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Fіnansova statistics - Shustіkov AA

7.6. Statistics obmіnnih kursіv

The problem of foreign exchange rates i paritetіv, abo paritetіv kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі - one s actual problems of yak in ekonomіtsі so i statistitsі. Vaughn viznachaє rіven vіdnosin mіzh kraїnami, konkurentospromozhnіst їh produktsії svіtovomu on market analysis, eg i obsyag zovnіshnotorgovelnih potokіv. Obmіnny course groshovoї odinitsі vstanovlyuєtsya її kupіvelnoyu spromozhnіstyu yak on vnutrіshnomu so i zovnіshnomu market analysis.

Becoming svіtovoї valyutnoї Sistemi vіdbuvalosya in kіlka etapіv - od gold standard fіksovanimi s exchange rate at rіznih kraїnah to Povny yogo skasuvannya scho gave zmogu okremim kraїnam provoditi samostіynu natsіonalnu polіtiku penny. Nevdala sproba Povernennya to a solid parity exchange bazі gold standard became poshtovhom to ob'єdnannya zahіdnoєvropeyskih kraїn in Єvropeysku monetary system s mehanіzmom fіksovanih Monetary kursіv. Bulo target єvropeysku rozrahunkovu odinitsyu - ekyu. Ninі Kraina Єvropeyskogo ekonomіchnogo spіvtovaristva ob'єdnalis in monetary union єdinoyu s EURO including currency.

Appeared obmіnnih kursіv natsіonalnih currency pov'yazana s rozvitkom mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі scho vzhe long become nevіd'єmnoyu i digit warehouses ekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі kraїn svіtovogo spіvtovaristva. Together s note obmіnnі Kursi vplivayut not tіlki on mіzhnarodnu torgіvlyu, ale th digit mіroyu on natsіonalnu ekonomіku vseredinі Kraina. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya fact scho mill natsіonalnoї currency tіsno pov'yazany Zi pitched usіh sektorіv Economy, zmіni in yakih, Especially in krizovoe situatsіyah, znahodyat svoє vіdobrazhennya Oscillations in obmіnnih kursіv natsіonalnih currencies.

Pid obmіnnim course rozumіyut tsіnu currency odnієї Kraina, scho vimіryuєtsya in odinitsyah currency іnshoї Kraina. Obmіnny course of Ukraine viznachaєtsya kіlkіstyu grivnі per unit іnozemnoї currency. Koli Cena odinitsі іnozemnoї currency at UAH zrostaє, vіdbuvaєtsya devaluation (znizhennya tsіni) grivnі: if Cena odinitsі іnozemnoї currency at UAH padaє vіdbuvaєtsya revaluation, zrostaє Cena grivnі. Otzhe, zrostannya tsіni grivnі vіdpovіdaє znetsіnennyu іnozemnoї currency.

Obmіnny course duzhe Rukh, on Demba vplivayut camp platіzhnogo balance Kraina, rіven іnflyatsії, spіvvіdnoshennya popitu that propozitsіy vіlno konvertovanoї currency (GVH), konkurentospromozhnіst product danoї Kraina on svіtovomu market analysis, polіtichnі i voєnnі factors and takozh tsіly number іnshih oposeredkovanih, pobіchnih chinnikіv, scho viyavlyayut timchasovy abo postіyny vpliv on dinamіku rates. Well Samі valyutnі operatsії pov'yazanі s Rukh Monetary tsіnnostey: іnozemnoї currency; tsіnnih paperіv - platіzhnih dokumentіv (checks, vekselі, letter of credit is the іn.); Stock tsіnnostey (aktsії, oblіgatsії) in іnozemnіy valyutі; dorogotsіnnih metalіv (gold srіbla Platini i metalіv platinovoї groupies); Natural dorogotsіnnogo kamіnnya.

Obmіnny course viznachaєtsya popitom on vіdpovіdnu currency i propozitsієyu її on the foreign exchange market.

Monetary rinok - rinok on Money Does prodaєtsya i kupuєtsya currency rіznih kraїn.

Vstanovlennya kursіv іnozemnih currencies tsіnnih paperіv abo tsіn product on bіrzhah zgіdno s practice, scho sklalasya, i zakonodavchimi standards nazivaєtsya kotiruvannyam. In svіtovіy praktitsі іsnuyut kotiruvannya two ways:

Direct kotiruvannya, if one odinitsya іnozemnoї currency prirіvnyuєtsya to pevnoї kіlkostі natsіonalnoї currency. Napriklad in Ukraїnі one Dolar US prirіvnyuєtsya to pevnoї kіlkostі UAH, abo in the US alone nіmetska brand prirіvnyuєtsya to pevnoї kіlkostі dolarіv abo tsentіv. Tacke kotiruvannya in ninіshnіy hour zastosovuєtsya in bіlshostі kraїn svіtovogo spіvtovaristva.

Zvorotne kotiruvannya, if odinitsya natsіonalnoї currency prirіvnyuєtsya to pevnoї kіlkostі іnozemnoї currency. Napriklad have Velikobritanії 1 pound sterlіngіv prirіvnyuєtsya to pevnoї kіlkostі dolarіv US. Podіbna system zastosovuєtsya in nevelikіy kіlkostі kraїn.

Duzhe vazhlivoyu characteristics currency Je її konvertuvannya.

Konvertuvannya - spromozhnіst currency obmіnyuvatisya on INSHI currency i pіddavatisya zvorotnomu processes.

For stage konvertuvannya currency podіlyaєtsya on:

• vіlno konvertovaniya;
• chastkovo konvertovaniya;
• nekonvertovanu (zamknenu);
• klіringovu.

Vіlno konvertovana currency (CPA) - the currency scho vіlno i neobmezheno obmіnyuєtsya for currency іnshih kraїn. Sogodnі deprivation Neznachny Quantity powers toil vіlno konvertovaniya natsіonalnu currency: Avstrіya, Bahrain, Velikobritanіya, Hong Kong, Danіya, Canada, Kuwait, Malayzіya, Nіderlandi, Nova Zelandіya, UAE, Oman, Seyshelskі island, Sіngapur, USA, NGF, Yaponіya. Vіlne konvertuvannya currency oznachaє stіykіst natsіonalnoї Economy Kraina, mozhlivіst її ekonomіchnogo zrostannya i, yak result Dovira to її natsіonalnoї currency side s іnozemnih partnerіv. Tse svіdchit about those scho dosyagnuti Povny konvertuvannya natsіonalnoї currency declarative Shlyakhov not mozhlivo. Podіbnі sprobi prirechenі on nevdachu i mozhut to prizvesti digit zbitkіv for power.

Chastina vіlno konvertovaniya Je currency reserve currency. These nazivayutsya currencies, scho Costa skladayut rezervnі for mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv i zberіgayutsya central bank іnshih kraїn. Until reserve currency nalezhat Dolar US Pound sterlіngіv, shveytsarsky franc yaponska єna, nіmetska mark. Tsі p'yat currency skladayut praktichnі 100% svіtovih Monetary rezervіv. Nayavnіst rezervnoї currency stvoryuє dodatkovі Vigoda kraїnі-emіtentu, dozvolyayuchi protyagom trivalogo hour machi negative balance in torgovelnomu i platіzhnomu balansі without Skoda for natsіonalnoї Economy.

Chastkovo konvertovana currency - the currency scho obmіnyuєtsya on obmezhenu Quantity іnozemnih currency i zastosovuєtsya not access in all kinds mіzhnarodnogo platіzhnogo turnover. Nayavnіst obmezhen zumovlena nestabіlnіstyu ekonomіchnoї situatsії Kraina, rozladom її platіzhnih balansіv. Obmezhuvalna polіtika held powers that i vklyuchaє zakonodavchu admіnіstrativnu reglamentatsії operatsіy i s currency Monetary tsіnnostyami. Bіlshіst kraїn svitu, in addition chislі th UKRAINE, toil chastkovo konvertovaniya currency.

Nekonvertovana (closed) currency - currency, scho not obmіnyuєtsya on INSHI іnozemnі currency i vistupaє vseredinі Kraina yak tіlki NATIONAL odinitsya penny. Nekonvertovanimi Je Ti currency, on SSMSC nakladayutsya obmezhennya on imported, vivezennyu, kupіvlі, sale i yakih zastosovuyutsya rіznomanіtnі to come in exchange regulyuvannya.

Klіringovі currency - rozrahunkovі valyutnі odinitsі scho іsnuyut tіlki in іdealnіy (oblіkovіy) formі in viglyadі buhgalterskih zapisіv bankіvskih operatsіy vzaєmnih for the supply of goods i nadannyu poslug kraїnami - uchasnitsyami platіzhnoї land.

Kupіvlya-sale of foreign currency, yak vіdznachalosya vische, vіdbuvaєtsya on foreign exchange market, scho yavlyayutsya him bagatorіvnevu system. Traditsіyny theoreticity Look at Monetary rinok polyagav in fact scho rinok tyazhіє to become rіvnovagi. Ale svіtovy dosvіd, nakopicheny pіslya zaprovadzhennya in 1973 rotsі regime plavayuchih kursіv, svіdchit about those scho obmіnny course through vpliv sovereign regulyuvannya Je іnstrumentom perevazhno polіtichnim not fundamentalnі minds viznachayut obmіnnі courses and obmіnnі Kursi vplivayut on fundamentalnі makroekonomіchnі minds.

Mіzhnarodny Monetary rinok - tse system mіtsno zv'yazanih mіzh him komunіkatsіyami regіonalnih rinkіv. Zmіni situatsіy on some regіonalnih Rink prizvodyat to priplivu abo vіdtoku koshtіv s іnshih chi on INSHI regіonalnі markets Agricultural Art. Zavdyaki tsomu dosyagaєtsya postіyna rіvnovaga mіzhnarodnomu on the foreign exchange market. On sogodnі іsnuyut takі regіonalnі valyutnі markets Agricultural Art: Єvropeysky (London, Zurich, Frankfurt Maynі) azіatsky (Hong Kong, Sіngapur, Tokіo) i amerikansky (New York, Chicago, Los Angeles). Zvichayno regіonalnih on the foreign exchange market kotiruyut low provіdnih vіlno konvertovaniya currency i mіstsevі currency, tobto currencies, mainly SSMSC pripadaє obsyag operatsії in danomu regіonі. Kraina, scho Yea centers regіonalnih Monetary rinkіv, bezposeredno take fate in regіonalnіy torgіvlі and INSHI Kraina primushenі dіyati through regіonalnі centerand іnshih kraїn.

In the following rіven sistemі Monetary rinkіv - tse natsіonalnі valyutnі markets Agricultural Art. In such Rink kupіvlya-currency sales through zdіysnyuєtsya bankіvsku system od іmenі klієntіv. Klієnt Mauger buy currency in the bank bezposeredno. In deyakih vipadkah, if the bank is not Got danoї currency abo її kіlkostі nedostatno, abo vіn not Got vihodu bezposeredno on regіonalny Monetary rinok, Bank roomy floor through Inshyj, krupnіshy natsіonalny Bank.

Natsіonalnі valyutnі markets Agricultural Art vіdrіznyayutsya one od for one stage konvertovanostі natsіonalnoї currency, obsyagom zovnіshnotorgovelnih i valyutoobmіnnih operatsіy, rіvnem іntegrovanostі in svіtove spіvtovaristvo, steps stalostі Economy, її vіdkritostі, rіvnem rozvitku komunіkatsіy, regulyuvannya sovereign sphere of currency operatsіy.

Vrahovuyuchi scho result valyutnoї polіtiki toil bagato vimіrіv vplivu (scho robit problematic vibіr optimally rіshen for analіzu mozhlivostey, SSMSC vіdkrivayutsya before kraїnoyu, KOTRA pragne makroekonomіchnoї stabіlnostі) dotsіlno rozglyadati problemi kursoutvorennya yak reaktsіyu on platіzhny defіtsit that dinamіku rate natsіonalnoї currency. Іsnuє Pevnyi logіka i zalezhnіst exchange rate od will platіzhnogo balance. Course kolivaєtsya Navkolo svoєї Basics of fallow od popitu that Offers currencies. Nestalіst yogo Oscillations, digit vіdhilennya od kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі posilyuyut nestabіlnіst mіzhnarodnih monetary ekonomіchnih vіdnosin that, generally produces up pererozpodіlu natsіonalnogo pributku mіzh powers. Tom neobhіdno vzhivati ​​zahodіv schodo regulyuvannya i stabіlіzatsії Monetary kursіv.

Cutaneous Krajina Got mozhlivіst Vibor one s p'yati mainly varіantіv valyutnoї strategії:

• Fіnansuvannya timchasovogo platіzhnogo imbalance Shlyakhov Change log in rіvnі rezervuvannya i penny zobov'yazan before іnshimi kraїnami.
• Currency control in poєdnannі fіksovanim s exchange rate.
• Vіlno plavayuchy exchange rate.
• Postіyno fіksovany exchange rate on pіdtrimku yakogo Got Booty zorієntovana all vnutrіshnya ekonomіka.
• Regulovane Swimming currencies.

On praktitsі vibіr kursovoї polіtiki slit vuzhchy. According au-Perche, control platіzhnimi imbalances Shlyakhov zmenshennya abo Mauger zbіlshennya rezervіv vikoristovuvatisya tіlki todі, if samі imbalance toil timchasovy character. Alternatively, for tsogo neobhіdno, dwellers precisely the exchange rate at the CCB stіykim dovgostrokovіy perspektivі i do not potrebuvav koriguvannya vnutrіshnoї Economy for yogo pіdtrimki. Todі Krajina Mauger simply profіnansuvati imbalance s rezervіv, podbavshi about those dwellers skorochennya їh not on Items marked Offers pennies on vnutrіshnomu market analysis, i chekati popovnennya rezervіv pіslya vіdnovlennya balance th positive balance. Ale Duzhe ymovіrno scho Kraina vicherpaє svoї valyutnі reserves (in razі postіynogo defіtsitu) abo navpaki - nakopichit nepripustimo nadmіrnі reserves (at postіynomu positive balance). So rank, the early chi pіzno bring vibirati Inshyj sposіb virіshennya Vlasnyi monetary problems.

Osnovnі the category that ponyattya

Zovnіshnoekonomіchna dіyalnіst

Subject Statistics platіzhnogo balance

Zavdannya statistics platіzhnogo balance

Statistics zovnіshnoї torgіvlі

Platіzhny balance Kraina

Potochnі operatsії platіzhnogo balance

Operatsії s kapіtalom platіzhnogo balance

Obmіnny Exchange rates

Monetary rinok

Kotiruvannya currency

Konvertuvannya currency

Rezervnі currency

Chastkovo konvertovana currency

Nekonvertovana currency

Klіringovі currency

Zapitannya for self-control

1. Shcho vivchaє statistics platіzhnogo balance? Chim Won vіdrіznyaєtsya od іnshih galuzevih statistics?

2. Poyasnіt rіznitsyu mіzh Statistics zovnіshnoї torgіvlі that Statistics platіzhnogo balance.

3. Yakima rank mozhna vikoristati danі statistics zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі s danimi іnshih galuzevih statistics for analіzu that forecast makroekonomіchnogo rozvitku Kraina?

4. Poyasnіt, chomu neobhіdno vivchati mill i rozvitok zovnіshnoekonomіchnih vіdnosin Ukraine s іnshimi powers svitu?

5. SSMSC methodological teorії statistics can vikoristati at analіzі that will rozvitku zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі? Navedіt butt.

6. Shcho vie rozumієte pid platіzhnim balance Kraina?

7. SSMSC osnovnі factorization viznachayut obmіnny course?

8. Chim vіdrіznyaєtsya platіzhny balance od balance іnvestitsіynoї mіzhnarodnoї pozitsії?

9. category of SSMSC osnovnі vikoristovuyutsya at skladannі platіzhnogo balance?