home Other disciplines Rozmіschennya productive forces of Ukraine - Doroguntsov S.І.

Rozmіschennya productive forces of Ukraine - Doroguntsov S.І.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL RESOURCE POTENTSІALU UKRAINY TA ЇЇ REGІONІV

Mіneralno-sirovinnі resources. Pid mіneralnimi resources rozumіyut sukupnіst rіznih vidіv korisnih Kopalin, SSMSC shaping can Buti vikoristanі for Suchasnyj rіvnya rozvitku productive forces. For character vikoristannya mіneralnі podіlyayutsya resources to the groups: palivno-energetichnі, rudnі th nerudnі. On їh bazі rozvivayutsya takі vazhlivі the Branch Promyslova virobnitstva, yak i chorna kolorova metalurgіya, elektroenergetika, mashinobuduvannya, hіmіchna promislovіst that іn.

In strukturі palivnih resursіv Ukraine domіnuє kam'yane i storm vugіllya, stocks yakogo kategorіyami for A + B + C1 pitched for 1997 p. skladayut 45.7 billion. Je t i tsіlkom dostatnіmi for zabezpechennya Vlasnyi required. Osnovnі reserves kam'yanogo vugіllya zoseredzhenі in Donetsk i Lvіvsko-Volins'ka pools; brown vugіllya - perevazhno in Dnіprovskomu baseynі.

In Ukraїnі viyavleno 307 rodovisch Nafti i gas SSMSC zoseredzhenі perevazhno on pіvnіchnomu skhodі Kraina, from moody i Prichornomor'ї. Pochatkovі rozvіdanі stock becomes Ponad 3.4 billion. Umovnogo Fuel type t. Stupіn visnazhennya rozvіdnih zapasіv becoming Ponad 60%. Vodnochase digit reserve Je mayzhe 5 billion. M umovnogo Fuel type slit not rozvіdanih zapasіv. For іsnuyuchimi otsіnkami Nafti i resources of natural gas in Ukraїnі dozvolyayut zbіlshiti їh vidobutok mayzhe vdvіchі. Krіm addition, the Reigning balansі zapasіv znahoditsya 127 rodovisch methane vugіlnih rodovisch.

On teritorії Ukraine rozmіscheno Ponad 1.5 yew. rodovisch peat, scho zoseredzhenі perevazhno in Volinskіy, Rіvnenskіy, Zhitomirskіy, Kiїvskіy, Chernіgіvskіy, Cherkaskіy, Hmelnitskіy, Sumskіy that Lvіvskіy areas.

Zagalnі ore reserves zalіznih Ukraine for kategorіyami A + B + C1 otsіnyuyutsya of 27.4 billion tons, and prognozovanі -... 20 billion tons Osnovnі rodovischa zoseredzhenі in Krivorіzkomu that Kremenchutskomu pools, Bіlozerskomu zalіzorudnomu rayonі that Kerchenskomu. Krajina posіdaє odne s provіdnih mіsts in svіtі of manganese reserves, SSMSC stanovlyat 2.28 billion. M.

Ukraine Got pevnі ore reserves kolorovih metalіv. Inventories nіkelyu nevelikoї potuzhnostі zoseredzhenі in Vіnnitskіy, Kіrovogradskіy that Dnіpropetrovskіy areas; rtutі - i have Donbasі Zakarpattі; titanium - in Zhitomirskіy, Kiїvskіy, Cherkaskіy, Dnіpropetrovskіy areas on uzberezhzhі Chornogo that Azovskogo morіv; boksitіv - at Dnіpropetrovskіy oblastі; alunіtіv - at Zakarpattі; nefelіnіv - at Priazov'ї. Unіkalnі rodovischa sirovini for otrimannya number rіdkіsnih i rіdkіsnozemelnih elementіv roztashovanі in Zhytomyrska Polіssі that in Priazov'ї. Rozrobku gold rodovischa rozpochato in Zakarpattі.

UKRAINE Bhagat on metalіchnі korisnі Kopalin, Sereda yakih Kitchen sіl, native sіrka, vognetrivkі clay visokoyakіsny kaolіn, oblitsyuvalny kamіn toscho. Velikі reserves kalіyno-magnієvih salts (blizko 2.7 bln. Tons) zoseredzhenі in Ivano-Frankіvskіy that Lvіvskіy areas.

Problems of schodo ratsіonalnogo vikoristannya mіneralno-sirovinnih resursіv Ukraine polyagayut in vazhkovidobuvnomu harakterі znachnoї Chastain resursіv, visnazhenostі naybіlsh yakіsnoї Chastain zapasіv, obmezhennі obsyagіv fіnansuvannya geologorozvіduvalnih robіt toscho. In perspektivі zdіysnyuvatimetsya rozvіdka novih for Ukraine korisnih Kopalin - gold mіdі, chromium, lead, zinc, molіbdenu, rіdkіsnozemelnih metalіv, fosforitіv toscho. Tse will give zmogu for іsnuyuchimi forward-otsіnkami zbіlshiti eksportnі mozhlivostі vіtchiznyanoї mіneralno-sirovinnoї bazi from 1.5-2 Razi that skorotiti іmport sirovini 60-70% (without urahuvannya vuglevodnіv) [9, c 47].

Zemelnі resources vistupayut teritorіalnoyu bazoyu rozmіschennya narodnogospodarskih ob'єktіv, systems rozselennya population and takozh mainly zasobom virobnitstva (in Perche Cherga sіlskogo i lіsovogo Gospodarstwa). OAO All zemlі Ukraine Square od їh tsіlovogo priznachennya, gospodarskogo vikoristannya i Especially the legal regime vіdnosyatsya to land resursіv i skladayut єdiny land powers Fund.

Geopolіtichne position of Ukraine that її Visokiy land and resource potentsіal obumovlyuyut provіdnu part of the land fund of one yak s vazhlivih resursіv powers, scho vistupaє Pervin factor virobnitstva i svoєrіdnim foundation ekonomіchnogo rozvitku. Land fund of Ukraine becoming 60.4 million. Ha i skladaєtsya іz land rіznogo funktsіonalnogo priznachennya, yakіsnogo will that legal status. Vlasnyi Ploscha land (land) stands on the cob, 1998. 57.9 million hectares.; її sіlskogospodarska osvoєnіst dosyagla mayzhe 70.0% rozoranіst - 57.1%; chastka rіllі in zagalnіy ploschі sіlskogospodarskih ugіd perevischila 79%.

For tsіlovim priznachennyam land that funktsіonalnim vikoristannyam land fund of Ukraine ohoplyuє: sіlskogospodarskі ugіddya (41.9 million hectares, 69.4% abo land fund.); lіsi that lіsovkritі ploschі (10.4 million hectares, 17.2% abo.); zabudovanі zemlі pid Promyslova i transport ob'єktami, Zhitlo, vulitsyami toscho (2.3 million hectares, 3.8% abo.); zemlі scho pokritі poverhnevimi waters - (2.4 million hectares, abo 4%.); INSHI zemlі (3.4 million hectares. abo 5.6%).

Rozpodіl land fund of Ukraine for zemlekoristuvachami harakterizuєtsya such spіvvіdnoshennyami: derzhavnі that kolektivnі sіlgosppіdpriєmstva, cooperatives, aktsіonernі tovaristva, fermerskі Gospodarstwa - 46.7 million hectares, 77.3% abo land fund;. lіsogospodarskі pіdpriєmstva - 7.2 million hectares, abo 11.9%. pіdpriєmstva promislovostі, transport, zv'yazku that іn. - 2.1 million hectares, abo 3.5%. Mortgage science, culture, osvіti, receptionists Zdorov'ya that іn. - 0.2 million hectares, abo 0.3%. Install prirodoohoronnogo that rekreatsіynogo priznachennya - 0.3 million hectares, 0.5% abo.; vodogospodarskі pіdpriєmstva - 0.5 million hectares, abo 0.8%. zhitlovo-ekspluatatsіynі organіzatsії - 0.1 million hectares, abo 0.2%. zemlі derzhavnoї vlasnostі - 3.3 million hectares, 5.5% abo..

Rіven іntensivnostі vikoristannya land resursіv Ukraine Je dosit diferentsіyovanim in teritorіalnomu rozrіzі. Nayvischa zaluchenіst land from gospodarsky obіg sklalasya in Lvіvskіy, Donetskіy, Ternopіlskіy areas. In tsіlomu zemelnі resources Ukraine harakterizuyutsya dosit temple bіoproduktivnim potentsіalom, and Yogo strukturі Visoka Pete Wagga gruntіv chornozemnogo type scho stvoryuє spriyatlivі minds for productive zemlerobstva. Nayvischu sіlskogospodarsku osvoєnіst teritorії toil zemlі Zaporіzkoї (88.3%), Mikolaїvskoї (86.6%), Kіrovogradskoї (85.7%), Dnіpropetrovskoї (82.8%), Odeskoї (83.2%) is the Hersonskoї (81, 4%) areas.

On Suchasnyj etapі ekonomіchnogo rozvitku major problems in land sferі resursіv vistupayut: pіdvischennya efektivnostі їh vikoristannya that receptionists at osnovі zmenshennya rozoranostі land pripinennya degradatsії gruntіv that zrostannya їh rodyuchostі; dosyagnennya zbalansovanogo spіvvіdnoshennya ugіd in zemlekoristuvannya zone system; formuvannya produktivnoї that visokoefektivnoї Sistemi zemlekoristuvannya yak nadіynoї Basics of rozv'yazannya prodovolchoї problem.

Eg virіshennya Tsikh vazhlivih narodnogospodarskih problems pov'yazanі s posilennyam rolі upravlіnnі power in the land, carrying out reforms that efektivnoї zemelnoї vіdpovіdnoї Agrarian polіtiki, zaluchennyam land resursіv in active ekonomіchny obіg. In nayblizhchіy perspektivі neobhіdno skorotiti viluchennya productive land for nesіlskogospodarskih require zniziti rіven zemlemіstkostі Pevnyi Galuzo national Gospodarstwa to normative values.

Vodnі resources vistupayut Jerel Promyslova i pobutovogo vodopostachannya and to vіdіgrayut virіshalnu role in rozvitku vsogo national Gospodarstwa that have zhittєdіyalnostі population.

Rіven zabezpechenostі Ukraine WATER RESOURCES Yea i nedostatnіm viznachaєtsya formuvannyam rіchkovogo drain, nayavnіstyu pіdzemnih i morskih waters. Potentsіynі resources rіchkovogo drain otsіnyuyutsya at 209.8 cu. km, s yakih mіstsevy stіk on teritorії Ukraine becomes serednomu 52.4 cu. km, the inflow - 157.4 cu. km. Inventories pіdzemnih waters not pov'yazanih s poverhnevim drain stanovlyat 7 cu. km. Krіm of vikoristovuєtsya to 1.0 cubic gospodarstvі in Ukraine. km morskoї Vod. In rozrahunku per capita Ukraine poverhnevy mіstsevy stіk becoming blizko 1045 cubic meters. m Nayvischy rіven vodozabezpechennya zhitelіv -. i have zahіdnih pіvnіchnih regions of Ukraine.

Teritorіalny rozpodіl aquatic resursіv Ukraine nerіvnomіrnim Yea i do not vіdpovіdaє rozmіschennyu vodomіstkih gospodarskih kompleksіv. Naymensha Quantity aquatic resursіv formuєtsya in mіstsyah zoseredzhennya bearing-down spozhivachіv - Donbas, Krivorіzhzhya, Autonomous Republic Krim, pіvdennі oblastі Ukraine. Main spozhivachami Vod Je promislovіst (in Perche Cherga elektroenergetika, metalurgіya, hіmіchna promislovіst) sіlske Gospodarstwa, communal Gospodarstwa. For pom'yakshennya teritorіalnih vіdmіnnostey in zabezpechennі poverhnevimi waters in Ukraїnі pobudovano 1.1 yew. vodoskhovisch (Povny ob'єm 55.0 cu. km), naykrupnіshі s yakih znahodyatsya on Dnіprі. Target blizko 29 tis. stavkіv, 7 large kanalіv i 10 vodovodіv toscho.

Vikoristannya aquatic resursіv podіlyaєtsya on: vodospozhivannya, tobto vіdvedennya Vod od dzherela s in the following zastosuvannyam tehnologіchnih Process (promislovіst, sіlske Gospodarstwa Zi zroshennyam, communal Gospodarstwa that іn.); vodokoristuvannya, zdіysnyuvane bezposeredno furrows in the water without direct dzherela vitrat tsogo resource (gіdroenergetika, water transport, Ribno Gospodarstwa, tourism).

Vazhlivoyu warehouses aquatic resursіv Je їh gіdroenergoresursi - Inventories energії rіchkovih potokіv i vodoymisch scho lie vische od sea rіvnya. Zagalnі potentsіynі gіdroenergoresursi stanovlyat blizko 60% vsієї energії poverhnevogo drain. Rozrіznyayut potentsіalnі, tehnіchno mozhlivі (for danim rіvnem rozvitku science tehnіki i) that ekonomіchno dotsіlnі for vikoristannya gіdroenergoresursi. Potentsіalnі gіdroenergoresursi Ukraine stanovlyat 44.7 billion. Kw? year.; s for them tehnіchno mozhlivі vikoristannya - 21.5 billion kWh.? year.; ekonomіchno dotsіlnі for vikoristannya stanovlyat 16 billion. kw? year. [1, p. 141].

Osnovnі problemi schodo ratsіonalnogo formuvannya, vikoristannya that zberezhennya aquatic resursіv Ukraine polyagayut at: zabrudnennі aquatic ob'єktіv shkіdlivimi vikidami that nedostatno peeled Promyslova i Communal and pobutovimi stіchnimi waters; іntensivnomu starіnnі mainly fondіv vodozabezpechuyuchogo i vodoohoronnogo priznachennya, nizkіy produktivnostі ochisnih sporud; nedostatnіy samovіdnovlyuvanіy that samoochisnіy zdatnostі water systems; nezbalansovanіy for water factor sistemі gospodaryuvannya scho harakterizuєtsya temple obsyagami zaluchennya aquatic resursіv virobnichu in that sphere of Visoki vodomіstkіstyu produktsії.

PERSPECTIVE virіshennya vіdznachenih problems polyagayut in formuvannі efektivnosti legal, ekonomіchnih that organіzatsіynih peredumov ratsіonalnogo vodovikoristannya, zaprovadzhennі vodozberіgayuchih forms gospodaryuvannya, stvorennі a closed tsiklіv vodokoristuvannya s mіnіmalnim zabrudnennyam Vod, zabezpechennі vіdnovlyuvanih funktsіy aquatic Jerel. In nayblizhchіy perspektivі neobhіdno posiliti sotsіalnu spryamovanіst vodokoristuvannya, zabezpechivshi Helsinki Human rights in the aquatic spriyatlive seredovische s urahuvannyam ekologіchnoї mіstkostі Jerel water resource.

Lіsovі resources vіdіgrayut vazhlivu role in zberezhennі navkolishnogo seredovischa that gospodarskіy dіyalnostі people sluguyut vazhlivim sirovinnim factor rozvitku Galuzo national Gospodarstwa.

UKRAINE nalezhit to kraїn s nevisokoyu zabezpechenіstyu lіsom. . Ploscha її lіsovogo fund becomes 10.8 million hectares, in addition chislі vkrita lіsom - 9.4 million ha.. Lіsistіst teritorії becoming vsogo 15.6%, and її rіven teritorіalno dosit diferentsіyovany: od 43.2% in Ivano-Frankіvskіy to 1.8% in Zaporіzkіy. Nablizhenim to optimal vvazhaєtsya pokaznik rіvnі at 21-22%, yaky daє zmogu dosyagti zbalansovanostі mіzh lіsosirovinnimi reserves obsyagami lіsospozhivannya i ekologіchnimi vimogami.

Zagalnі reserves Dereviny in Ukraїnі stanovlyat 1.74 billion. Cube. m. Blizko 51% lіsіv vіdneseno to zahisnih, vodoohoronnih that іnshih tsіnnih in ekologіchnomu vіdnoshennі lіsіv, Rasht stanovlyat ekspluatatsіynі. For ostannі Rocky namіtilasya tendentsіya to skorochennya obsyagіv lіsokoristuvannya. Zagalnі obsyagi zagotіvlі Dereviny zmenshilisya s 14.4 million. Cu. m at 1990 p. to 10.5 mln. cu. m at 1997 p., tobto mayzhe up to 30%.

Vіkova structure lіsіv Ukraine harakterizuєtsya such spіvvіdnoshennyami: saplings zaymayut 45.4% ploschі, serednovіkovі - 37.7%, dostigayuchі that stiglі - vіdpovіdno 10.1% of that 6.8%, scho 1.5-2 Razi nizhche optimal value. For ostannє desyatilіttya in Ukraїnі-valued Chastina lіsovih nasadzhen zaginula od Promyslova vikidіv that postrazhdala od avarії at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Krіm of zagalny camp lіsіv Ukraine not vіdpovіdaє École-ekonomіchnim vimogam and funktsіonuvannya lіsovogo Gospodarstwa zdіysnyuєtsya in folding ekonomіchnih minds.

Mainly naybіlsh Actual problems schodo formuvannya i ratsіonalnogo vikoristannya lіsovih resursіv Ukraine Je: torn down zbalansovanostі mіzh lіsosirovinnimi reserves obsyagami lіsospozhivannya i ekologіchnimi vimogami; digit visnazhennya lіsosirovinnoї bazi, pogіrshennya natural kompleksіv, degradatsіya Roslyn curled; obmezhenіst іnvestitsіy for lіsogospodarskogo virobnitstva; skorochennya obsyagіv lіsokoristuvannya that nizky rіven zadovolennya require of derevinі for rakhunok mіstsevih resursіv.
Virіshennya Names problems tіsno pov'yazano s rozshirenim vіdtvorennyam lіsovih resursіv, pіdvischennyam efektivnostі їh receptionists i vikoristannya. Neobhіdno provoditi aktivnі come in schodo Zahist i vіdnovlennya lіsovih nasadzhen s tim, dwellers postupovo perehoditi on zabezpechennya potreb Kraina perevazhno for rakhunok Vlasnyi resursіv іz zberezhennyam mainly ekologіchnih funktsіy lіsu. Sort order s CIM printsipovo vazhlivo pіdvischiti eksportnі mozhlivostі lіsovogo Gospodarstwa Ukraine.

Rekreatsіynі resources zabezpechuyut vіdnovlennya that rozvitok zhittєvih forces Helsinki Human, vitrachenih in protsesі trudovoї dіyalnostі, tobto sluguyut regeneratsії for Health Protection i pіdtrimki pratsezdatnostі population. Before rekreatsіynih resursіv vіdnosyat ob'єkti i yavischa natural pohodzhennya, SSMSC shaping can Buti vikoristanі for lіkuvannya, rehabilitation, vіdpochinku, tourism. Before їh warehouse incoming balneologіchnі (mіneralnі Vod, gryazі) klіmatichnі, landshaftnі, plyazhnі that pіznavalnі resources. Pong rozmіschenі practical to vsіy teritorії Ukraine, but їh teritorіalne rozmіschennya Je duzhe nerіvnomіrnim.

Nayvischa kontsentratsіya rekreatsіynih resursіv sklalasya in pіvdennih regions of Ukraine - in the teritorії Odeskoї, Mikolaїvskoї, Hersonskoї, Zaporіzkoї that Donetskoї areas, and have takozh Avtonomnіy Respublіtsі Cream. Unіkalnі rekreatsіynі zoseredzhenі resources in the Carpathians. Znachnі reserves mіneralnih water rozmіschenі in Lvіvskіy (Truskavets, Morshyn, Shіdnitsya, Great Lubień, Nemirіv) Poltavskіy (Mirgorod) Vіnnitskіy (Chmielnik) areas. In Ukraїnі Je velikі reserves lіkuvalnih mud in Ivano-Frankіvskіy, Odeskіy areas that in Avtonomnіy Respublіtsі Cream.

Zavdyaki poєdnannyu Pevnyi natural faktorіv that resursіv formuyutsya potuzhnі rekreatsіynі complex. Teritorіalna rekreatsіynogo complex structure represented rekreatsіynimi points (okremo rozmіschenі sanatorії, pansіonati toscho) rekreatsіynimi areas (paragraph i rekreatsіynі resorts vіdpovіdnoyu іnfrastrukturoyu s) rekreatsіynimi regіonami (grupa rekreatsіynih rayonіv) that rekreatsіynimi zones (sukupnіst vzaєmopov'yazanih regіonіv).

In Ukraїnі dіє 45 kurortіv zagalnoderzhavnogo i mіzhnarodnogo values ​​that 13 kurortіv mіstsevogo value Je Ponad 400 sanatorіїv, SSMSC mozhut priynyati on lіkuvannya bіlsh yak 600 tis. vіdpochivayuchih [5, p. 395]. Together s note for ostannі Rocky sposterіgaєtsya tendentsіya zmenshennya MEREZHI that mіstkostі zakladіv organіzovanogo vіdpochinku, skoroti trammel turistichnih bases, scho uniquely zvuzilo mozhlivostі efektivnosti vikoristannya rekreatsіynih resursіv.

Osnovnі problemi schodo efektivnosti vikoristannya rekreatsіynih resursіv Ukraine polyagayut at: maximum Povny zadovolennі potreb population in povnotsіnnomu ozdorovlennі that lіkuvannі; ohoronі i vіdnovlennі rekreatsіynih resursіv; zrostannі of Quality poslug in tsіy sferі. PERSPECTIVE rozvitku rekreatsіynogo complex of Ukraine in polyagayut zaluchennі dodatkovih іnvestitsіy to do updates іnfrastrukturi scho pratsyuє needful rekreatsіynogo complex; іntensivnomu rozvitku tourism that іndustrії vіdpochinku i recuperation tsіlomu; zbіlshennі pitomoї crowbars rekreatsіynoї sphere at zrostannі natsіonalnogo income Kraina.