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Istoria ekonomіchnih scientists - Kornіychuk LY

Rozdіl XI Ekonomichna DUMKA In UKRAЇNІ

Ekonomichna Dumka in Ukraїnі Got bagatovіkovu іstorіyu. In tsomu deprivation rozdіlі rozglyanuto ekonomіchnu Dumka Druha half of XIX century., If vіdbuvalisya velicheznі zrushennya in ekonomіtse that sotsіalnіy strukturі suspіlstva. Lіkvіdatsіya krіpatstva priskorila rozvitok kapіtalіzmu yak at promislovostі, so i in sіlskomu gospodarstvі.

Togochasna Naukova Dumka th small dati vіdpovіd not tіlki to food schodo prospects zagalnorosіyskogo rozvitku and th schodo Ukraine, Ekonomichna situatsіya kotroї, yak pobachimo Dali, at deyakih vіdnoshennyah (Especially schodo forms Selyanske zemlevolodіnnya) Bula іnshoyu, nіzh in bіlshostі rosіyskih gubernіy. Ukrainian ekonomіsti Zroby Vahom vnesok in rozvitok svіtovoї ekonomіchnoї pillows, Especially statistics that matematichnoї school.

1. Ekonomіchnі problems in perіod pіdgotovki zdіysnennya that the reform of 1861 p.

Rozstanovka klasovih forces that formuvannya napryamkіv suspіlno-ekonomіchnoї pillows in perіod pіdgotovki that zdіysnennya reforms in Ukraїnі not vіdrіznyalis at sutі, od analogіchnih protsesіv in Russie. Zagostrennya Creasy krіposnitskoї system zrostannya Selyanske zavorushen steel poshtovhom for rozvitku antikrіposnitskogo Ruhu.

Area information about power skasuvannya krіpatstva zagostryuєtsya іdeyna Borotba predstavnikіv rіznih napryamіv suspіlno-ekonomіchnoї pillows. Already in the 40th district. formuyutsya lіberalno-dvoryansky that revolyutsіyno democratically-eg, SSMSC vіdobrazhali Interests protilezhnih klasіv - pomіschikіv that villagers.

Vnaslіdok zagalnogo pozhvavlennya Gromadska Ruhu in Ukraїnі in Kiєvі utvorilasya taєmna polіtichna organіzatsіya "Kirilo-Mefodіїvske tovaristvo" (1846-1847), yak Vote neobhіdnіst znischennya krіposnitstva that tsarism i ob'єdnannya slov'yanskih narodіv on demokratichnіy osnovі. Іdeya skasuvannya krіpatstva i vstanovlennya rіvnostі stanіv Bula bunt in programі tovaristva. Prote shlyahіv dosyagnennya schodo tsogo boule kirilomefodіїvtsі not odnostaynі. In tovaristvі utvorilosya Two ways: revolyutsіyno-democratically (Shevchenko, M. Savic that INSHI) that lіberalno-dvoryansky (AP Kulіsh, Bіlozersky V., M. Kostomarov that INSHI).

Predstavniki revolyutsіyno directly-democratic boule prihilnikami revolyutsіynoї lіkvіdatsії autocracy i krіpatstva. Pong zaklikaet vsіh chlenіv tovaristva to Activity Act reasonably, spryamovanih on pіdgotovku national insurrection to repeat i 1825 roku, ale in Shirshov masshtabі i s participation of the people.

Digit Chastina chlenіv tovaristva, yak standing on lіberalnih pozitsіyah, zaperechuvala revolyutsіynu Borotba i vistupala for evolyutsіyny Way rozvitku. Main zasobom skasuvannya krіpatstva stink vvazhali osvіtu people in relіgіyno-hristiyanskomu dusі i perekonannya pomіschikіv in neobhіdnostі reform.

VN Karazіn (1773-1842) - exercises that Gromadsky dіyach one іz zasnovnikіv Harkіvskogo unіversitetu. In pitannі representations to krіpatstva vіn standing on pozitsіyah dvoryanskogo lіberalіzmu, tobto not vistupav for Povny i negayne zvіlnennya villagers zaklikayuchi deprivation to obmezhennya zlovzhivan pomіschikіv.

B. Karazіn pragnuv zberegti pomіschitske zemlevolodіnnya. Pomіschitsku land vіn rozglyadav yak kapіtal, Cauterets Got zabezpechuvati Pevnyi Ziska її vlasnikovі.

Yak Progressive mislitel i zemlevlasnik V. Karazіn against, rozumіv neefektivnіst old forms gospodaryuvannya on selі. Tom vіn vistupaє for reformuvannya agrarian vіdnosin. V.Karazіn proponuє nadіliti villagers have land vіchne koristuvannya, vistupaє for vstanovlennya "mezhі zalezhnostі" villagers od pomіschikіv, zayavlyaє about dotsіlnіst zamіni panschini penny dues.

Designs V. Karazіna Mali Progressive character i antikrіposnitsku spryamovanіst. Tsіkavo, scho, rozroblyayuchi projection reformuvannya agrarian vіdnosin, vіn namagavsya vtіliti їh in Zhittya in svoєmu maєtku (p. Kruchik Harkіvskoї lips.).

B. Karazіn rozroblyav projection reformuvannya rіznih areas sous-spіlnogo th sovereign Zhittya. Vіn CCB prihilnikom konstitutsіynoї monarhії, svoї reform projects nadsilav king st uryadovtsyam. For reformatorsku dіyalnіst V. Karazіn arrogant represіy s side tsarskogo Uryadov: areshtіv, uv'yaznen, zaboroni prozhivate in Moskvі th Peterburzі. W 1804 r. vіn Givet in svoєmu maєtku de zaymaєtsya Naukova robots. In dusі svoїh teorіy V. Karazіn reglamentuє panschinu svoїh villagers nadіlyaє їh earth, zamіnyuє panschinu penny dues. Obrobіtok panskoї zemlі, yak zalishilas pіslya peredachі Chastain zemlі villagers, zdіysnyuvavsya not primusovoyu and vіlnonaymanoyu Prace.

B. Karazіn rozroblyaє projection gospodarskogo rozvitku Kraina in tsіlomu. Vіn vistupaє s vimogoyu іntensifіkatsії zemlerobstva, udoskonalennya sposobіv obrobki zemlі, udoskonalennya sіlskogospodarskoї tehnіki. B. Karazіn - prihilnik rozvitku rіznih Galuzo vіtchiznyanoї promislovostі, vіn zaklikaє nobles organіzovuvati promislovі pіdpriєmstva that spriyaє nadannyu їm fіnansovoї Relief. Same yogo tsі projection leading to a process rozumіnnya neobhіdnostі kapіtalіstichnogo rozvitku promislovostі.

Dіyalnіst V. Karazіna Bula Nadzvychaina sytuatsia bagatogrannoyu. Vіn Zroby great vnesok rіznі at the Branch of Science.

AO Skalkovsky (1808-1898) - narodivsya in m Zhitomirі in rodinі drіbnopomіsnogo nobleman.. Pіslya zakіnchennya Yurydychna faculty Maskovskiy unіversitetu (1827) pratsyuvav in Odesі kantselyarії when the Governor-General. W 1841 r. ocholyuvav komіtet randomness. In Numerical Prace A. Skalkovskogo (276 titles) visvіtlyuyutsya rіznі PARTIES Zhittya Novorosії: Istoria, etnografіya, geografіya, statistics, ekonomіka.

Nayvіdomіshoyu yogo ekonomіchnoyu Prace Je "Dosvіd randomness inventory Novorosіyskogo edge" (1850-1853). Doslіdzhennya mіstit velichezny materіal schodo protsesіv ekonomіchnogo rozvitku pіvdnya Ukraine, yaky svіdchit about Creasy feudal krіposnitskoї Sistemi i rozvitok kapіtalіstichnih vіdnosin.

Visvіtlyuyuchi rіznі PARTIES ekonomіchnogo rozvitku pіvdennoї Ukraine, A. Skalkovsky namagavsya obgruntuvati th vipravdati fun- ekonomіchnoї polіtiki vischoї admіnіstratsії Novorosії that okresliti deyakі eg її further rozvitku. Rіch in tіm, scho on protivagu protektsіonіzmu tsarskogo Uryadov, novorosіyskі vlastі pozitsіyah stood on free trade. Such polіtika vіdpovіdala іnteresam great zemlevlasnikіv pіvdnya Ukraine, SSMSC passed to kapіtalіstichnih forms gospodaryuvannya i boule zaіnteresovanі in maximum zbіlshennі eksportu. Krіm addition, Pіvdnі not Bulo Galuzo promislovostі, SSMSC b potrebuvali Mitnija Zahist.

Main zavdannya ekonomіchnoї polіtiki A. Skalkovsky vbachav in spriyannі vsebіchnomu rozvitku productive forces scho served b peretvorennyu Novorosії on the "breadbasket Єvropi". Virіshennya tsієї problems pіdkreslyuvav vіn, Bulo bezposeredno zv'yazane Zi zrostannyam tovarnostі sіlskogo Gospodarstwa. Same s Tsikh pozitsіy vіn i analіzuє agrarnі power.

A. Skalkovsky not vistupav s direct zasudzhennyam krіpatstva i, vodnochase not baked CCU opponent yogo lіkvіdatsії. In virіshennі agrarian power vіn vistupaє yak zahisnik great pomіschitskogo zemlevolodіnnya. The main problem, scho nepokoїla pomіschikіv Pіvdnya, Bulo zabezpechennya pomіschitskogo Gospodarstwa robochem power. Same pid CIM Kut Zora pomіschiki Pіvdnya rozglyadali power skasuvannya krіpatstva, nadіlennya villagers land toscho.

A. Skalkovsky vistupaє for nadіlennya land yak-krіpakіv villagers, so i-pereselentsіv villagers. Vіn proponuє vidіliti villagers dosit generously nadіl (10-15 tithes) dwellers "priv'yazati" їh to Novorosії th zabezpechiti robochem power pomіschitskі Gospodarstwa. For qiu land Selanne Mali dovіchno platiti pomіschikovі (abo vіdroblyati). Otzhe for A. Skalkovskim, the villagers could not get vlasnikami zemlі i factuality zalishalisya fallow od pomіschikіv. Vіdtak yogo agrarian programa obmezhuvalasya zberezhennyam napіvkrіposnitskih poryadkіv.

Progressive nature of Somalia A. Skalkovskogo Offers schodo rozvitku promislovostі, shlyahіv spoluchennya, wide osvoєnnya natural resursіv edge. Prote in virіshennі Tsikh problems vіn takozh yak vistupaє zahisnik іnteresіv great zemlevlasnikіv, zaіnteresovanih in rozvitku shlyahіv spoluchennya, vnutrіshnoї i zovnіshnoї torgіvlі.

DP Zhuravsky (1810-1856) - vidatny teachings ekonomіst, statistics, Naukova dіyalnіst yakogo pripadaє 40-50 Ti-pp. XIX century. W 1851 r. vіn - Scientific Secretary of the editor i randomness vіddіlu "Komіsії for obstezhennya Kiїvskoї uchbovoї neighborhood" with Kiїvskomu unіversitetі. Yogo pen nalezhit tsіla low glibokih Naukova doslіdzhen. Naybіlsh-valued yogo Prace - tritomny "randomness Opis Kiїvskoї gubernії" yak M. Chernishevsky called "one s naybіlsh dorogotsіnnih Nagybanya" rosіyskoї science of the XIX century.

In tsomu opisі DI Zhuravsky giving gliboky i vsebіchny analіz krіposnitskoї feudal system. Vіn analіzuє osnovnі Lanka sіlskogospodarskogo virobnitstva: pomіschitske th Selyanske Gospodarstwa. Doslіdzhuyuchi pomіschitske Gospodarstwa, D. Zhuravsky robit visnovok about Yogo neefektivnіst, zrostannya zaborgovanostі, zanepad. Pributkovimi boule deprivation Gospodarstwa, SSMSC poєdnuvali sіlskogospodarske virobnitstvo s pіdpriєmnitstvom, zastosovuyuchi Sotho kapіtalіstichnі FORMS gospodaryuvannya. Ale Tse Bulo deprivation nebagatom pid force.

DI Zhuravsky pokazuє grave ekonomіchne encampment selyanstva, bіlsha Chastina yakogo could not samostіyno gospodaryuvati. Vіn konstatuє appeared protsesіv diferentsіatsії selyanstva, viniknennya yavisch not vlastivih kolishnomu feudal Gospodarstwa.

Especially uwagi DI Zhuravsky zvertaє on neefektivnіst krіpatskoї pratsі. Tse power dosit widely obgovoryuvalos in presі, ale tіlki D. Zhuravsky rozkriv yogo NAUKOVO, analіzuyuchi velichezny materіal randomness. Vіn obgruntovano dovіv not deprivation nizku produktivnіst pratsі krіpakіv and second nonproductive vikoristannya її pomіschikami.

Pіdrahuvavshi Quantity robochem dnіv, vitrachenih krіpakami in pomіschitskih maєtkah gubernії and takozh Zroby rozrahunok real demand from pratsі for vikonannya vsіh robіt, vіn robit visnovok scho vitrati pratsі bіlshe nіzh utrichі perevischuvali dіysnu needful in them.

Marnotratstvo pratsі DI Zhuravsky nazivaє sores in ekonomіchnomu rozvitku suspіlstva i pіdkreslyuє scho deprivation zamіna pratsі krіpakіv vіlnonaymanoyu lіkvіduє tse evil. Prote popervosti vіn not to power about skasuvannya krіpatstva. Vіn deprivation rozroblyaє recipe for polіpshennya encampments selyanstva i pіdvischennya produktivnostі yogo pratsі. DI Zhuravsky proponuє navchati villagers crafts pristosuvati їhnyu Pratzen in pomіschitskomu gospodarstvі to vіlnonaymanoї toscho.

Zagostrennya Creasy krіposnitskoї feudal system posilennya Selyanske revolyutsіynogo Ruhu, Krymska vіyna showed Povny bezperspektivnіst krіposnitstva, yogo nezdatnіst zabezpechiti on-sleepers rozvitok productive forces. DI Zhuravsky slit to ofіtsіynoї statement about the power lіkvіdatsіyu krіpatstva (1856) vistupaє for zvіlnennya selyanstva nadіlennya i yogo land on the right povnoї vlasnostі no redemption rights. Vіn Pichet, scho tse zabezpechilo b utvorennya samostіynogo Selyanske Gospodarstwa, Square od pomіschika. Schopravda, vіn proponuvav zalishiti for villagers deprivation half tієї zemlі, yakoyu koristuvalis stench. A tse puts villagers at nova od zalezhnіst pomіschikіv, peretvoryuvalo їh not samostіynih virobnikіv and tіlki on dzherelo deshevoї robochoї Sealy for pomіschitskogo Gospodarstwa.

Otzhe, D. Zhuravsky vistupav for zberezhennya great pomіschitskogo Gospodarstwa, ale s minds Yogo povіlnogo peretvorennya on kapіtalіstichne. Vіn Je prihilnikom rozvitku kapіtalіstichnih vіdnosin i prisvyachuє svoї doslіdzhennya rozvitku promislovostі, inventory penny vіdnosin, zrostannyu vnutrіshnogo market analysis, zovnіshnoї torgіvlі, tobto quiet protsesіv scho svіdchili about rozvitok kapіtalіstichnih vіdnosin in kraїnі. D. Zhuravskogo mozhna nazvati іdeologom burzhuazії scho narodzhuvalas, i pomіschikіv, SSMSC pristosovuvalis to novih minds gospodaryuvannya.

DM Strukov - lіberalny ekonomіst, іnspektor sіlskogo Gospodarstwa pіvdnya Russie. At the Praca 50-60 pp. ( "Dosvіd vikladennya naygolovnіshih minds uspіshnogo sіlskogo Gospodarstwa", "On the Land volodіnnya koristuvannya i", "n Zauvazhennya on statte. Rusinov" that іn.) D. Strukov namagaєtsya z'yasuvati minds uspіshnogo funktsіonuvannya sіlskogo Gospodarstwa, prospects yogo rozvitku. However tsі minds vіn not zv'yazuvav іz polіpshennyam tehnіki, agrotehnіki toscho. Zaporuku uspіshnogo rozvitku sіlskogo Gospodarstwa vіn vbachaє in vіlnіy pratsі th zabezpechenіy vlasnostі, tobto in zamіnі feudal vіdnosin kapіtalіstichnimi.

Kritikuyuchi feodalnі agrarnі vіdnosini, D. Strukov rozumіv scho further rozvitok sіlskogo Gospodarstwa not Mauger vіdbuvatisya on bazі pomіschitskogo Gospodarstwa. Vіn skeptical stavivsya to mozhlivostey nobles rozvivati ​​sіlskogospodarske virobnitstvo, pіdkreslyuvav їhnyu nepraktichnіst, bezvіdpovіdalnіst is the second marriage kapіtalіv. For the transition to novoї system wrote D. Strukov, neobhіdnim Je "Inshyj order to yakogo potrіbnі kapіtali th umіnnya" * 1, mute in chogo pomіschitskomu gospodarstvі.

* 1: {DN Strukov on the land possession and use // Annex to the "agricultural newspaper." - 1858. - № 64. - P. 31.}

Kritikuyuchi pomіschitske zemlevolodіnnya, D. Strukov not zaklikaє to yogo lіkvіdatsії and proponuє reorganіzatsіyu - sales Chastain pomіschitskih abo land transfer zemlі in dovgostrokovu Orenda i stvorennya Gospodarstwa fermerskih type. D. Strukov posilaєtsya on dosvіd organіzatsії sіlskogo Gospodarstwa in Novorosіyskomu kraї de Gospodarstwa kolonіstіv i desyatinnikіv scho nablizhalis for the form to kapіtalіstichnih farms dosyagli short rows digit uspіhіv. Same on pіvdnі Ukraine, stverdzhuvav vіn, perehіd to novih forms gospodaryuvannya bude tumble oskіlki then slit to skasuvannya krіpatstva zastosovuvalas vіlnonaymana Prace.

Not vіdkidav D. Strukov mozhlivostі perebudovi agrarian vіdnosin i on bazі Selyanske Gospodarstwa, yak vvazhav zdatnim nagromadzhuvati kapіtal scho categorically zaperechuvali dvoryanskі lіberali. Propozitsіya schodo obmezhennya pomіschitskogo zemlevolodіnnya, viznannya vіlnogo Selyanske Gospodarstwa one іz faktorіv perebudovi agrarian vіdnosin, zovsіm not oznachaє scho D. Strukov CCB prihilnikom drіbnogo virobnitstva. Yak bourgeois іdeolog vіn vistupaє proti monopolії pomіschitskogo zemlevolodіnnya i vvazhaє mozhlivim i ratsіonalnim іsnuvannya rіznih for rozmіrami Gospodarstwa. Posilayuchis dosvіd at Sunset, vіn pіdkreslyuvav scho there іsnuyut Fermi s rіznoyu kіlkіstyu zemlі. D. Strukov arguments, scho Got the Same scale Gospodarstwa viznachati rozmіr zemlevolodіnnya instead navpaki.

Vihodyachi s neobhіdnostі perebudovi vsієї system "land rozporyadkіv" from Russie, D. Strukov vistupaє i zemlevolodіnnya against the community. In zvіlnennі villagers od opіki communities vіn bachit one s minds obov'yazkovih rozvitku samostіynogo Selyanske Gospodarstwa.

Otzhe have virіshennі agrarian power D.Strukov vistupaє yak bourgeois lіberal, vimagayuchi usunennya pereshkod for nagromadzhennya kapіtalu, vіlnoї konkurentsії, tobto for rozvitku kapіtalіstichnih vіdnosin.

Іdeyna Borotba Navkolo skasuvannya krіposnogo right not obmezhuєtsya deprivation rozglyanutimi power. Vaughn small uniquely skladnіshy character. Until 1857 p., Tobto to ofіtsіynogo announced Uryadov pіdgotovki reform, brain power of Bulo skasuvannya krіpatstva. Dvoryanskі th burzhuaznі lіberali that predstavniki demo kratichnih forces boule prihilnikami zvіlnennya villagers. Nobles-krіposniki fought for zberezhennya krіposnogo law.

In perіod bezposerednoї pіdgotovki reform, if the power Tse Bulo virіshene residually on Purshia plan viyshli mіrkuvannya about maybutnі vzaєmovіdnosini mіzh pomіschitskim i Selyanske Gospa-States, about mіru act selyanstvu. Conservatory vimagali landless peasants zvіlnennya i Visoko vikupnih platezhіv. Dvoryanskі lіberali vistupali for zberezhennya podіlu zemlі yak ob'єkta gospodaryuvannya mіzh pomіschikami i villagers for zberezhennya monopolії pomіschitskogo Gospodarstwa. Burzhuaznі lіberali Domagala stvorennya minds for kapіtalіstichnogo agricultural rozvitku, head pereshkodoyu on the high road yakogo bula special person zalezhnіst villagers. Interests burzhuazії bezposeredno not enter into konflіkt s feudal land vlasnіstyu. Burzhuaznі lіberali GOSTR kritikuvali pomіschitske Gospodarstwa yak neefektivne. Ale schodo power zemelnoї vlasnostі їhnya pozitsіya not superechila pozitsії dvoryanskih lіberalіv. Democrats boule prihilnikami revolyutsіynogo evils feudal krіposnitskih vіdnosin, lіkvіdatsії pomіschitskogo zemlevolodіnnya.