Історія економічних учень - Korniychuk L.Ya.

2. The liberal-bourgeois economical duma in the post-reform period

Ліквідація feudal-kriposnitskoi system, the zapadzhennya kapitalalisticheskih vіdnosin fought active zaschizno-polichnichnogo zhitty vsevh vistvst populated. I have actively promoted my identity and art in the national bourgeoisie and їїї ideologists.

Intresis of the bourgeoisie, it was populist, vidobrazhali, head ranks, liberal. The Ukrainian liberal-bourgeois ruch sakpilnaya techіya was formulated in the form of reforms of 1861 р. Він був роджений тими by themselves суспільно-економічними момо, що й ліберально-bourgeois рух at Rosii, for that for his sutty not vidriznyavsya vidnogo. Проте напівколоніальне становище України у складі Російської імперії змовило деякі специфічні риси, властиві цьому рухові. Zrostayucha ekonomichna mozhnnist Ukrainskoy bourgeoisie i natsionalnyi obmezhenna z boku tsarizmu i rosіyskikh panіvnih klassіv robili її opozitsinoyuyu to autocracy.

The liberal-bourgeois ruch in Ukraine is a reprezentation of the intelligentsia, yaka gurtuyetsya so zvanih hromadah - svoeridnіy organizatsіynіy form ruhu. Huge vinikayut in the 60's. У Києві, Харкові, Чернігові, Полтаві та інших містах України * 2.

* 2: {Zhitetsky І. Київська Hulk for the 60th rock // Україна. - 1928. - No. 1. - P.92.}

Spotchatku gromady hunched wide shit yak lіberalnoy, so і democraticheskogo іntelіgentsії. In the 70's, pp., Із посиленням революційного народницького руху в країні, part of the revolutionally adjusted young people, the yak was rummaged among the communities, the people's struggle with the revolution began. Kyiv city community was divided into "Old Gromada" and "Young Huge".

Active activists of the "Old Gromadi" in Kyiv Buli VB Antonovich, MP Dragomanov, PP Chubinsky, KM Mikhalchuk, P.I. Zhitetsky, VL Berenshtam, MV Lisenko, OO Rusov, MP Starytsky, PA Kosach, VA Rubinstein and іnshі * 3.

* 3: {Ryabinin-Sklyarevsky O. Kiyivska community of 1870's rock // Ukraine. - 1927. - No. 1. - P. 144.}

Diyalnіst hromad small, golovne, kulturnitsky character. The main respect is zvertalas on vyvchennya hour and the last of Ukraine, on її ethnography, vidannya literatury українською мовою, оргаізацію недільних шкіл тощо.

One of the first osoredkіv, nakolko yakogo zgurtovuvali literary and science, that gromadskі sili Ukrainy, buv magazine "Osnova", scho vidavavsya in 1861-1862 pp. Near Petersburg. Vin, in fact, buv organ gromadivtsiv. The editor-in-chief of the journal Buv V. Bilozersky. Actively the fate of the vidanni took P. Kulish, M. Kostomarov, O. Kistyakivsky. Basically, its zavdanya " Osnova " was baiting the visceral national culture of the Ukrainian people.

З економічних feed on one of the central mіsць було, зрозуміло, питання скасування кріпацтва. Kervivniki "Found" vitali reform and glorified the king, putting the yogi in a series of "goodwill of the people" * 4.

* 4: {Basis. - 1861. - No. 3. - P. 8}

Analogichnu positsiyu loans і київські громадівці. At stitti "Vidguk z Kieva" stinks pidkreslyuvali neobhіdnіst rozjasnuvati selyanyam "ekonomichnі ta jurichnyi osnovi" reform, yaka nіbito daє їm mozhnlіstі "legitimate shamom donyagnuti bazhany osobyatnosti" * 5.

* 5: {The Modern Chronicle. - 1862. - № 46. - С.4 (stattu pіdpisav 21 members київської громади).}

In the journal "Osnova" it is impracticable to do it on the stati, to declare the villagers' lives before the reforms, and on the statutory basis of the claims of such an enterprise. Prote, yakshchoo not brothers to the respect of the additions of P. Kulisha nebagatokh інших кореспонцій, in some mali місце ідеалізація напів feudal folk life, намагання спинити розвиток госповиства по капіталістичным шляу, magazine, in the middle, pidttrimuvav shlyakh kapitalalisticheskogo rozvitku.

Nezvazhayuchi nadto pomirkovanu national program of gromadivtsiv ("Ukrainofiliv"), їхня діяльність has known the number of attacks of reactionary press, and zgodom і uradyvikh kіl. Dinner Ukrainians, customs and friendship of the Ukrainian books became pidstavoyu for zvinuvachennya їх у революційності та сепаратизмі. Kiivskyi gromadivtsi u vidpovid na soi zvinuvachennya woke up with a tentative statement from the press, and brought their "benevolence." Risuče intervened in the revolutionary ruhu, the stinks declared that they should sway the cultural and osnovnim approaches.

Проте навіть надзвичайно помірковане кульництво українофілів після поразки польського повстання було забороено. Vidnovylosya vono on the illegal basis in the late 60's. Nova legalizatsiya gromadіvtsіv zv'jazana z vіdkrittyam u Kiєvі «Pіvdenno-Zahіdnogo vіddіlu of the Russian Geographical Comradeship» (1873). Viddil already the first day, having unleashed a wide range of science, daring to vidyvati "Notes".

In economical statistics, umischenih at "Notes", saw the pittance of trade, історії промисловості, аграрних відносин. Analis sushpilno-ekonomichnyh feed on the scenes "Notes" provalivsya zdebіlshogo, pos posііy bourgeois lіberalizmu: ascertaining the grievousness of the settlement in the reorganizations of the period, ala vimog, sprinkling on the virіshennya of the agrarian food in the villages of the villages, was not put on.

In the liberal-bourgeois positions, the nature of the post-reform agrarian invoices and on the pages of the newspaper "The Kiev Telegraph", yak in the length of 1874-1875. Bula organ gromadivtsiv. The newspaper screamed the reform of 1861, nazivayuchi "great and glorious," conducted as a "detachment zdіysniv spravzhnіy coup", ala vodnochas rokrikvala її interchange of that one-sidedness in the eyes of the villagers. Authors of articles speak about marnі spodіvnya selyan, scho reform zvіlnit їх vіd злиднів та самовладдя поміщиків. For the economical motivation of the post-reform villager, the newspaper wrote, it is characteristic that "it is a bereavement and a hunger" * 6.

* 6: {The Kiev telegraph. - 1875. - No. 34, No. 42.}

Konstatuyuchi grievke becoming a village after the reform, the newspaper is not vimagae radically perebudovyh agrarian vidosin. Vona apelyuє up to the class, zaklikayuchi yogo zrobiti other krok - polishshiti materіnny stan selanstva through pererozpodіl podatkіv.

I really respected having attached the "Kiev Telegraph" to the rabbit food, zokrema analizu novi vidosinin, sho warehoused mezh robitnikami that naymachami. On the pages of the newspaper were put і інші економічні problems, зв'язані з розвитком капіталістичних відносин. Acting stats looked at the new form of organization of the accumulative vibrobitvtva, and the very same ones - the company's components and e-news at the base of the robot class.

Constantuchi vinyankennya акціонерних of partnerships at цукроій промисловості, the newspaper designated, пo вони negatively впливають on a camp селянського годарства. Vona vidkrito zahischala dribnogo vibrochnika, proponyuchi zberegti yogo gosartarstvo, zv'yazavshi z monopolієyu promyslovosty * 7. Otzhe, for the newspaper, yak і for gromadivtsiv u tsilomu, vladimirim bula poyednannya lіberalno-borudiznoy i dribnobiuznoy ideology.

* 7: {The Kiev telegraph. - 1875. - No. 35.}

Навіть така nazvichayno pomirkovana діяльність громадівців viklikala nezdovolenna retsііnih kіl іюряд. Hurricane buno znov has been buried. Ganebnim Yemsky decree of 1876 r. Fenced off drukuvannya that vveznenya because of the cordon book Ukrainskoyu movoyu. Bulo closed "Pіvdenno-Zahіdniy vіddіl geografichnogo comradeship", припиено видання "Киевского телеграфа". In the middle of the hour the budget was disbursed for the cordon, de organizuvalo Ukrainsko vidavnitsvoi i kudi emigrugav M. Drahomanov, zvilneny 1875 р. З Київського університету. In Geneva, the rose vospitan Vidanny of the Ukrainian zbirki "Hromada."

Social and economic development of Ukraine in the course of time, in an hour, they have recognized the development of the country. Ті зміни, які відбувались у житі країни, have got acquainted і on світогляді бурзії. In one half of the 70's. At the dungeon of a mysterious revolutionary pidnesennya gromadivtsi, nezvazhayuchi on the fence of pereskodi, they sold their diyalnist illegally. Until 1879 r. Regularly conducted zbori, posovlyuyusya zvjazyki z revolutionary populists. The members of the "Young Huge" took the fate of the revolutionary borotbi populists without casual, the sections of the "Old Gromadi" were interchanged from the material material to the revolutionary revolutionaries.

The Ukrainophiles, yak і lіberіlі in tіlomu, prіdіvаlsya, schо revolіcіyna borotba narodnikіv priситьumat ulyad to pivnih act, before the reforms. A part of the vast cities of the world put money on the gift of the tsar of constitution. So, O. Kistyakivsky, vypupayuchi on one iz zasidan gromadi, bringing the need for a home of polichnichnyh freedoms, constitution. "In 1861," - said vin, - the lishe has been leased to the part of the criminality law - the right of pomoschinov over the villages ... Alas, the right of sovereign rights has been deprived of the right of autocracy and yogo agencies - bureaucrats over the most populated areas of the land ... Same Tse kriposne right and mysqat bouti skasovane. Vaughn may be more luxurious than constitutional "* 8. Zaprovazhenzhenya konstitutsii, yogo dumku, bazhano daugyati peaceful shlyah, the hat of reforms.

* 8: {Shodennik O. Kistyakivsky. -Derge. Arch. Ukraine, f. 263, op. 1, Ref. 26, arch. 36-37.}

Partina gromadivtsiv not overwhelmed the optimistic spodivan Kistyakivskyi vimagala іншого спрямування діяльності громади - боротьби за розвиток української демократичноїіїї. The central program of the Ukrainian embankments was rousing the "national-national, but not social pittany", which was rooted in the national power. For zdіysnennya cich pragnen gromadivtsi vvazhali zmotliv zoserideysya tilki na kulturno-osvitniy diyalnosti, sprymovaniy on rozvitok natsionalnyh pocuttiv.

Suspilno-polichnicheskogo orієntatsії gumadіvtsіv naybіshe імпонувало zemstvo. Wives navit claimed, but the program zemtsiv taka herself, scho y gromadivtsiv, depreshes without national zabarvlenya.

In the year 1879, tomba pislya arehtіv і zaslan naybіlsh radical part gromadіvtsіv, the fate of zhorstokoi polichnichnogo reaktsії Ukraіnefіli not tilki zrіkayutsya polity, and th namagayutsya reconcile Ukraine with the order, bring its unaccountable to the social-revolutionary ruhu. P. Zhitetsky at the note before the ukraine kl pidklyulyuvav peaceful world of Ukrainophilia, declaring that it is not void to go from the "peaceful stake" that meticulously observed the radical views, progoloshuvany M. Dragomanovim u zakordonnyh vidannyah. Zgodom look gromadіvtsіv і M. Dragomanova povnistyu rozodyatsya, scho in the mid 80's рr. To bring them to the rest.

Otzhe, gromadіvskiy ruh in Ukraine stvolevav his native national soil, on ya kakomu rozvivalasya lіberalna suspilno-ekonomichna dumka.

Mykhailo Petrovich Dragomanov (1841-1895) is a Ukrainian widower, an historian, a publisher, an ethnographer, a literary critic. Narodivsya M. Dragomanov u zbіdnіlіy gentry sіm'ї in m. Gadyachi in Poltava region. Закінчив історико-філологічний факультет Київського університету. In 1864 - 1875 r. Buv privat-docent of the university. At perіod posilennia politsichnoy retsіії in Russia M. Drahomanova yak politichno "nepronadіynogo" bullo zvіlneno z posadi викладача. 1876 ​​р. Він виїхав for the cordon, before Відня, потім - to Geneva, de vidavav zbirnik, and zbomom magazine "Gromada". 1889 р. Becoming a professor at the Sofiysk University.

M. Dragomanov posidav met visibly in gromadsko-polichnichnoy that scientific life of Ukraine. Він був as an active participant and one of the founders of the "Old Gromadi", taking into account the active participation in the organization of "non-official schools". At his own science pratsyah, yaki were drunk with baigma by the European moovi, M. Drahomanov oprats'yovoe pitaniya іstorії, literatury, fіlofіїї, релігії, folklore. Numerical publitsistichnyh tvorah vin vikrivae anti-people are the essence of autocracy, characterizing yogo yak peskodu on the route of progressive saspilnogo rozvitku. Він закликає до об'єднання всіх народів Росії в боротьбі проти самодержавства. "Tsei vrag," wrote M. Drahomanov, "can be eliminated by spilnym zusilami all the people of Russia, which are for the sake of this organisation, both self and self," he said. M. Dragomanov - the client of all the words of the Russian people in democratic ambushes.

Great merit M. Drahomanova in rozvitku ukraine natsionalnogo ідеї. Він a patch of arable land for the Ukrainian lands, rozvitku natsionalnoyy culture, vystupaє proti raped rybylnitskoi rusifikatsii, for the right of Ukrainian people korostuvatis rіdnoyu movoyu.

Vodnochas M. Dragomanov gostro zasuzhuvav reactance of conservative naprymki in Ukrainian sspilnomu russia, z oborinnyam vystupav protil apoliticheshnisty Ukrainofiliv, leading the tsilkovitu absurdity їхніх намагань відокомимити culture від політики. At the meeting in the biennial gromadivtsiv, without disregarding the social problems of the national authorities, pidkrylyuvav, scho saem sotsialnimi ideem vimiryuetsya force riznyh "natsionalnyh strains."

Gromadsko-polichnichu program M. Dragomanov nabiblsh is hanged by him in front of the "Fore-Word" to the first day of the "Gromada" zbirki. Vin spirietsya on ідеї дрібнорхозской соціалізму Прудна із засадами «громадівства» (соціалізму. - LK), federalism and anarchism. M. Drahomanov so і pisav, scho for kintsevu metu vіn ber "quote the beginninglessness and censorship" * 9.

* 9: {Dragomanov M. Before the word before "Gromadi" // Hromada. Українська збірка. - Geneva, 1878. - No. 1. - P. 50.}

Значне місце у науково-публбіцистичній діяльності M. Dragomanova borrow economical problems. Great respect after arriving in the post-reform agrarian invoices. The reform of 1861 р. M. Dragomanov saw the positive act, velmi corsnaia for su-spiilstva. Alya vodnochas vin pidkreslyuvav ії antinational people спря-мованість, zashchachav, but the reform of the boule was carried out in the amateurs pomіschіvі, kapіtalіstіv i autoderzhvstva, and the villagers gained a special status without the earth. Reform, writing vin, not only did not give the villagers earth, "but I saw it, yak boo in them." Tse called for the settlement of villages, villages to feudal forms of exploitation, yaki bagatoes in which they were saved, and were given a capitalistic form. Villages, zazbavleni zemlі, masili "go to hire", writing M. Drahomanov.

The reason for the heavy economic economy of the village of M. Dragomanov was that he had sabotaged his syspilno-polichnichnye vidosnonakh and rishuchi vytupstav protich, hto such reason vvazhav piyatstvo gedarstvo of the villagers themselves. Piyatstvo, writing vin, "the head ranks - naslidok quiet reasons, yakі zumovlyuyut grief, evil and the like." * 10.

* 10: {Dragomanov M. Leaves to the IV. Frank of that year (1887-1895). - Lviv, 1908. - P. 348.}

At the meeting of the people, M. Drahomanov does not deprive him of zapeverchuvav kapitalisticheskogo rozvitku kraїni, and bachiv, scho Rosii vzhe became on tsei shlyah. Він correctly zaschachav, scho rozvitok kapitalizmu sprye rozvitku productive forces, priskoruyet tehnichny progress. Bachiv vin and negativnyi side kapitalizmu, so yak krizi, bezrobottya, sho vzhe vacha vyyavlyatisya in Rosii. For critical analizu kapitalalistichnogo vibrobitvtva M. Dragomanov namagayatsya vikoristy politichnu ekonomiiu. Visoko otsiyuyuchi fundamentalniy praci z politichnogo ekonomii zahidnikh ekonomistiv, vin pidkreslyuvav neobhіdnіst їх perekladu, scho raspavila b rozvitku kraїnі ekonomichnoi dumki.

Same vіsutnіst економічної літератури, зазначав він, negatively to get acquainted with інтелектуальном розвитку молоді. Prothe proschochegotovym zavdannyam vin vvazhal not pereklad Mlylya, Marx, Lassalle, and the order of the popular course of the political economy, zrozumlyogo for working masses.

Pridilyayuchi great respect for the difficult stanovishchu robynichnogo class for the minds of capitalism, M. Dragomanov proponeu come in for yoga polyshennya. Cе, передусім, «освіта та спільність між бідними людьми, між робітниками». In addition, writing vin, neobhidno prigogatisya pidvistchennia zabobitnoy pay, polipseshenya minds pravtsi tochscho.

Nyipershu I will wash the radical zmіni stanovischa robitnikiv i selyan vyn bachiv u zhischennі privatnosti vlasnosti.

Maybutnoe suspilstvo M. Dragomanov zv'yazuvav із соціалізмом (громадівством), як більш досконалим, ніж капіталізм, ладом. Pіd соціалізмом він розумів such a way of vibrobitvtva, for a factory, a factory, a product, a large number of robots, and the land of the result of the Sylsky-Volodarsky virbitntsva - to the silk masses. Perekhid up to a new harmony vin yeliv yak evolyutsionalny, not zaperechuyuchi, proto, i mozhnolisty revoltsynyh vyprupiv, "without any inoculations can not obitsyts."

Vodnochas M. Drahomanov, a sort of buv of knowledge from the Marxian and Marxist writings of Marx, turning Marxism into the theory of class struggle, the theory of social revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat. Sozializm for ynogo buv refer to the distant Maybutny. At the yogo dumku, Pershochergov zavdannya sotsіalistiv (and M. Drahomanov himself calling Socialist, Gromadivtsev) is marginal in his conquered political freedoms and priorities on the soil of the social and economic reforms.

It is possible to tell the truth, but M. Dragomanov at the rosuminny nourishment of the suslinny rozvitku buv bіlshim realist, nizh yakogo pіznіshі critics.

Otsinyuchi suspilno-ekonomichnyi look M. Drahomanova in tlomu, slid zazachchiti, sho vin bіv ideologo drіbnoї bourgeoisie, ale, yak reformist, zmikavsya with bourgeois lіberalizmom.