Legal Encyclopedia. The letter C

Speransky Mikhail

(1772-1839) - one of the representatives of the liberal end of the XVIII century. in Russia.

Brief biography: S. was born in the family of a village priest. After completing his studies in St. Petersburg he began to make official career. Later, Alexander I St. was appointed State Secretary of the royal court. S. - author of the plan of the liberal transformation of Russia.

Major works: "The plan of state transformation", "in the knowledge of the laws of Manual", "Code of Laws", "Introduction to the situation of the state laws."

His views:

1) the origin of the state. The State, according to AS, emerged as a social union. It was created for the benefit and safety of people. The people are the source of government power, as any legitimate government emerged on the basis of the general will of the people;

2) on the tasks of government change. The best form of government C. considered a constitutional monarchy. Accordingly, S. singled out the two tasks of public transformations: preparation of Russia to the adoption of the Constitution, the elimination of serfdom, because serfdom constitutional monarchy can not be established. The process of elimination of serfdom in two stages: the elimination of the land of the landlords' land, the capitalization of the land relations. With regard to the laws, S. claimed that they should be taken with the obligatory participation of the State Duma election. The collection of all the laws of the Constitution;

3) in the representative bodies of the system:

a) the lowest link - the parish Council, composed of landowners, citizens who have property, as well as farmers;

b) The middle tier - the district Duma deputies who are elected by the parish Duma;

c) the Council of State, whose members are appointed by the emperor.

The monarch has absolute power;

4) in the Senate. The Senate is the supreme judicial body, to which all are subject to the lower courts;

5) in the class.

S. believed that the state should be the following groups of classes:

a) the nobility - the upper class, which includes persons who perform military or civil service;

6) make up the middle class merchants and freeholders, tradesmen, villagers who have property;

c) the lower classes - the working people, not having the right to vote (Local farmers, artisans, domestic servants and other employees).