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Agrarian Ekonomіka of companies - Andrіychuk VG
23.4. Perevagi i zagrozi diversifіkatsії virobnitstva that technique viznachennya її rіvnya
Diversifіkatsіya yak suspіlna form organіzatsії virobnitstva Mauger zabezpechiti pіdpriєmstvu number perevag. According au-Perche, Won Je vazhlivim zasobom upravlіnnya fіnansovimi rizikami. Yakscho, skazhіmo, pіdpriєmstvo otrimuє perevazhnu chastku pributku od realіzatsії yakogos produktsії one mind, then pogіrshennya kon'yunkturi market analysis for danіy produktsії abo stihіynogo dashing type epіzootії Mauger prizvesti to seryoznih ekonomіchnih vtrat abo navіt to bankrutstva such pіdpriєmstva. In the minds diversifіkatsії virobnitstva vtrati pributku on one Galuzo shaping can Buti kompensovanі zavdyaki obsession bіlshogo pributku od realіzatsії produktsії іnshih Galuzo. In razі, if not takoї kompensatsії vіdbulosya scho tsіlkom ymovіrno, ekonomіchnі vtrati on the Branch odnіy not mozhut іstotno vplinuti on fіnansovo-ekonomіchny camp pіdpriєmstva, oskіlki її Pete Wagga income perestaє Buti domіnuyuchoyu. Tom pіdpriєmstva s diversifіkovanim virobnitstvom vіdznachayutsya vischoyu stіykіstyu Economy, Especially in the minds mіnlivogo zovnіshnogo seredovischa i Wink krizovoe yavisch: іnflyatsії, neplatezhіv, nizkoї platospromozhnostі population that іn.
Alternatively, diversifіkatsіya daє zmogu pіdpriєmstvam povnіshe vikoristovuvati svoї materіalnі resources, land that i robochem force zavdyaki tsomu pom'yakshiti sezonnіst virobnitstva, pіdvischiti zaynyatіst pratsіvnikіv, otrimati dodatkovy dohіd od svoєchasnoї i produmanoї galuzevoї manevrenostі, shvidshe naroschuvati obsyagi virobnitstva quiet vidіv produktsії on Yea i SSMSC popit formuєtsya priynyatna Cena and takozh chastkovo skorochuvati virobnitstvo іnshih vidіv produktsії on yakih became proyavlyatisya nespriyatliva kon'yunktura market analysis. Zrozumіlo scho Taqiy maneuver spetsіalіzovanim Gospodarstwa zdіysnyuvati nabagato vazhche, more їm potrіbno zapochatkovuvati virobnitstvo basis, and tse vimagaє digit koshtіv i trivalogo hour.
In tretє, agrarian diversifіkatsіya of companies, zokrema galuzeva vertically іntegrovana diversifіkatsіya, daє zmogu їm otrimuvati sinergіchny efekt i tim himself for odnakovih іnshih minds pіdvischuvati efektivnіst virobnitstva.
Odnochasno diversifіkatsіya Nese pіdpriєmstvam i pevnі zagrozi. Vaughn did not zavzhdi daє zmogu vikoristati perevagi spetsіalіzovanogo virobnitstva and what to vіdomogo stage Je yogo antipode. Aje rozvitok bagatoh Galuzo rozporoshuє pіdpriєmstva resources, and not to nerіdko vdaєtsya dosyagti on okremih s ratsіonalnoї kontsentratsії them. In rezultatі pіdpriєmstvo vtrachaє efekt virobnitstva scale. Potrіbno takozh mother on uvazі scho upravlyati diversifіkovanim virobnitstvom uniquely skladnіshe porіvnyano s nediversifіkovanim. Then i managers spetsіalіsti povinnі mother rіznobіchnu fahovu pіdgotovku, їm brought vrahovuvati uniquely bіlshe chinnikіv zovnіshnogo i vnutrіshnogo seredovischa and tse pіdvischuє rizik of acceptance nedostatno obґruntovanih rіshen.
Tom vrahovuyuchi arguments "for" i "against" diversifіkatsії, skin pіdpriєmstvo Obey virіshiti to yakogo stage Yomou dotsіl-but diversifіkuvati virobnitstvo. When tsomu potrіbno vrahovu-vati camp zovnіshnogo seredovischa (stabіlna chi nestabіlna ekonomіka, kon'yunktura market analysis, platospromozhnіst toscho population), and takozh rozmіri pіdpriєmstva, factuality camp yogo Economy. Obviously, scho velikі for rozmіrom pіdpriєmstva toil bіlshe mozhlivostey for diversifіkatsії virobnitstva. Pong in zmozі rozvivati novі for them the Branch s ratsіonalnoyu kontsentratsієyu virobnitstva i note by usuvati abo іstotno zgladzhuvati protirіchchya mіzh diversifіkatsієyu i spetsіalіzatsієyu virobnitstva, dosyagati maintained upstream rezultatіv gospodaryuvannya. Takі pіdpriєmstva toil bіlshe fіnansovih resursіv for zapochatkuvannya novih virobnitstv. Tse zmenshuє needful in pozichkovomu kapіtalі and otzhe, i skorochuє vitrati on yogo zaluchennya. The I navpaki, malі pіdpriєmstva s nizkim rіvnem kontsentratsії virobnitstva not zmozі rozvivati bagato Galuzo, and that stench povinnі bіlshe tyazhіti to spetsіalіzovanogo virobnitstva.
For otsіnki vplivu diversifіkatsії virobnitstva on yogo result neobhіdno obґruntovano vimіryuvati її rіven. W tsієyu metoyu shaping can Buti vikoristanі takі pokazniki:
1. Absolute rіven diversifіkatsії. Viznachaєtsya zagalnoyu kіlkіstyu Galuzo scho tehnologіchno not pov'yazanі mіzh him on stadії virobnitstva sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії kіntsevogo spozhivannya, promіzhnoї i sirovini. For povnіshoї uyavi about character diversifіkatsії okremo vidіlyaєtsya Quantity that Pete Wagga Galuzo: a) basic virobnitstva; b) vertically іntegrovanih Galuzo; c) vertically neіntegrovanih Galuzo.
Pete Wagga Tsikh group Galuzo viznachaєtsya dіlennyam kіlkostі Galuzo pevnoї groupies on zagalnu Quantity Galuzo pіdpriєmstva. When tsomu zauvazhimo, scho at viznachennі danogo pokaznika to uwagi deprivation Ti berutsja the Branch, Produkciya yakih viroblyaєtsya for sale i nabuvaє tovarnoї form.
2. Іntegralny pokaznik diversifіkatsії virobnitstva scho vrahovuє Quantity Galuzo that їh contribution from income pіdpriєmstva formuvannya trumpery.
In ekonomіchnіy lіteraturі vіdomі dekіlka pіdhodіv to viznachennya such pokaznika. Navedemo two z them yak naybіlsh priynyatnih for rozrahunku i analіzu.
Purshia ґruntuєtsya on vikoristannі of formulating Herfіndelya-Hіrshmana i viznachaєtsya s virazu:
de - I-chastka oї the Branch in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії pіdpriєmstva, koefіtsієnt.
Other pіdhіd bazuєtsya on vikoristannі of formulating viznachennya koefіtsієnta zoseredzhenostі Galuzo. Koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії for CIM pіdhodom rozrahovuєtsya s virazu:
de Ni - serial number of the Branch in ranzhovanomu ryadі, pobudovanomu for spadnim principle: the Branch, yak zaymaє naybіlshu pitomu breaking bar in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії, prisvoyuєtsya Purshia number and naymenshu - ostannіy.
Table. 23.1 navedenі Vier varіanti galuzevoї structuring of companies for trademark produktsієyu, in skin s yakih vidіlyayutsya three pіdvarіanti. Ostannі vіdrіznyayutsya mіzh him zoseredzhenostі Galuzo stage. Rozrahunok guidance for Relief formula koefіtsієnta diversifіkatsії for cutaneous varіantu pokazuє scho danі metodichnі pіdhodi to їh viznachennya give blizkі svoїm for the absolute value of the result (Table 23.2.): The values denote bіlshe tsogo pokaznika, team vischy rіven diversifіkatsії virobnitstva on pіdpriєmstvі, i navpaki. When tsomu for odnієї i tієї Well kіlkostі trademark Galuzo magnitude danogo pokaznika bude not odnakovoyu for minds, scho Got Location rіzne spіvvіdnoshennya їh contribution (pitomoї crowbars) at Penny viruchku pіdpriєmstva. Koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії bude vischy razі in fact, if Got Location neіstotne vіdhilennya pitomoї crowbars absolyutnoї bіlshostі Galuzo in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії (varіant 1). Odnochasno Danian pokaznik bude less then for the minds, if not great іsnuє Quantity Galuzo (2-3), on SSMSC pripadaє perevazhna chastka such contribution. W Table. 23.2 seen yak zmіnyuєtsya koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії in bіk yogo zmenshennya od other to the fourth varіantіv, if zbіlshuєtsya stupіn zoseredzhenostі Galuzo.
table 23.1
KOEFІTSІЄNT DIVERSIFІKATSІЇ FOR DEPOSIT RІZNIH SPІVVІDNOSHEN Galuzo have GROSHOVІY VIRUCHTSІ od REALІZATSІЇ PRODUKTSІЇ
Varіant | Quantity Galuzo on pіdpriєmstvі |
||||||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
||
Pete Wagga in the Branch strukturі tovarnoї produktsії% | |||||||||||
1 |
1a |
17.5 |
17.3 |
17.1 |
17.0 |
16.0 |
13.1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1b |
13.5 |
12.8 |
12.6 |
12.5 |
12.4 |
12.3 |
12.0 |
11.9 |
- |
- |
|
1c |
12.5 |
12.0 |
11.5 |
11.0 |
10.9 |
10 |
9.9 |
9.8 |
8.0 |
4.4 |
|
2 |
2a |
thirty |
25 |
15 |
12 |
10 |
8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2b |
25 |
20 |
15 |
12 |
10 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
- |
- |
|
2c |
22 |
18 |
13 |
eleven |
9 |
8 |
7 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
|
3 |
3a |
40 |
34 |
20 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3b |
35 |
28 |
15 |
7 |
6 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
- |
- |
|
3c |
32 |
25 |
13 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
|
4 |
4a |
45 |
40 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
4b |
40 |
36 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
- |
- |
|
4c |
37 |
32 |
6 |
5.5 |
5 |
4.1 |
4 |
3.9 |
1.5 |
1 |
table 23.2
The absolute value of KOEFІTSІЄNTІV DIVERSIFІKATSІЇ, ROZRAHOVANIH RІZNIMI methodically PІDHODAMI
Varіant | Pіdvarіant |
Koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії, LTSS |
% |
Koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії, KDZ |
% |
Koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії, CRA |
% |
Vіdnoshennya koefіtsієnta CRA to koefіtsієntaKDZ% |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
1 |
1a |
0,866 |
100 |
0.822 |
100 |
0.839 |
100 |
102.1 |
1b |
0.875 |
101.0 |
0.872 |
106.1 |
0.878 |
104.6 |
100.7 |
|
1c |
0.904 |
104.4 |
0.887 |
107.9 |
0.910 |
108.5 |
102.6 |
|
2 |
2a |
0.794 |
100 |
0.774 |
100 |
0.868 |
100 |
112.1 |
2b |
0.840 |
105.7 |
0.831 |
107.4 |
0.904 |
104.1 |
108.8 |
|
2c |
0,866 |
109.0 |
0.853 |
110.2 |
0.924 |
106.5 |
108.3 |
|
3 |
3a |
0.683 |
100 |
0.657 |
100 |
0.890 |
100 |
135.5 |
3b |
0.765 |
112.0 |
0.756 |
115.1 |
0.916 |
102.9 |
121.1 |
|
3c |
0.804 |
117.7 |
0.792 |
120.5 |
0.932 |
104.7 |
117.7 |
|
4 |
4a |
0.632 |
100 |
0.640 |
100 |
0,891 |
100 |
139.2 |
4b |
0,700 |
110.8 |
0.731 |
114.2 |
0.919 |
103.1 |
125.7 |
|
4c |
0.747 |
118.2 |
0.776 |
121.3 |
0.935 |
104.5 |
120.5 |
In the fourth varіantі koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії іstotno znizhuєtsya sama zavdyaki fact scho here virobnitstvo zoseredzhene perevazhno in dvoh trademark Galuzo - pershіy i drugіy. For naybіlshoї rozoseredzhenostі virobnitstva, yak tse characteristic of varіanta 1 koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії bude nayvischim.
Danі Table. 23.2 perekonuyut takozh, scho on rіven diversifіkatsії virobnitstva іstotno vplivaє Quantity trademark Galuzo, yak rozvivaє pіdpriєmstvo.
When zberezhennі priblizno the very nature rozpodіlu vkladіv Galuzo in formuvannya tovarnoї produktsії, ale for the minds zbіlshennya kіlkostі Galuzo koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії zrostaє. So, zbіlshennya Galuzo number of 6 to 8 zooms zrostannya pokaznika CDHS at Perche varіantі s 0.822 to 0.872, and for ten Galu-bonds - up to 0.887. Taka Well i tendentsіya characteristic for іnshih varіantіv. Obviously, for scho neіstotnih Change log in rozpodіlі mіzh Galuzo contribution from formuvannya tovarnoї produktsії zbіlshennya kіlkostі trademark Galuzo one Galuzo generally produces up pіdvischennya koefіtsієnta diversifіkatsії to 10%. Tsey vіdsotok bude bіlshim (in furrows of 10%), in the minds Yakscho zrostannya kіlkostі Galuzo vіdbuvaєtsya vodnochase zoseredzhennya virobnitstva on nevelikіy kіlkostі Galuzo, i navpaki.
Vazhlivo scho koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії "chutlivy" i before zmіni spіvvіdnoshennya Galuzo for odnієї i tієї Well їh kіlkostі on pіdpriєmstvі. Napriklad for six commodity Galuzo CDHS zmenshuєtsya h at 0.822 varіantі spіvvіdnoshennya 1a to 0.640 in varіantі 4a; for eight Galuzo - s 0.872 to 0.731 for the ten Galuzo i - s 0.887 to 0.766.
Zrozumіlo, scho taka chutlivіst viklikana rіznim stage kontsentratsії Galuzo. W її pіdvischennyam koefіtsієnt diversifіkatsії zmenshuєtsya, oskіlki bіlshіst Galuzo in such razі not vіdіgrayut bіlsh-Mensch іstotnoї rolі in formuvannі trumpery pіdpriєmstva income. Together s note, іz zrostannyam rіvnya zoseredzhenostі Galuzo pіdvischuєtsya i rizik vtrati pіdpriєmstvom fіnansovoї stabіlnostі. Aje pіdpriєmstva, de one to three of the Branch zaymayut domіnuyuche encampment at formuvannі їh trumpery income for nespriyatlivoї kon'yunkturi market analysis on produktsіyu Tsikh Galuzo mozhut zaznati іstotnih zbitkіv i navіt opinitisya on mezhі bankrutstva.
On tsomu protivagu in pіdpriєmstvah s bіlsh-Mensch rіvnomіrnim rozpodіlom contribution okremih Galuzo in penny dohіd pіdpriєmstva such situatsіya viklyuchaєtsya. Dwellers nablizheno rozrahuvati stupіn zrostannya riziku od pіdvischennya zoseredzhennya Galuzo, dotsіlno viznachiti tretіy pokaznik diversifіkatsії, vikoristovuyuchi takozh formula koefіtsієnta zoseredzhenostі Galuzo, ale at tsomu rangovany number Galuzo buduєtsya not for spadnim and for INCREASING principle, if the Branch, yak zaymaє naymenshu chastku in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії, prisvoyuєtsya Purshia number, and z naybіlshoyu chastkoyu - ostannіy vіdpovіdno to kіlkostі Galuzo. Rіven tsogo pokaznika (CRA) imposed grafі in Table 7. 23.2.
Yak bachimo, koefіtsієnt CRA od Perche to the fourth varіanta zrostaє, oskіlki in nomu pіdsilyuєtsya vagomіst quiet Galuzo, SSMSC zaymayut bіlshu chastku in strukturі tovarnoї produktsії. Nablizhene zrostannya riziku od pіdvischennya stage zoseredzhennya Galuzo mozhna viznachiti s virazu: H = (CRA: CDHS) • 100. The grafі Table 9. 23.2 tsogo pokaznika imposed values. Yak bachimo for Perche varіanta s bіlsh-Mensch rіvnomіrnim rozpodіlom contribution Galuzo pokaznik nablizhenogo riziku Got slim values. Ale vіn іstotno zrostaє s pіdvischennyam stage zoseredzhennya Galuzo. Skazhіmo, in the fourth varіantі de Tsey stupіn nayvischy, i Got Location nayvischa rizikovanіst destabіlіzatsії fіnansovogo of companies will i nablizheno Won becoming od 120.5% in pіdvarіantі 4c to 139.2% - in pіdvarіantі 4a.
Otzhe, agrarnі pіdpriєmstva at rozrobtsі strategії virobnichoї dіyalnostі povinnі vrahovuvati not tіlki plus i mіnusi diversifіkatsії virobnitstva and second spіvvіdnoshennya Galuzo i tіsno pov'yazany s rizik it torn down fіnansovoї stabіlnostі * 1.
* 1: {Okremі pіdrozdіlіv position of 23.3 i 23.4 rozroblenі for participation Nichiporuk O.}
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