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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Krivenko KT

12.4. Sutnіst pіdpriєmnitstva, yogo role in rinkovіy ekonomіtsі

Sutnіst pіdpriєmnitstva, yogo Find our i funktsії. Problems of rozvitku tsivіlіzovanogo pіdpriєmnitstva in Ukraїnі.

12.4.1. Sutnіst pіdpriєmnitstva, yogo Find our i funktsії.

Yea one Pіdpriєmets s lyudskih faktorіv virobnitstva without yakogo rinkova ekonomіka not mozhliva. Before cob ostannoї tretini XIX century. pіdpriєmets odnochasno CCB vlasnikom kapіtalіstichnogo pіdpriєmstva.

W kіntsya XIX century. i to our dnіv pіdpriєmets neobov'yazkovo Je vlasnikom. Viniknennya credit system zruynuvalo іsnuvannya such ponyattya, yak poєdnannya in odnіy osobі vlasnika i pіdpriєmtsya. Why pіdpriєmtsem dwellers in our hour neobov'yazkovo real mother kapіtal i Buti vlasnikom Lane, oskіlki bunt kapіtalom pіdpriєmtsya Je not groshі not znaryaddya abo Objects pratsі and Yogo gospodarsky Hist, uyavlennya about suspіlnі require, knowledge psihologії spozhivacha. Same stink i obumovlyuyut ochіkuvany Prybutok.

Takozh i neobhіdno vazhlivo vіdrіznyati pіdpriєmnitstvo od management and pіdpriєmtsya od Manager (kerіvnika). Pіdpriєmets - tse samostіyny agent market analysis, Cauterets dіє on svіy fear i rizik, pid NKVD vіdpovіdalnіst for results bіznesovoї dіyalnostі. Manager - Naiman pratsіvnik, yaky organіzovuє realіzatsіyu zavdan posed pіdpriєmtsem. Vіn, factuality, not Nese maynovoї vіdpovіdalnostі for svoї dії. Prote manager Yakscho vіzme pіdpriєmstvo in Orenda, staє pіdpriєmtsem.

Pіdpriєmets zazvichay Je vlasnikom kapіtalu and takozh chi tієyu іnshoyu mіroyu manager.

Schodo suspіlnoї funktsії pіdpriєmtsya, then won zvoditsya to vivchennya potreb suspіlstva that їh zadovolennya. In rinkovіy ekonomіtsі sama pіdpriєmets Perche guilty rozgadati, SSMSC Flea is the Hotel tomorrow znadoblyatsya pokuptsyam.

Dіyalnіst pіdpriєmtsya daє suspіlstvu takі perevagi. According au-Perche, pіdpriєmets, yak usually zavzhdi Got mozhlivіst dosyagti rezultatіv maintained upstream, to scho vіn Je visokokvalіfіkovanim spetsіalіstom, yaky good Knows his right. Same vmіnnya primnozhuvati bagatstvo, rozkrivati ​​i rozvivati ​​svoї zdіbnostі that zdatnіst іnshih people to tvorchostі, ratsіonalnogo vikoristannya nayavnih resursіv vigіdno virіznyaє yogo in suspіlstvі. Alternatively, pіdpriєmets Mauger maintained upstream pratsyuvati on spozhivacha. Prognozuyuchi yogo Requests, pіdpriєmets namagaєtsya vihoditi tіlki s not exact, and th s maybutnіh potreb i spryamovuvati suspіlne virobnitstvo on їh zadovolennya. In tretє, deprivation pіdpriєmets zdatny organіzovuvati suspіlne virobnitstvo such rank, dwellers vitrachenі resources given naybіlshu vіddachu. Otzhe, zadovolennya suspіlnih potreb here dosyagaєtsya nayefektivnіshim way.

Vihodyachi іz zaznachenih characteristics pіdpriєmtsya, pіdpriєmnitstvo mozhna viznachiti yak umіnnya pochinati that lead right, i generuvati vikoristovuvati іnіtsіativu, zvazhuvatisya on rizik, Dolata protidіyu seredovischa toscho. Vono vistupaє, head rite, yak manifested ekonomіchnoї that organіzatsіynoї tvorchostі th innovation.

Otzhe, pіdpriєmnitstvo - tse bagatoplanove yavische scho Mauger Buti description h ekonomіchnoї that polіtichnoї tochok Zora. In zv'yazku іz CIM mozhna dati TAKE tlumachennya termіna "pіdpriєmnitstvo".

Pіdpriєmnitstvo - tse samostіyna, іnіtsіativna gospodarska dіyalnіst gromadyan, scho spryamovana on otrimannya pributku (income) i zdіysnyuєtsya od Svoge іmenі on Vlasnyi rizik that pid his NKVD Mainova vіdpovіdalnіst chi yuridichnoї individuals - pіdpriєmstva (organіzatsії). Schodo Law of Ukraine "About pіdpriєmnitstvo" there zaznacheno scho pіdpriєmnitstvo - tse samostіyna іnіtsіativa, is systematic in the Vlasnyi rizik dіyalnіst s virobnitstva produktsії, vikonannya robіt, nadannya poslug that zanyattya torgіvleyu s metoyu otrimannya pributku.

Yakscho dіyalnіst fіzichnih abo Yurydychna osіb not pov'yazana s otrimannyam pributku, the Won Mauger not vvazhatisya pіdpriєmnitskoyu. Suchasna Ekonomichna science vivchaє pіdpriєmnitstvo yak view dіyalnostі, based yakogo pokladenі takі acquaint themselves:

1) Freedom Vibor termіnіv i metodіv dіyalnostі, samostіynіst in priynyattі rіshen;

2) postіyna nayavnіst riziku factor;

3) orієntatsіya on dosyagnennya komertsіynogo of Success;

4) іnnovatsіyny dіyalnostі character.

Pіdpriєmnitstvo - not deprivation Especially dіyalnostі appearance and style Pevnyi th i type gospodarskoї povedіnki Yakimov pritamannі:

іnіtsіativnіst i Poshuk netraditsіynih rіshen in sferі bіznesu;

gotovnіst narazhatisya on rizik;

gnuchkіst i postіyne samoonovlennya;

i have tsіlespryamovanіst napoleglivіst bіznesovіy dіyalnostі.

Krіm of pіdpriєmnitstvo - Tse complex funktsіy Especially, scho in vikonuyutsya ekonomіtsі, spryamovany on zabezpechennya rozvitku that vdoskonalennya gospodarskogo mehanіzmu, do updates postіyne Economy gospodaryuyuchih sub'єktіv, stvorennya іnnovatsіynogo dіyalnostі field. Suchasna Ekonomichna literature viokremlyuє three bunt funktsії spherical pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі:

Resource (i formuvannya vikoristannya kapіtalu productive, labor, materіalnih that іnformatsіynih resursіv);

organіzatsіynu (organіzatsіya marketing virobnitstva, zbutu i ADs that іnshih gospodarskih rights);

CREATIVE (novatorskі іdeї, generuvannya that actively vikoristannya іnіtsіativi, umіnnya rizikuvati).

Іz zaznachenogo vische viplivaє Taqiy vazhlivy visnovok: pіdpriєmnitstvo Got zavzhdi suprovodzhuvatis NAUKOVO-tehnіchnoyu, organіzatsіynoyu i komertsіynoyu, ekonomіchnoyu tvorchіstyu, novimi pіdhodami to virіshennya gospodarskih zavdan; vono zumovlyuє Especially, antibyurokratichny style gospodarskoї povedіnki, pіdvalinami yakoї Yea, s one side, postіyny Poshuk novih mozhlivostey resursіv i and s іnshogo - Personal vіdpovіdalnіst for naslіdki svoєї dіyalnostі.

In Ukraїnі sub'єktami pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі shaping can Buti:

gromadyani Ukraine, іnshih powers not obmezhenі law in pravozdatnostі that dієzdatnostі;

yuridichnі individuals vsіh vlasnostі forms established by the law of Ukraine "On vlasnіst".

Ob'єktami pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі Je commodities, products, Hotel.

Pіdpriєmnitska dіyalnіst zdіysnyuєtsya zgіdno s chinnim zakonodavstvom:

without vikoristannya naymanoї pratsі;

s vikoristannyam naymanoї pratsі;

without utvorennya yuridichnoї individuals;

s utvorennyam yuridichnoї individuals.

Slіd zauvazhiti scho Mauger pіdpriєmnitstvo rozvivatis deprivation in Pevnyi ekonomіchnomu seredovischі. Іdetsya about ekonomіchnu avtonomіyu pіdpriєmnitstva. Vaughn factuality oznachaє vіdmovu od command metodіv virіshennya gospodarskih zavdan. Tsі methodological zdatnі zabezpechiti tіlki timchasovy komertsіyny uspіh, yaky potіm perekrivaєtsya digit ekonomіchnimi vitratami. Tom Power through zakonodavstva system fіnansovo-kreditnі vazhelі Mauger deprivation zdіysnyuvati ekonomіchne regulyuvannya pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі, ale not have vtruchatis neї.

Obsession pributku - duzhe vazhliva meta for pіdpriєmtsya. However, Tse is not samotsіl. For Demba smut - vikoristannya pributku for bіlshogo yogo zrostannya Shlyakhov rozshirennya, modernіzatsії, strukturnoї perebudovi virobnitstva. In the minds pіdpriєmnitstva zmіnyuєtsya spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh materіalnoyu zatsіkavlenіstyu i motivatsієyu trudovoї dіyalnostі. For pіdpriєmtsya Stop visuvaєtsya on Purshia plan.

One s nayharakternіshih Figure tsivіlіzovanogo pіdpriєmnitstva polyagaє in fact, scho cutaneous pіdpriєmets, realіzuyuchi vlasnі tsіlі, vodnochase zdіysnyuє gospodarsku dіyalnіst in іnteresah suspіlstva. Aje, dwellers otrimuvati bіlshy Prybutok i Buti konkurentospromozhnim, neobhіdno postіyno dbati about NAUKOVO-tehnіchny progressive, yakіst product virobnichogo priznachennya yak, so i NKVD spozhivannya and takozh yogo zdeshevlennya. Tom rozvitok pіdpriєmnitstva neodmіnno pov'yazuєtsya s postachannya on rinok i yakіsnih Cheap tovarіv.

Krіm of pіdpriєmnitstvo Got ґruntuvatisya on Pevnyi ekonomіchnih vazhelyah, SSMSC b zabezpechuvali real, and not just deklaruvali samovryaduvannya, freedom gospodarskogo Vibor, mozhlivіst іnvestuvannya income toscho. Іnshimi words Got іsnuvati rinkovo-competitive gospodaryuvannya mode. Neobhіdna takozh chinnih zakonіv system, SSMSC b zahischali pіdpriєmnitstvo th zabezpechuvali stabіlne rinkove seredovische that stіykі "rules gris" at the market.

Actual risoyu pіdpriєmnitstva Je prozorіst yogo virobnicho-komertsіynoї dіyalnostі vіdpovіdno to sedate zakonodavstva that printsipіv dobrosovіsnoї konkurentsії. One s hvorob vіtchiznyanogo pіdpriєmnitstva, yak yogo spotvoryuє essence and otzhe, i is the essence of ekonomіchnih polіtichnih peretvoren - formuvannya bearing-down tіnovogo pіdpriєmnitstva, yak kontrolyuє blizko 50% suspіlnogo kapіtalu, i produktsії market analysis.

Sogodnі staє Obviously, scho Formation that rozvitok pіdpriєmnitstva in Ukraїnі, formuvannya spriyatlivogo competitive seredovischa nemozhlive without analіzu svіtovogo dosvіdu pіdpriєmnitstva and sama dosvіdu US Yaponії, Nіmechchini that іnshih rozvinutih kraїn scho allowed zrobiti uzagalnennya, SSMSC mozhut mother Pevnyi іnteres i for Ukraine.

Zmіst pіdpriєmnitstva in the United States, napriklad, zvoditsya to sprob smіlivih people zrobiti schos basis abo take on itself rizik, pov'yazany s realіzatsієyu novih іdey.

Estetichnimi kriterіyami dіyalnostі tsivіlіzovanogo pіdpriєmtsya Yea i chesnіst poryadnіst. Without tsogo boule b nemozhlivimi OAO All domovlenostі, produktsії sales without issuing kontraktіv toscho.

For danimi deyakih doslіdzhen in ekonomіtsі Promyslova rozvinutih kraїn on serednіy that malies BIZNES pripadaє usіh 90-95% of companies, up to 40-60% of gross virobnitstvo natsіonalnogo product.

Malі, serednі that velikі pіdpriєmstva the US podіlyayut on p'yat kategorіy: naymenshі (1-24 sluzhbovtsіv) malі (25-99), promіzhnі (100-499), serednі (500-999), velikі (1000 i bіlshe sluzhbovtsіv ).

Optovі torgovі pіdpriєmstva nalezhat to the category of small bіznesu, Yakscho їhnіy rіchny turnover becoming 3-18 million dollars. In rozdrіbnіy torgіvlі that Sered obslugovuvannya tsya boundary dorіvnyuє 1-5 million dollars.

In Ukraїnі klasifіkatsіya of companies, scho nalezhat to small bіznesu, zdіysnyuєtsya fallow od spherical virobnitstva that kіlkostі osіb scho pratsyuyut on danomu pіdpriєmstvі. Before then, in Ukraїnі malies BIZNES zdіysnyuєtsya Shlyakhov stvorennya rozgaluzhenoї Sistemi Malih of companies. Zgіdno іz Law of Ukraine "About pіdpriєmnitstvo" to Malih nalezhat takі pіdpriєmstva:

in promislovostі budіvnitstvі th - s kіlkіstyu pratsyuyuchih 200 osіb;

in nautsі th Naukova obslugovuvannі - 100 osіb;

in іnshih Galuzo virobnichoї sphere (krіm rozdrіbnoї torgіvlі) - up to 50 osіb;

in Galuzo nematerіalnogo virobnitstva - 25 osіb;

in rozdrіbnіy torgіvlі - 15 osіb.

Svіtova practice svіdchit scho malies BIZNES Got Duzhe great significance for pіdtrimki i rozvitku іnіtsіativi i vіlnogo pіdpriєmnitstva, zberezhennya in suspіlstvі atmospheres zmagannya that dіlovoї aktivnostі.

Drіbne pіdpriєmnitstvo for spriyatlivih minds dіyalnostі Je dosit efektivnosti. In temі 5 mi tse іlyustruvali on prikladі obrobnoї promislovostі Palestine. Table. 12.2 imposed efektivnіst drіbnogo pіdpriєmnitstva Palestine in sektorі budіvnitstva.

table 12.2

Osnovnі pokazniki by sector budіvnitstva Palestine in 1994, p.

Yak bachimo, serednya zaynyatіst on odne budіvelne pіdpriєmstvo in Palestinі becomes 15.52 osіb and serednіy rіchny virobіtok dodanoї vartostі (gross dohіd for mіnusom vartostі materіalnih vitrat) becomes 8353 dollars. US 4 Razi scho bіlshe nіzh budіvelnomu kompleksі in Ukraine, de budіvnitstvo zdіysnyuyut, yak usually velikі pіdpriєmstva.

In Ukraїnі on processes formuvannya, rozvitku that stabіlіzatsії robots Malih forms pіdpriєmnitstva vplivaє large Quantity rіznomanіtnih faktorіv, Chastina-valued yakih galmuє rozvitok small i drіbnogo pіdpriєmnitstva.