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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Krivenko KT

1.1.2. Zakoni i category of polіtichnoї ekonomії.

Doslіdzhuyuchi subject vivchennya, polіtekonomіya robit vіdpovіdnі visnovki, uzagalnennya, klasifіkatsії toscho. In rezultatі tsogo formuєtsya great ponyatіyny aparata. We understand sistemі vazhlive values ​​toil takі: Ekonomichna kategorіya, ekonomіchny law ekonomіchny principle.

Ekonomichna kategorіya - tse Naukova ponyattya, yak harakterizuє okremі PARTIES ekonomіchnogo yavischa.

Sutnіst ekonomіchnoї categories such viznachaєtsya kriterіyami:

vіdobrazhaє not prirodnі vlastivostі speeches i predmetіv and characteristic vlastivіst pevnoї System (Elements, lanka) ekonomіchnih vіdnosin people;

Got ob'єktivny character oskіlki vіdbivaє ob'єktivnu dіysnіst;

Got іstorichny character oskіlki-valued Chastina kategorіy polіtichnoї ekonomії on Pevnyi etapі rozvitku suspіlnogo virobnitstva vіdmiraє.

In kursі polіtichnoї ekonomії widely vikoristovuyutsya takі categories: vlasnіst, product vartіst, groshі, kapіtal, kapіtalіstichna ekonomіka, rinok, Naiman Pratzen, zarobіtna board that bagato іnshih.

In ekonomіtsі dіє low ekonomіchnih zakonіv.

Ekonomіchny law viyavlyaє suttєvі, stіyki i neobhіdnі cause and naslіdkovі zv'yazki i vzaєmozalezhnostі danogo ekonomіchnogo processes.

Ekonomichna science klasifіkuє ekonomіchnі Zakoni suspіlstva for such great groups:

usezagalnі laws, SSMSC vlastivі whether Money Does ekonomіchnoї type system. Pong virazhayut eg postupalnogo rozvitku suspіlnogo virobnitstva, ob'єktivnі Basics of zrostannya yogo efektivnostі, rozvitku vіdnosin vlasnostі toscho;

osoblivі ekonomіchnі laws, scho virazhayut takі osoblivostі ekonomіchnih vіdnosin, SSMSC Je spіlnimi for dekіlkoh tipіv ekonomіchnih systems. Before them nalezhat nasampered laws of commodity i virobnitstva market analysis;

spetsifіchnі ekonomіchnі laws, SSMSC dіyut deprivation in the minds Pevnyi ekonomіchnogo fret napriklad kapіtalіstichnogo chi sotsіalіstichnogo.

In sukupnostі OAO All tsі Zakoni formuyut system zakonіv Economy that zakonomіrnostі її rozvitku.

So rank, ekonomіchnі Zakoni Je warehouses subject polіtichnoї ekonomії. Vivchayuchi ob'єkt Svoge doslіdzhennya, tobto suspіlne virobnitstvo, polіtichna ekonomіya stikaєtsya s Problems obmezhenostі virobnichih resursіv (rodyuchih land korisnih Kopalin, palivno-energetichnih resursіv, robochoї Sealy toscho) that ratsіonalnogo їh vikoristannya for naypovnіshogo zadovolennya potreb people. Pіznayuchi laws, SSMSC upravlyayutsya virobnitstvom, rozpodіlom i spozhivannyam benefits on whether Money Does etapі suspіlnogo rozvitku, polіtichna ekonomіya obґruntovuє, yak people i suspіlstvo toil zdіysnyuvati kіntsevy vibіr rіdkіsnih resursіv, yak naykrasche viroblyati rіznі benefits rozpodіlyati i obmіnyuvati їh.

W іnshogo side, yak zaznachalos, ekonomіchnі vіdnosini people nerozrivno pov'yazanі s polіtichnimi, sotsіalnimi that іnshimi vіdnosinami i sotsіalnimi іnstitutami. Science doslіdzhuє vpliv Tsikh vіdnosin on ekonomіchnі processes.

Vihodyachi Zi legends can sformulyuvati subject of science as: polіtichna ekonomіya vivchaє entire system ekonomіchnih vіdnosin in їh єdnostі i vzaєmodії s obmezhenimi productive forces that polіtichnimi, іdeologіchnimi i sotsіalnimi іnstitutami suspіlstva. Vaughn, pіznayuchi laws, pokazuє, yak people i suspіlstvo toil zdіysnyuvati kіntsevy vibіr rіdkіsnih resursіv, yak naykrasche viroblyati rіznі Flea is the Hotel, i rozpodіlyati obmіnyuvati їh s metoyu dosyagnennya maximum zadovolennya potreb Helsinki Human.

1.1.3. Zarodzhennya i rozvitok polіtichnoї ekonomії, eg i її school.

Polіtichna ekonomіya yak samostіyna science vinikla in perіod zarodzhennya kapіtalіzmu, formuvannya natsіonalnogo market analysis. Vaughn virazhala Interests burzhuazії class yak, scho narodzhuvavsya at that time. Yak zaznachalosya ranіshe, termіn "polіtichna ekonomіya" vvіv to Naukova lexicon frantsuzky ekonomіst Monkretєn Antoine de (1575-1621), yaky from 1615 p. opublіkuvav Prace "law suspіlnogo Gospodarstwa (Treatise polіtichnoї ekonomії)," de yshlosya about the law rozvitku suspіlnogo Gospodarstwa.

Kapіtalіstichnі vіdnosini in time їh zarodzhennya won naybіlshy rozvitok in torgіvlі. Vіdpovіdno, i Purshia eg polіtichnoї ekonomії - mercantilism (od іtalіyskogo word "Mercante" - trader, merchant) - vihodiv s of scho torgіvlya Je Jerel bagatstva. W usіh vidіv dіyalnostі prіoritet nadavavsya pratsі, zaynyatіy in torgіvlі, Perche for all mіzhnarodnіy, oskіlki Won spriyala nagromadzhennyu bagatstva, yak ototozhnyuvalos todі s groshima, gold.

In mіru proniknennya kapіtalu in scope virobnitstva formuvalasya klasichna polіtichna ekonomіya. Pershi її predstavniki - fіzіokrati on cholі s François Quesnay (1694-1774) - moved about power pohodzhennya suspіlnogo bagatstva Zi spherical obіgu virobnitstva in scope. Schopravda, stop the stink obmezhili tіlki sіlskіm Gospodarstwa, uvazhayuchi scho deprivation bagatstvo stvoryuєtsya tsіy in the Branch.

Nayvischogo rozvitku klasichna polіtekonomіya dosyagla in Prace vidatnih anglіyskih ekonomіstіv Smіta Adam (1723-1790) i Rіkardo David (1772-1823). Main ob'єktom doslіdzhennya Tsikh ekonomіstіv virobnitstvo yak Bulo Takeo, Square od galuzevih osoblivo and takozh rozpodіl benefits. Pong visunuli th obґruntuvali system i understand kategorіy scho yavlyayutsya him Naukova vіdobrazhennya bagatoh ekonomіchnih protsesіv.

In seredinі XIX century. sformuvavsya proletarsky eg in polіtichnіy ekonomії, yaky rozrobiv її founder Karl Marx (1818-1883). Marxism visunuv provisions scho subject polіtekonomії Je virobnichі vіdnosini people have їh vzaєmozv'yazku s productive forces. In the framework marksistskoї polіtekonomії Bulo rozrobleno vchennya about suspіlno-ekonomіchnі formatsії, zakonomіrnostі їh rozvitku that zmіni. Marksistska polіtekonomіya poglibila vchennya about the Labour teorіyu vartostі and takozh rozrobila teorіyu dodatkovoї vartostі.

In drugіy polovinі XIX century. Bulo sformulovano teorіyu granichnoї korisnostі - marzhinalіzmu in stanovlennі yakoї vidatna role nalezhit avstrіyskіy shkolі and sama vchenim Carl Menger (1840-1926) i Єvgenіyu Böhm-Bawerk (1851-1914). Well Todі vinikla th amerikanska school granichnoї produktivnostі on cholі її s founder John Clark (1847-1938). Great significance for rozvitku polіtekonomії Mali pratsі vidatnogo anglіyskogo ekonomіsta Alfred Marshall (1842-1923), yaky 1890 p. opublіkuvav "principles ekonomіchnoї science." Dana Prace zapochatkuvala Novi eg in polіtekonomії - neoklasichny.

Tsey eg Je odnієyu Zi warehouses Chastain suchasnoї polіtekonomії. Elements neoklasichnoї polіtekonomії Je Keynesian economics, Fundator yakogo becoming vidatny anglіysky ekonomіst John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), opublіkuvavshi 1936 p. Prace "Zagalna teorіya zaynyatostі, percent i pennies."

In drugіy polovinі twentieth century. neoklasichnu polіtekonomіyu uspіshno rozroblyaє vidatny amerikansky ekonomіst, laureate Paul Samuelson Nobelіvskoї premії (1915 p. bunk.). In yogo viznachennі new polіtekonomіchna school traktuєtsya yak "neoklasichny synthesis". Principi neoklasichnogo synthesis ґruntovno vikladenі in pіdruchnikah, SSMSC toil titles "Ekonomіks" abo "Ekonomіka".

Predstavniki ekonomіks uvazhayut yogo doslіdzhennya subject "Problems efektivnosti vikoristannya obmezhenih virobnichih resursіv upravlіnnya them abo s metoyu dosyagnennya maximum zadovolennya materіalnih potreb Helsinki Human." (KR McConnell, Brue Article L. Economics:.... The principles, problems and policies / Translated from English - 2 volumes - M., 1992. - T. 1. - P. 18.)

One s napryamіv polіtekonomії Je іnstitutsіonalіzm, yaky Sklave naprikіntsі XIX-XX centuries on the cob. in rіznih modifіkatsіyah. Prihilniki іnstitutsіonalіzmu Basics rozvitku Economy suspіlstva vvazhayut sotsіalnі іnstituti. Suchasnі іnstitutsіonalіsti Ueslі Mіtchel (1874-1948), John Galbraith (1909 p. Bunk.), Ronald Coase (1910 p. Bunk.) Kritikuyut neoklasichnі teorії, stink vistupayut for reformuvannya kapіtalіzmu.

W Druha half of the 70 pp. on peredovі pozitsії in polіtichnіy ekonomії acted as monetaristska school. Monetarists pіdtrimali faded «Back to Smіta", scho meant vіdmovu od metodіv active sovereign vtruchannya in ekonomіku. Chapter monetaristіv Frіdmen Melton (1912 p. Bunk.) Bring, scho "groshovі іmpulsi" penny emіsіya Je bunt regulators SSMSC vplivayut on gospodarske Zhittya. Nagadaєmo scho ekonomіchny course, "reyganomіkoyu 'names digit mіroyu spiravsya Look at monetaristіv.

For svoїm zmіstom proponovany The Teaching posіbnik not neoklasichnim Je ni, ni marksistskim, ni іnstitutsіonalnim. Vіn poєdnuє in sobі nayvazhlivіshі zdobutki neoklasichnogo, marksistskogo that іnstitutsіonalnogo napryamіv i have shkіl polіtekonomії. In nomu vikoristovuyutsya dosyagnennya ekonomіchnoї teorії, vikladenі in Prace A. Smіta, Karl Marx, Alfred Marshall, John. Keynes, M. Tugan-Baranovskogo, P. Samuelson, J.. Galbraith, M. Frіdmena, W. Eucken that vіtchiznyanih ekonomіstіv . Viznachayuchi zdobutki pevnoї teoretichnoї school, stink znahodyat svoє vіdobrazhennya Pevnyi topics in the course. Urahovuyutsya takozh vіdpovіdnі dosyagnennya polіtekonomії Radyans'ka ekonomіstіv.



 
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