Polіtichna ekonomіya - Krivenko KT

20.3. Reigning regulyuvannya Economy

Osnovnі eg sovereign regulyuvannya. Problems of udoskonalennya mehanіzmu gospodaryuvannya in Ukraїnі.

20.3.1. Osnovnі eg sovereign regulyuvannya.

Naybіlsh dalekoglyadnі derzhavnі dіyachі that ekonomіsti zahіdnih kraїn pіdhodyat to printsipovogo visnovku about those scho rinkovy mehanіzm guilty Buti dopovneny mehanіzmom sovereign regulyuvannya Economy. Vono ohoplyuє osnovnі eg, about SSMSC just past Dali.

1. Reigning programuvannya Economy. Ekonomіchne programuvannya - tse naybіlsh rozvinuta, complex forms of sovereign regulyuvannya Economy. The main forms of programuvannya Je: rozrobka that realіzatsіya natsіonalnih program i tsіlovih complex programs. Derzhavna NATIONAL programa, rozroblena on osnovі dovgostrokovih ekonomіchnih prognozіv, ohoplyuє nayvazhlivіshі makroekonomіchnі proportsії i-Got іnformatsіyno orієntuyuchy character dozvolyayuchi specific pіdpriєmstvam (korporatsіyam) normally funktsіonuvati in sistemі narodnogospodarskih prіoritetіv in virobnitstvі produktsії, tehnіchnomu rozvitku, strukturnіy perebudovі Gospodarstwa, zovnіshnoekonomіchnіy dіyalnostі.

Formally such programa Got іndikativny (Bazhanov) nature: specifically pіdpriєmstvo sama virіshuє power about those, the brother of fate in Yomou derzhavnіy programі abo dіyati on svіy fear i rizik. Naspravdі, however, power vikoristovuє entire system ekonomіchnih іnstrumentіv (derzhavnі of order, scho zabezpechuyut garantіyny rinok zbutu, i dosit visokі tsіni, pіlgovі podatkovі i protsentnі rates pryamі subsidії i subventsії) SSMSC Je in її rozporyadzhennі, s note dwellers zabezpechiti specific pіdpriєmstvam ( korporatsіyam) zrostannya obsyagu sale i masi zbіlshennya pributku, i note by sponukati tsі pіdpriєmstva to actively take fate in realіzatsії nastanov prog.

Shcho stosuєtsya Reigning tsіlovih program, rozrahovanih to the fate of hundreds of companies desyatkіv i, the stench of toil obov'yazkovy character. However obov'yazkovіst bazuєtsya not mandates to (teams), and contracts, SSMSC, peredbachayuchi zhorstku materіalnu vіdpovіdalnіst vikonavtsіv, dobrovіlno ukladayutsya pіdpriєmstvami-vikonavtsyami s Reigning authority ocholyuє scho programa. Zvichayno takі prog duzhe vigіdnі pіdpriєmstvam-vikonavtsyam scho dozvolyaє rozmіschuvati derzhavnі of order on konkurentnіy osnovі, nadayuchi їh note hto proponuє naybіlsh vigіdnі for the powers of minds (yakіst, vitrati, termіni vikonannya).

2. Fіskalna polіtika - tse polіtika dohodіv i vitrat powers. HEAD fіnansovy powers plan - Reigning budget. Yak rule, the income i vitrati sovereign budget rіdko zbіgayutsya. Got Chastіshe Location defіtsit abo profіtsit. Power zastosovuє regulyuvannya podatkovih rates i їh diferentsіatsіyu. In perіod recession i podalshoї depresії Won іstotno znizhuє pributkovy podatok i podatok on Prybutok korporatsіy in rezultatі clean Prybutok komertsіynih fіrm zrostaє i z'yavlyaєtsya incentive to rozshirennya virobnitstva. Otzhe in tsomu vipadku nizkі podatki ma jor role "akseleratorіv" ekonomіchnogo zrostannya.

Navpaki, naprikіntsі Fazi pіdnesennya, if nastupaє "peregrіv" Economy, virobnitstvo vihodit beyond platospromozhnogo popitu scho Mauger viklikati crisis, power rіzko pіdvischuє podatkovі rate s metoyu zagalmuvati zrostannya virobnitstva not dopustiti abo prinaymnі poslabiti force decline, uporyadkuvati processes vіdnovlennya rіvnovagi mіzh proponuvannyam i popitom on commodity Rink. In tsomu vipadku visokі podatki ma jor role "vbudovanih stabіlіzatorіv" ekonomіchnogo zrostannya.

Narіvnі іz zagalnim regulyuvannyam podatkovih rates scho Got tsiklіchny character, power is widely vikoristovuє їh diferentsіatsіyu. So, for porіvnyano nizkі podatki of companies (fіrm) novіtnіh promising Galuzo promislovostі stimulyuyut їh zrostannya; navpaki, pіdvischenі podatki on pіdpriєmstva zastarіlih Galuzo obmezhuyut zrostannya i stimulyuyut zgortannya neefektivnogo virobnitstva.

3. Penny and credit polіtika - one іz bunt іnstrumentіv sovereign regulyuvannya Economy. Penny and credit polіtika naybіlsh efektivnosti i quickly vikonuє funktsії regulyuvannya ekonomіchnogo cycle Poperedjennia i podolannya virobnitstva recession. Meta-penny kreditnoї polіtiki - dosyagnennya on natsіonalnomu Rinku rіvnovagi scho harakterizuєtsya Povny zaynyatіstyu that vіdsutnіstyu іnflyatsії.

Power regulyuє protsentnі rates kreditіv komertsіynih bankіv. Znizhennya Tsikh Rates in perіod recession i depresії Veda to zbіlshennya pіdpriєmnitskogo pributku i zreshtoyu pure pributku korporatsіy and to stimulyuє zrostannya virobnitstva. Navpaki, pіdvischennya interest rates have perіod "peregrіvu" Economy zmenshuє pіdpriєmnitsky Prybutok and to obmezhuє, galmuє zrostannya virobnitstva.

Znizhennya interest rates dosyagaєtsya Shlyakhov "pomіrnoї іnflyatsії" (up to 6% on Year), tobto Shlyakhov Key infrastructure in obіg zayvoї masi pennies. In rezultatі proponuvannya perevischuє popit pennies on penny kapіtal, percentage znizhuєtsya, clean Prybutok zrostaє, otzhe, z'yavlyaєtsya incentive to іnvestitsіy i rozshirennya virobnitstva.

4. Іnvestitsії in virobnichu i sotsіalnu іnfrastrukturu, derzhavnі of order (zakupіvlі). Mayuchi in rozporyadzhennі byudzhetnі Costa, Power vkladaє groshі in budіvnitstvo shlyahіv, portіv, aerodromіv, produktoprovodіv, lіnіy zv'yazku, in addition chislі Komp'yuterniy trammel, scho minds zabezpechuє normalnі funktsіonuvannya virobnichih Galuzo i bankіvskoї system.

Іnshim directly Reigning vkladen Je іnvestitsії sotsіalnu in scope. Zavdyaki sistemі Transfer platezhіv Power Got mozhlivіst viplachuvati Relief for bezrobіttyu, samotnіm mothers bagatodіtnim sіm'yam, buduvati munіtsipalne Cheap Zhitlo i t. D.

Vazhlivu role in stimulyuvannі ekonomіchnogo zrostannya vіdіgraє Derzhavna zakupіvlya vіyskovoї tehnіki, Rukh warehouse zalіznits, nadlishkіv sіlgospproduktіv.

5. Regulyuvannya groshovoї masi. Narіvnі s Uryadov nayvazhlivіshim body regulyuvannya rinkovoї Economy Je central (natsіonalny) Bank Kraina (in the US - the Federal Reserve System), Square od president Uryadov th Parliament. HEAD funktsієyu central bank Je regulyuvannya groshovoї masi, zabezpechennya її vіdpovіdnostі masі tovarіv i pіdtrimka note by tverdoї kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі paperovih pennies, scho Yea nayvazhlivіshoyu minds normal funktsіonuvannya rinkovogo mehanіzmu.

Fіnansova polіtika central bank Got tsiklіchny character. In perіod, if in the national gospodarstvі vіdchuvaєtsya nestacha pennies, scho galmuє zrostannya virobnitstva, znizhuє central bank reserve ratio, zmenshuє interest rates for loans, banks scho nadayutsya komertsіynim (oblіkovu rate), at Masov masshtabі kupuє they oblіgatsії Reigning pozik. Tim himself zbіlshuyutsya realnі fіnansovі resources komertsіynih bankіv, їh mozhlivіst stvoryuvati novі bezgotіvkovі groshі (zrostaє multiplіkator precisely rahunkіv) otzhe, i mozhlivіst komertsіynih bankіv nadavati deshevі loans. Such polіtika otrimala titles polіtiki "Cheap pennies."

Navpaki in perіod zagostrennya іnflyatsії pіdvischuє central bank reserve ratio, interest for loans komertsіynim banks prodaє їm oblіgatsії Reigning pozik. Tim himself vuzhchayut mozhlivostі komertsіynih bankіv stvoryuvati novі groshі, obmezhuyutsya їh mozhlivostі nadavati loans, pіdvischuyutsya protsentnі rates scho Veda to upovіlnennya zrostannya platospromozhnogo popitu, obmezhennya zrostannya virobnitstva, ale once s note znizhuє rіven іnflyatsії. Such polіtika otrimala titles polіtiki "expensive pennies."

Cherguyuchi vkazanі varіanti, the central bank pragnє zabezpechiti vіdpovіdnіst mіzh zrostannyam groshovoї masi masi i tovarіv.

6. The problem regulyuvannya tsіn. The basic principle - vіdmova od sovereign regulyuvannya tsіn, oskіlki vono porushuє dіyu rinkovogo mehanіzmu, pozbavlyaє tsіni rolі іndikatorіv suspіlnogo popitu, posilaє virobnikam pomilkovі signal scho Veda to rіzko virazhenih negatively naslіdkіv.

Okremі sprobi regulyuvannya tsіn pov'yazanі, yak usually h ekstremalnimi situatsіyami. Together s note, the top power vstanovlyuє Mezhuyev tsіn (tarifіv) on produktsіyu (Hotel) Natural monopolіy, zabezpechuyuchi їm Normal (serednіy) Prybutok i zahischayuchi kіntsevih spozhivachіv.

7. Reigning regulyuvannya іntegratsіynih protsesіv. Ekonomichna іntegratsіya oznachaє zroschennya natsіonalnih Gospodarstwa number kraїn i utvorennya great іnternatsіonalnih ekonomіchnih kompleksіv. Osnovnі eg іntegratsіynih protsesіv zvodyatsya to postupovogo usunennya Mitnija i fіnansovih bar'єrіv, stvorennya minds for vіlnogo peremіschennya tovarіv, poslug, kapіtalіv i robochoї Seeley. Together s note, іntegratsіya peredbachaє unіfіkatsіyu tsivіlnogo zakonodavstva, sotsіalnogo strahuvannya i sotsіalnogo zabezpechennya, podatkovoї system scho Veda to stvorennya єdinih zovnіshnіh dіyalnostі minds of companies (fіrm) rіznih kraїn. Nareshtі, іntegratsіya peredbachaє Monetary Union.

Yak svіdchit dosvіd kraїn rozvinutogo market analysis, іntegratsіya spriyaє digit pіdvischennyu efektivnostі virobnitstva, zrostannyu konkurentospromozhnostі produktsії, pіdvischennyu rіvnya Zhittya population.

Neobhіdno takozh pіdkresliti TAKE. Іntegratsіynі processes vіdbuvayutsya i pid control for bezposerednoyu participation powers, tochnіshe - Reigning organіv number kraїn. Dosit skazati scho Rimsky dogovіr i Maastrіhtskі lands - lands tse mіzh Uryadov, and not a private fіrmami. When tsomu makroekonomіchne Reigning regulyuvannya іntegratsіynih protsesіv vіdkrivaє Prostir іntegratsіynim processes on mezoі mіkrorіvnyah.

Zagalom, Reigning regulyuvannya yak yelement structuring gospodarskogo mehanіzmu pereslіduє takі dovgostrokovі, perspektivnі tsіlі: priskorennya NTP i structural perebudova national Gospodarstwa, pіdvischennya tempіv ekonomіchnogo zrostannya, stvorennya naybіlsh spriyatlivih minds for rinkovoї konkurentsії, zavoyuvannya novih pozitsіy on svіtovih Rink, usunennya nadmіrnoї diferentsіatsії pributkіv, pіdtrimka sotsіalnogo in partnership i kіntsevomu pіdsumku zabezpechennya on tsіy osnovі temple rіvnya i of Quality Zhittya wide verstv population tobto nadannya rinkovіy ekonomіtsі sotsіalno orієntovanogo nature.