Rozmіschennya productive forces i regіonalіstika - Stechenko DM

9.7. Complex hіmіchnoї іndustrії

Complex hіmіchnoї іndustrії skladayut pіdpriєmstva, SSMSC zastosovuyuchi hіmіchnі methodological pererobki sirovini i materіalіv, viroblyayut rіznomanіtnu hіmіchnu produktsіyu. Tse zamіnniki shkіri, metals, wood, skla toscho. Chastain digit produktsії hіmіchnogo complex vikoristovuyut pіdpriєmstva іnshih Galuzo chi yak sirovinu napіvfabrikati.

Prior warehouse complex Suchasnyj hіmіchnogo incoming postadіyno vzaєmopov'yazanі the Branch:

gіrnicho-hіmіchna (vidobutok mіneralnoї sirovini);

The basic hіmіya (otrimannya salts, acids, mіneralnih Dobrev);

hіmіya organіchnogo synthesis (virobnitstvo vugletsevoї sirovini, napіvfabrikatіv);

hіmіya polіmerіv (otrimannya plastmas, rubber, rіznih fibers); pererobka polіmernih materіalіv (vigotovlennya tires polіetilenovoї plіvki).

Positive peredumovami rozvitku tsogo complex in Ukraїnі Je very hard hіmіchnoї mіneralnoї sirovini, vіdhodi metalurgіynoї, harchovoї, lіsovoї that derevoobrobnoї promislovostі. Ukraine Got rіznomanіtnu mіneralnu sirovinu for rozvitku hіmіchnih virobnitstv: kam'yane i storm vugіllya, naphtha, gas, peat, gіps, Kreid, sіrku, kalіynі solі toscho. Bearing-down rodovischami gіrnicho-hіmіchnoї sirovini Yea i Rozdolske Novoyavorіvske (natural sіrka) Kalushske i Stebnikіvske (kalіynі solі) Bahmutske, Solotvinske (kitchen sіl). Preformed regіonami gіrnicho-hіmіchnoї promislovostі Je Precarpathia Ukraine, Donbass, Pridnіprov'ya.

Rozmіschennya i rozvitok Galuzo chi okremih virobnitstv hіmіchnogo complex viznachaєtsya dієyu rіznih chinnikіv: sirovinnogo, palivno-energetichnogo, water, labor resource, spozhivcho-zbutovogo, ekologіchnogo TOSCHO. Virіshalne values ​​Got aquatic chinnik, Aje suchasnі hіmіchnі virobnitstva Je digit spozhivachem Vod th odnochasno Jerel zabrudnennya vodoym skid vіdpratsovanih waters.

Before Especially vodomіstkih nalezhat virobnitstvo hіmіchnih fibers plastmas i is synthetic resin, is synthetic rubber, deyakі elektrohіmіchnі virobnitstva.

Not Mensch vazhlive values ​​in rozvitku hіmіchnih virobnitstv Got energetichny chinnik. In hіmіchnomu virobnitstvі vikoristovuyut rіznі Vidi energії: elektrichnu, heat, mehanіchnu, svіtlovu, piece cold-Energonosіyami Je elektrichny Strum, steam, hot water, palivo, oholodzhena water povіtrya, іnertnі Ghazi. Hіmіchnі pіdgaluzі nalezhat to energomіstkih. For energomіstkіstyu produktsії virіznyayut three groupies pіdgaluzey (tab. 9.4).

Bearing-down hіmіchnimi vuzlami Je Sumsky (Sumske virobniche ob'єdnannya "Hіmprom" Shostkіnske virobniche ob'єdnannya "Svema" Shostkіn

Table 9.4. Energomіstkіst mainly pіdgaluzey hіmіchnogo complex of Ukraine, vіdsotki

Pіdgaluzі

Chastka in energovitratah hіmіchnogo complex

Chastka energovitrat in sobіvartostі produktsії

Visokoenergomіstkі:

nitric

32.5

21.9

hіmіchnih fibers

13.9

9.7

kaustichnoї BIEN

9.7

18.5

soda

5.7

23.4

Serednoenergomіstkі:

The basic hіmіya

4.3

7.6

gіrnicha hіmіya

3.7

14.5

plastmas i is synthetic resins

2.9

7.2

kalіyna

2.9

13.9

anіlіnofarbova

2.1

7.2

Maloenergomіstkі: pererobka plastmas

1.8

3.3

hіmіchnih zasobіv Zahist Roslyn

1.7

8.3

lakofarbova

1.6

2.4

sіrchana

1.4

15.1

skloplastikіv

0.9

6.4

reaktivіv

0.9

4.3

fotohіmіchna

0.9

5.6

kisneva

0.6

27.0

pobutova hіmіya

0.6

2.1

sky plant hіmreaktivіv) Harkіvsky (plant "Harplastmas", Naukova-virobniche ob'єdnannya "Monokristalreaktiv" lakofarbovy factory "Red hіmіk" Pervomayskiy virobniche ob'єdnannya "Hіmprom").

In Ukraїnі dіyut velikі pіdpriєmstva hіmіchnoї іndustrії - virobnichі ob'єdnannya: Chernigivske i Cherkasy "Hіmvolokno" i Rіvnenske Cherkasy "Nitrogen", Kalushske "Hlorvіnіl" Borislavske "Farba" Rozdolske i Yavorіvske "Sіrka", Ivano-Frankіvsky plant thin organіchnogo synthesis plant Sokalsky hіmvolokna.

Pіdpriєmstva hіmіchnoї іndustrії Prichornomorskogo ekonomіchnogo regіonu roztashovanі perevazhno in Avtonomnіy Respublіtsі Cream (virobniche ob'єdnannya "Titan", Krymska Soda Plant, krasnoperekopsk bromine plant, Saksky hіmzavod, Sіmferopolsky plant plastmas pobutovoї hіmії i) that Odeskіy oblastі (Port, lakofarbovy, hіmіchny INSHI Creek ).

Vazhlivim chinnikom zmіtsnennya ekonomіchnogo encampments hіmіchnoї іndustrії Je virobnitstvo konkurentospromozhnoї produktsії, pіdvischennya eksportu s metoyu zbіlshennya Monetary nadhodzhen. Mayzhe 60 vіdsotkіv nitric Welcome eksportuєtsya in Kraina far zarubіzhzhya. Tse visuvaє vimogu tehnіchnogo Conversion to progresivnіy osnovі Tsikh virobnitstv s metoyu znizhennya Pete vitrat elektroenergії that natural gas to odinitsyu produktsії. Slіd urahuvati takozh that fact, scho tsomu at etapі ekonomіchnogo rozvitku eksportom nitric Welcome zaymayutsya Kraina in primary scho toil Vlasnyi gazovidobuvnu base.

Mayzhe fourth Chastina (24 vіdsotki) phosphate Welcome eksportuєtsya With Ukraine in the distant zarubіzhzhya Kraina. When tsomu nayavnі potuzhnostі zavantazhenі deprivation 1/5. Cause tsogo have polyagaє digit pіdvischennі tsіn on іmportnu sirovinu - apatite Kolskogo pіvostrova that tarifіv on zalіznichne transported scho zagrozhuє tsіnovіy nekonkurentospromozhnostі phosphate good. Tsim zumovlena dotsіlnіst osvoєnnya i rozrobki vlasnoї sirovinnoї bazi - pokladіv fosfatnoї sirovini (Stremigorodske, Osikіvske, Ratkіvske that Novopoltavske rodovischa). For takoї minds vіdkrivaєtsya mozhlivіst 80-85 vіdsotkіv zabezpechuvati nayavnі virobnichі potuzhnostі that have kіlka razіv zniziti valyutnі vitrati on іmport. Krіm of Tse gave b zmogu povnіshe zabezpechiti vnutrіshnі require sіlskogo Gospodarstwa.

Osvoєnnya Vlasnyi sirovinnih rodovisch stosuєtsya i kalіynih Welcome to pokrittya peredusіm vnutrіshnіh applicable (Welcome at 1.5 times bіlshe zakupovuєtsya porіvnyano s obsyagom Vlasnyi virobnitstva and іsnuyuchі virobnichі potuzhnostі vikoristovuyutsya deprivation 1/5). We gave away tse b zmogu pіdvischiti yakіst, vinesti Tsey view produktsії in eksportnu pozitsіyu.

Schodo Zahist Roslyn hіmіchnih zasobіv, here Je neobhіdnіst zbalansuvati virobnitstvo th eksport fungіtsidіv, protruynikіv (nayavnі potuzhnostі perevischuyut needful bіlshe nіzh in 2 Razi) i zakupіvlyu gerbіtsidіv, scho in Ukraїnі not vipuskayutsya.

Vazhlivim Jerel zbіlshennya Monetary nadhodzhen i zadovolennya Vlasnyi potreb Je Shinn promislovіst, yak in Ukraїnі rozvinena, Ale takozh not Got sirovinnoї bazi - kauchukіv. Through tse virobnitstvo tires mayuchi strategіchny character, far away od stabіlnostі: for 1991 - 1994 pp. vono skoroti mayzhe 41 vіdsotok.

Yak fee іmport rubber Kraina in LICs vivozitsya 41 vіdsotok sіlskogospodarskih tires for cars, 30 vіdsotkіv tires for passenger i 9 vіdsotkіv tires vantazhnih avtomobіlіv. Otzhe, nagalnim Je vidіlenya koshtіv budіvnitstvo to plant rubber on osnovі vikoristannya Vlasnyi natural gas.

On teritorії Ukraine nalіchuєtsya blizko 40 rodovisch іlmenіtіv, s including 11 pіdgotovleno to Promyslova osvoєnnya. Іlmenіti - tse sirovina for virobnitstva dvookisu titanium, yaky vikoristovuєtsya in lakofarbovіy promislovostі, virobnitstvі plastmas, hіmіchnih fibers that Paper the gumi. Shvidky osvoєnnya naybіlsh digit rodovisch іlmenіtіv gave mozhlivіst used to іsnuyuchih pіdpriєmstvah viroblyati mayzhe 120 yew. t dvookisu titanium. W tsієї kіlkostі 1/5 produktsії yshla used to zadovolennya Vlasnyi require a 4/5 mozhna Bulo b napravlyati on eksport, zabezpechuyuchi nadhodzhennya currency in the up Ukraine.

Require in produktsії hіmіchnoї promislovostі zrostayut pid vplivom NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso, Change log in ekonomіchnih i sotsіalnih Zhittya minds. Suchasna complex structure hіmіchnoї іndustrії sformuvalas 60-70 Rokach, tobto in perіod naybіlsh Shvidky yogo rozvitku. Tse digit mіroyu velikotonnazhnі virobnitstva, SSMSC vikoristovuyut іmportnu naphtha gas yak i sirovinu for virobnitstva produktsії abo yak energonosії. Vodnochase svіtovy dosvіd ostannіh rokіv perekonlivo svіdchit scho rіven rozvitku virobnitstva is synthetic resins i plastmas, is synthetic fibers, barvnikіv, is synthetic rubber, lakofarbovih materіalіv Je viznachalnim pokaznikom progresivnostі structuring hіmіchnoї іndustrії.

Vazhlive values ​​for vdoskonalennya galuzevoї structuring Got pіdvischennya sotsіalnoї orієntatsії complex hіmіchnoї іndustrії.

Digit zrostannya teritorіalnoї kontsentratsії virobnitstva in Promyslova centers nedostatnіy rozvitok small- i bezvіdhodnih tehnologіy i systems of purification and takozh zalishkovy principle planuvannya kapіtalnih vkladen prirodoohoronnі have come in that ratsіonalne prirodokoristuvannya prizveli to napruzhenoї ekologіchnoї situatsії th negatively naslіdkіv have deyakih hіmіchnih vuzlah i centers (Lisichansko- Rubіzhanskomu, Cherkasy, Pіvnіchnokrimskomu, Kalushskomu, Kiїvskomu, Odeskomu).

In perspektivі rozvitok hіmіchnoї іndustrії in Ukraїnі Got zdіysnyuvatisya perevazhno for rakhunok tehnіchnogo re-equipment of companies that rekonstruktsії Dіyuchih s vprovadzhennyam resursozberіgayuchih small- i bezvіdhodnih tehnologіy, schemes zamknenogo vodoobіgu.

In Promyslova vuzlah centers i s temple rіvnem kontsentratsії hіmіchnih virobnitstv of order h Carrying prirodoohoronnih zahodіv Actual problems of Je pereprofіlyuvannya ekologіchno shkіdlivih virobnitstv s metoyu rehabilitation navkolishnogo seredovischa.