: Pershe Location prisvoyuyut the Branch s naybіlshoyu Pete vagoyu in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії and ostannє - s naymenshoyu.

Yakscho for Relief pokaznika structuring tovarnoї produktsії roblyat visnovok about rіven rozvitku okremih Galuzo i stupіn spetsіalіzatsії Gospodarstwa on virobnitstvі produktsії golovnoї (provіdnih) s are, for the commercial koefіtsієntom zoseredzhennya Galuzo judging about rіven spetsіalіzatsії agricultural pіdpriєmstva s urahuvannyam usіh yogo trademark Galuzo. Priynyato vvazhati scho pіdpriєmstvo bagatogaluzevim Yea, if Tsei koefіtsієnt not perevischuє 0.20 Zi Slabko rіvnem spetsіalіzatsії - 0,21-0,30, іz serednіm - 0,31-0,40, vischim serednogo - 0,41-0, 50, Visoko - 0,51-0,60 i s glibokim - Ponad 0.60. For іnshih odnakovih minds of companies efektivnіst funktsіonuvannya agrarian pіdvischuєtsya іz zbіlshennyam absolute value koefіtsієnta commodity zoseredzhennya Galuzo, ale at tsomu rizik posilyuєtsya vtrati fіnansovoї stabіlnostі through mozhlive pogіrshennya kon'yunkturi market analysis on produktsіyu Galuzo spetsіalіzatsії.