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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Krivenko KT

16.2.4. Suchasnі FORMS suspіlnogo product.

For the balance of the system of national Gospodarstwa obchislyuєtsya suspіlny gross product (GSP), yaky yavlyaє him the bag vsіh benefits vklyuchayuchi promіzhnі, stvorenі in suspіlnomu virobnitstvі for Pevnyi perіod (zazvichay Year). Vіn takozh Mauger Buti yak scrip viznacheny produktsії okremih virobnikіv (of companies, ob'єdnan) for Tsei samy promіzhok hour. Yakscho skoristatisya danimi Table. 16.1, the gross product of suspіlny pokaznikami induced in stovptsі 1, 207 becoming a cop. When tsomu re rakhunok stanovitime 117 kopecks., Abo Ponad 50% of the GSP. Zrozumіlo scho GSP Je ob'єktivnim pokaznikom rezultatіv suspіlnogo virobnitstva; vіn perevischuє їh, yak usually bіlshe nіzh udvіchі.

Bunt i vihіdnimi pokaznikami Sistemi natsіonalnih rahunkіv Je vnutrіshnіy gross product (GDP), gross natsіonalny product (GNP). In Ukraine statistitsі form natsіonalnogo product (GDP) has been viewed viznachena not so long ago - z 1987 r.

Vnutrіshnіy gross product (GDP) yavlyaє him sukupnu vartіst kіntsevih tovarіv i poslug, viroblenih in inline perіodі on teritorії Kraina, Square od natsіonalnoї nalezhnostі of companies. Gross vnutrіshnіy product pіdrahovuєtsya for teritorіalnim so the title of the principle.

Іsnuє three methods obchislennya vnutrіshnogo gross product:

1) for viroblenoyu produktsієyu (virobnichy method);

2) for vitratami (method kіntsevogo vikoristannya);

3) Revenue (rozpodіlny method).

Pid hour rozrahunku GDP virobnichim method pіdsumovuєtsya Dolan vartіst, target vsіma Galuzo Economy. For tsogo for cutaneous galuzzyu Economy spochatku rozrahovuєtsya Gross Key infrastructure, yakіy potіm zmenshuєtsya an amount promіzhnogo spozhivannya. Otrimany result harakterizuє sukupnu vartіst kіntsevoї produktsії, abo dodanoї vartostі, stvorenoї in Galuzo Economy.

In hodі rozrahunku GDP for vitratami pіdsumovuyutsya vitrati vsіh ekonomіchnih agentіv, SSMSC vikoristovuyut GDP domogospodarstv, fіrm, powers that іnozemtsіv, SSMSC eksportuyut Flea s danoї Kraina. In pіdsumku otrimuєmo sukupnu vartіst usіh tovarіv i poslug, spozhitih suspіlstvom.

In protsesі rozrahunku GDP for income pіdsumovuyutsya All types of factor dohodіv (zarobіtna board Prybutok, percentage rent), and takozh amortizatsіynі vіdrahuvannya.

In Table. 16.2 in uzagalnenomu viglyadі pokazanі methodological obchislennya GDP for vitratami i Revenue.

table 16.2

Two pіdhodi to obchislennya GDP - FOR VItratamI i FOR INCOME

For Persha pіdhodom vnutrіshnіy gross product dorіvnyuє sumі spozhivannya domashnіh Gospodarstwa C Gross Private іnvestitsіy I, vidatkіv powers D i pure eksportu X tobto: GDP = C + of I + D + H.

For other pіdhodom GDP obchislyuєtsya yak scrip viplachenoї in ekonomіtsі zarobіtnoї pay, interest, rent that іnshih Mainova dohodіv, indirect podatkіv on BIZNES, amortizatsії that pributkіv. Leather s pіdhodіv daє absolutely odnakovy result. For revenues of companies domogospodarstv Je vitratami virobnitstva.

Obchislennya GDP uskladnyuєtsya іnflyatsієyu (zrostannyam tsіn), yak vlastiva vsіm kraїnam s rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu. In zv'yazku s CIM rozrіznyayut ponyattya nomіnalnogo i real GDP.

Nomіnalny GDP - tse obsyag virobnitstva, obchisleny for dіyuchimi, factuality tsіnami. In the minds іnflyatsії vіn zavischuє result of Economy i potrebuє koriguvannya. Real GDP - tse obsyag virobnitstva, vartіst yakogo skorigovana an amount rіchnogo zrostannya tsіn.

Yak zaznachalosya, blizkim to GDP for zmіstom Je pokaznik natsіonalnogo gross product. Gross natsіonalny product harakterizuє sukupnu vartіst kіntsevih tovarіv i poslug, stvorenih for Pevnyi perіod vіtchiznyanimi pіdpriєmstvami in kraїnі i for її mezhami. Gross natsіonalny product pіdrahovuєtsya for natsіonalnim principle. GNP obchislyuєtsya yak gross product vnutrіshnіy i od vіdrіznyaєtsya Demba an amount yak dorіvnyuє balance rozrahunkіv іz zarubіzhnimi kraїnami. In zakritіy ekonomіtsі for vіdsutnostі zovnіshnіh potokіv tovarіv kapіtalіv i i GDP GDP rіvnі. Ale in dіysnostі Pevnyi Chastina stvorenih in kraїnі factorial dohodіv (od kapіtalu, robochoї Sealy zemlі i) Mauger yavlyati him vlasnіst іnozemtsіv, in addition skladі GNP takі income does not vrahovuyutsya, ale stink vklyuchayutsya in GDP. Together tim s income otrimanі gromadyanami danoї Kraina behind a cordon, vrahovuyutsya in GNP, ale not included in obsyag GDP.

Vіdmіnnostі mіzh GDP GNP neznachnі i. Ale in kraїnah scho rozvivayutsya GDP, yak usually bіlshy od GNP oskіlki CIM kraїnam brought splachuvati velikі percent over zovnіshnі pozichki and for rozvinutih kraїn, navpaki, GDP, yak usually bіlshy od GDP.

Obchislennya obsyagіv GDP GNP i do not deprivation polegshuє mіzhnarodne zіstavlennya tempіv i rіvnіv ekonomіchnogo rozvitku rіznih kraїn, ale th daє zmogu poglibiti makroekonomіchny analіz.

In sistemі natsіonalnih rahunkіv іsnuє takozh low іnshih vzaєmopov'yazanih makroekonomіchnih pokaznikіv, SSMSC shaping can Buti rozrahovanі osnovі on GDP (and takozh GNP).

Vnutrіshnіy pure product (NDP) - tse GDP, the value of zmensheny amortizatsіynih vіdrahuvan:

NDP = GDP - Amortizatsіynі vіdrahuvannya.

Natsіonalny dohіd (ND) can be otrimati, Yakscho NDP zmenshiti the value of indirect podatkіv on BIZNES (podatok on Dodanim vartіst, excise, Mito, lіtsenzіynі platezhі that іn.):

ND = NDP - Nepryamі podatki on BIZNES;

abo ND = GDP - Amortizatsіynі vіdrahuvannya - Nepryamі podatki on BIZNES.

Natsіonalny dohіd - tse sukupny dohіd in ekonomіtsі, yaky otrimuyut vlasniki faktorіv virobnitstva: pratsі, kapіtalu, zemlі pіdpriєmnitskogo Hist. Natsіonalny dohіd - tse clean vnutrіshnіy product, the value of zmensheny podatkіv on BIZNES.

Kіlkіsno NDP i ND duzhe blizkі mіzh him.

Natsіonalny dohіd Je duzhe vazhlivim pokaznikom rezultativnostі suspіlnogo virobnitstva, natsіonalnoї Economy. Virobnitstvo natsіonalnogo per capita income naybіlsh optimally viznachaє rіven DOBROBUT population.

Before ostannogo hour in ekonomіchnіy lіteraturі vvazhalosya scho natsіonalny dohіd - tse novostvorena vartіst, yak stvoryuєtsya tіlki in sferі materіalnogo virobnitstva (promislovostі, sіlskomu gospodarstvі, budіvnitstvі on transportі have torgіvlі i Gromadska harchuvannі (chastkovo) in sferі zv'yazku (chastkovo )). Tse zvuzheny pіdhіd to natsіonalnogo income yaky not vrahovuє vnesok pratsіvnikіv spherical nematerіalnogo virobnitstva.

Ninі vzhe zagalnoviznano scho Chastain natsіonalnogo income stvoryuyut pratsіvniki spherical poslug. In ekonomіchno rozvinutih kraїnah bіlshe half pratsyuyuchih zaynyato in sferі poslug, that they basically Chastain dohodіv zaroblyayut Shlyakhov nadannya poslug. In nashіy kraїnі virіshalna role in virobnitstvі natsіonalnogo income zalishaєtsya for materіalnim virobnitstvom. HEAD directly rozvitku ostannogo Je perehіd od ekstensivnogo to іntensivnogo virobnitstva type.

For rozumіnnya income natsіonalnogo great significance toil processes yogo virobnitstva, rozpodіlu, pererozpodіlu i kіntsevogo spozhivannya.

Virobnitstvo natsіonalnogo income vіdbuvaєtsya in Galuzo materіalnogo virobnitstva i have sferі poslug. Rozmіri natsіonalnogo income zrostayut for rakhunok chiselnostі zaynyatih that produktivnostі pratsі. Factory zrostannya natsіonalnogo income podіlyayut two Vidi: ekstensivny (for rakhunok zbіlshennya resursіv) that іntensivny (for rakhunok bіlsh ratsіonalnogo, yakіsnogo vikoristannya іsnuyuchih faktorіv).

Rozpodіl natsіonalnogo income Veda to viznachennya chastki vsіh uchasnikіv yogo virobnitstva: zarobіtnoї pay, pributku, interest, rent, divіdendu that іn. Tsі Income nazivayutsya Pervin, abo Main. Vodnochase їh mozhna nazvati factorial, Leather s oskіlki them pov'yazany s Pevnyi virobnitstva factor. In privlasnennі tієї chi іnshoї spetsifіchnoї forms of income i vіdbuvaєtsya Ekonomichna realіzatsіya vlasnostі on Danian virobnitstva factor.

In rezultatі rozpodіlu natsіonalnogo income utvoryuyutsya Income bezposerednіh uchasnikіv spherical virobnitstva.

Pererozpodіl natsіonalnogo income zdіysnyuєtsya through mehanіzm tsіnoutvorennya, Reigning budget podatkovih system vneski to rіznomanіtnih fondіv that іn. On osnovі pererozpodіlu natsіonalnogo income formuyutsya vtorinnі income. The main forms of such dohodіv Je viplata pensіy, stipendіy, dopomoga bagatodіtnim sіm'yam toscho. Pererozpodіl natsіonalnogo income zdіysnyuєtsya ofіtsіynimi that neofіtsіynimi channels.

Ofіtsіyny pererozpodіl natsіonalnogo income fіksuєtsya in ofіtsіynіy statistitsі. Naymasshtabnіshe neofіtsіyny pererozpodіl natsіonalnogo income vіdbuvaєtsya vnaslіdok іsnuvannya tіnovoї Economy, yak yavlyaє him sukupnіst nevrahovanih i protizakonnih vidіv dіyalnostі: uhilyannya od Splat podatkіv, virobnitstvo zaboronenih vidіv produktsії that poslug (virobnitstvo narkotikіv, azartnі іgri, prostitution toscho).

In Suchasnyj minds to such vidіv dіyalnostі in Ukraїnі Doda vivezennya tovarіv for a cordon metoyu s profit, illegal currency konvertatsіya i mahіnatsії pid hour zdіysnennya Tsikh operatsіy, nadannya kreditіv komertsіynimi banks for solіdnu vinagorodu illegally vivezennya currency across the border that іn.

Vikoristannya natsіonalnogo income yde for EYAD napryamkami: on spozhivannya i zaoschadzhennya (nagromadzhennya). Ostannє neobhіdno for rozshirennya masshtabіv natsіonalnogo virobnitstva i maybutnogo zrostannya natsіonalnogo product.

Natsіonalny dohіd scho yde on spozhivannya that nagromadzhennya not zbіgaєtsya s the size stvorenogo natsіonalnogo income. Ostannіy zmenshuєtsya on the bag zbitkіv od stihіynih lih that іnshih vtrat.

Krіm of vikoristany natsіonalny dohіd Mauger vіdrіznyatisya od stvorenogo on the value of the balance zovnіshnotorgovelnogo balance. Yakscho Kraina іmportuє bіlshe tovarіv i poslug, nіzh eksportuє then vikoristany natsіonalny dohіd bіlshy bude od stvorenogo, i navpaki. Ale tse not oznachaє scho kraїnі vigіdno bіlshe vvoziti tovarіv i poslug, nіzh vivoziti.

Great significance for zbіlshennya quantities natsіonalnogo income priskorennya sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo Progreso that rozshirenogo vіdtvorennya Got optimally spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh spozhivannyam i zaoschadzhennyam natsіonalnogo income. Optimally at kolishnomu CPCP vvazhalosya spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh spozhivannyam i zaoschadzhennyam proportsії at 75:25. Detalnіshe problemi spozhivannya, zaoschadzhennya, nagromadzhennya rozglyadayutsya the topics that 17 18. During the hour ekonomіchnoї Creasy rate nagromadzhennya in Ukraїnі uniquely skoroti.

On osnovі natsіonalnogo income viznachayut osobistі income (OD). Yakscho od sumi natsіonalnogo income vіdnyati vneski (podatki) on sotsіalne strahuvannya, podatok on the income of companies and takozh Prybutok scho vikoristovuєtsya for rozshirennya virobnitstva (nerozpodіleny Prybutok of companies), i Add your transfertnі platezhі, SSMSC vklyuchayut viplati sotsіalnogo strahuvannya on starostі, od neschasnih vipadkіv , Relief i viplati on bezrobіttyu, rіznomanіtnі viplati neіmuschim i nepratsezdatnim toscho (transfertnі viplati - viplati, SSMSC not pov'yazanі s dіyalnіstyu of labor, tobto not zaroblenі and oderzhanі), then the bag so otrimaєmo Rank NKVD income. NKVD dohіd - tse obsession dohіd and natsіonalny income - tse zarobleny dohіd.

Nareshtі, Yakscho od sumi vsogo NKVD income vіdnyati OAO All іndivіdualnі podatki, then obsessively so dohіd ranks in the NKVD rozporyadzhennі domogospodarstv - kіntsevy pokaznik Sistemi natsіonalnogo rahіvnitstva. Vіn vikoristovuєtsya on spozhivannya that zaoschadzhennya.

Cutaneous Person of zatsіkavlena in zrostannі natsіonalnogo income to scho yogo od rіvnya stale processes rozshirenogo vіdtvorennya, nagromadzhennya (rozshirennya suspіlnogo virobnitstva) rіven DOBROBUT population ekonomіchnoї mogutnostі Kraina.