Mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki that valyutnі operatsії - Savluk M.І.

1.3. Currency fіnansovі that platіzhnі minds zovnіshnoekonomіchnih lands

Pershochergovoyu i neobhіdnoyu minds zdіysnennya mіzhnarodnoї torgovelnoї operatsії Je zovnіshnotorgovelny contract yaky viznachaє rights that obov'yazki storіn, їh vіdpovіdalnіst for holding operatsії. When the contract skladannі great significance Got correctly viznachennya monetary and fіnansovih i platіzhnih drain land, od yakih deposits rentabelnіst zovnіshnotorgovelnih operatsіy, svoєchasne otrimannya payments vikonannya obov'yazkіv for contract strahuvannya storіn od Monetary rizikіv.

When viznachennі monetary and fіnansovih i platіzhnih minds Duzhe often viyavlyaєtsya protilezhnіst іnteresіv storіn. So, eksporter pіslya vіdvantazhennya product yogo otrimati іmporteru zaіnteresovany maximum Velika scrip currencies in the short termіn, will win od pokuptsya vіdpovіdnі garantії schodo zabezpechennya payment toscho. Іmporter have their Cherga, pragne skorіshe otrimati product splatiti less then currency i at mozhlivostі maximum vіdtyagnuti platіzh, tobto domogtisya od seller nadannya komertsіynogo loan.

Vibіr monetary and fіnansovih i platіzhnih minds kontraktіv deposits od bagatoh chinnikіv, zokrema od nature ekonomіchnih i polіtichnih vіdnosin mіzh kraїnami, nayavnostі abo vіdsutnostі mіzhderzhavnih land, kon'yunkturi Rinku i yogo rozvitku prospects, traditsіy that zvichaїv torgіvlі danim commodity standards natsіonalnogo zakonodavstva, mіzhnarodnih i konventsіy rules, SSMSC regulyuyut rozrahunkovі vіdnosini, toscho.

Yakscho ukladennyu zovnіshnotorgovelnogo contract pereduє mіzhderzhavna land (napriklad, about the order of delivery i Venue of platezhіv), yak Got deyakі zagalnі monetary and fіnansovі minds in kontraktі dotsіlno posilatisya on Taku favor. Tse Duzhe vazhlivo s Look virіshennya sporіv, scho shaping can viniknuti mіzh parties in hodі vikonannya contract.

Currency fіnansovі that platіzhnі minds ohoplyuyut takі osnovnі Elements:

  • currency tsіni i sposіb viznachennya tsіni;
  • currency payments, currency exchange rate pererahunku tsіni in the currency of payment, not Yakscho stink zbіgayutsya;
  • rozrahunkіv minds;
  • FORMS rozrahunkіv that banks, through the SSMSC tsі rozrahunki will zdіysnyuvatis.

1.3.1. Kind of currency is the currency of payment

Vid Vibor tsіni currency is the currency of payment of deposits of foreign currency valued mіroyu efektivnіst land.

Currency tsіni - tse currency in yakіy viznachaєtsya Cena contract. When viborі currency tsіni vrahovuyutsya mіzhnarodnі traditsії torgіvlі danim commodity minds mіzhderzhavnih land. When ukladennі zovnіshnotorgovelnogo contract Rate product Mauger Buti whether zafіksovana in yakіy vіlno konvertovanіy valyutі: Kraina Sellers Kraina pokuptsya abo tretoї Kraina. Yakscho mіzh kraїnami way to please about the procedure for rozrahunkіv klіringom, then Cena product vstanovlyuєtsya in tіy valyutі, yak priynyata for klіringovih rozrahunkіv. For zovnіshnotorgovelnih organіzatsіy vibіr of Ukrainian currency tsіni skladnіshy through obmezhene vikoristannya grivnі in zovnіshnіh operatsіyah. Yak svіdchit practice in major currencies tsіni rozrahunkah for Ukrainian eksportom Je amerikansky Dolar. Vodnochase in іmportnih operatsіyah yak currency tsіni often vikoristovuyutsya vіlno konvertovanі currency іnshih rozvinutih kraїn. Tse zumovleno pragnennyam prodavtsіv otrimati svoї natsіonalnі currency.

Eksportnі that іmportnі kontraktnі tsіni dosit rіznomanіtnі i stale od dodatkovih vitrat, SSMSC vklyuchayutsya they have mіru prosuvannya tovarіv od eksportera to іmportera. In mіzhnarodnіy praktitsі іsnuє p'yat sposobіv viznachennya tsіn tovarіv.

  • The solid fіksatsіya for yakoї ustanovlenі tsіni not pіdlyagayut zmіnam pid hour vikonannya minds contract. Sposіb tverdoї fіksatsії efektivnosti at vіdnosnіy stabіlnostі tsіn on svіtovih Rink on vіdpovіdnu grupu tovarіv. Vіn dosit poshireny at korotkotermіnovih deliveries against Mauger Buti vikoristany i s for the sake of bіlsh trivalim termіnom supplies Especially in razі re kontraktіv іz perevіrenimi partners.
  • When pіdpisannі contract obumovlyuєtsya principle viznachennya tsіni (napriklad on osnovі kotiruvan of chi іnshogo commodity market analysis on the day of delivery), and she Cena vstanovlyuєtsya in protsesі vikonannya land. Tsey sposіb viznachennya tsіni zastosovuєtsya todі, if viyavlyaєtsya tendentsіya to pіdvischennya rinkovih tsіn on goods.
  • Pohіdnim od dvoh poperednіh sposobіv Je sposіb vstanovlennya ruhlivoї tsіni, if Cena firmly fіksuєtsya when ukladennya contract against Mauger Buti exchange glances, Yakscho uzgodzhenі parties pokazniki znizilisya (napriklad, іndeks tsіn, svіtova Cena toscho) on bіlshu value nіzh about tse obumovleno in kontraktі . Butt Mauger Buti pereglyad kontraktnoї tsіni in vipadku zmіni rinkovoї tsіni product porіvnyano s contract bіlshe nіzh 5%.
  • Cena od Zmіnna fallow zmіni elementіv vitrat. Vaughn rozrahovuєtsya when vikonannya contract Shlyakhov pereglyadu bazisnoї tsіni s urahuvannyam Change log tsіnoutvoryuyuchih elementіv (zokrema vitrat virobnitstva), pid hour vikonannya contract. Won in zastosovuєtsya razі sale produktsії, yak Got trivalі postachannya line (zdebіlshogo collapsible complete obladnannya).

When zmіnnih tsіnah in kontraktі vstanovlyuyutsya: Reference Rate is the її structure zmіni tsіni moment cob, i sposіb time rozrahunku ostatochnoї tsіni, zmіni boundary (the maximum allowed i mіnіmum vіdhilennya rinkovoї tsіni od kontraktnoї). Meza zmіni scho perevischuє 15-20% bazisnoї tsіni not vigіdna іmporteru.

  • Zmіshana Form: Chastina tsіni firmly fіksuєtsya and Chastina vstanovlyuєtsya in zmіnnіy formі.

Vibirayuchi currency tsіni, vazhlivo vrahuvati kind of product. Vіdpovіdno to rules svіtovoї torgіvlі sogodnі currency tsіni on okremі Vidi tovarіv not subject uzgodzhennya Yea, navіt Yakscho tsya currency is not zadovolnyaє Povny mіroyu seller ni, ni pokuptsya. Tsіla low tovarіv have to chislі sirovina, prodaєtsya on svіtovih Rink for a standard postachannya minds, the General rozroblenimi lands about i torgіvlyu Tariffs (GATT), and takozh mіzhnarodnimi asotsіatsіyami eksporterіv that іmporterіv rozvinutih kraїn. Minds torgіvlі tsimi goods (tsіni, payment currency, valyutnі that bagatovalyutnі zasterezhennya contracts) that decorated zovnіshnotorgovelnih dokumentіv (peredusіm rahunkіv invoices the insurance dokumentіv i) pіdporyadkovuyutsya strict rules. Zokrema, tsіni on Ser naphtha, gas condensate, Zukor, Syrets, kava, kolorovі methane virobi Zi shkіri kotiruyutsya in US Dolar. In anglіyskih pounds sterlіngіv kotiruyutsya tsіni on zahіdnoєvropeyskih inventory sirovinnih bіrzhah cocoa-Bobi, kartoplyu, yachmіn, kolorovі metal, rubber. Zgіdno s order on kotiruvannya bіrzhah de vstanovlyuyutsya tsіni tovarіv, viznachaєtsya currency of payment.

Payment Currency - tse currency in yakіy oplachuєtsya zobov'yazannya pokuptsya (іmportera). Yakscho valyutnі Kursi nestabіlnі then tsіni fіksuyutsya in naybіlsh stіykіy valyutі and platіzh - at valyutі Kraina-іmportera. Yakscho currency tsіni i currency of payment not zbіgayutsya, the kontraktі vkazuєtsya course pererahunku pershoї to a friend (abo for parity, yaky fіksuєtsya bazі IMF SDR abo rinkovim for exchange rates).

In kontraktі vstanovlyuyutsya minds pererahunku:

  • Course vіdpovіdnogo mind platіzhnogo zasobu - Telegraph abo bankіvskogo perekazu payments for bills chi without them;
  • koriguvannya hour (napriklad, naperedodnі abo daily payment) in the foreign exchange market vіdpovіdnomu (Sellers pokuptsya abo tretoї Kraina);
  • obumovlyuєtsya rate for Yakima zdіysnyuєtsya pererahunok: Yak usually Tse serednіy course of the day, the course іnodі seller abo pokuptsya hour vіdkrittya abo zakrittya foreign exchange market.

Vazhlive values ​​Got pererahunku hour. Yogo wrong vstanovlennya Mauger prizvesti to great vtrat unaslіdok zmіni Monetary kursіv. Odnієyu s naybіlshih pomilok, yak often traplyaєtsya, Je pererahunok currency for the course of the day ukladennya contract. In razі nestabіlnostі payment currency that її tendentsії to devalvatsії, ekporter Mauger zaznati great zbitkіv at the time of payment. Napriklad, іmporter h Ukraine sіchnya 2001 15 p. pіdpisuє contract s postachalnikom іz Russie for the amount of 1.5 million rosіyskih rublіv. In Tsei day obmіnny grivnі course that the ruble dorіvnyuє 0.19 UAH per 1 grew. rub. Course obmіnu fіksuєtsya in kontraktі, otzhe, іmporter vvazhaє scho vіn pay 7,894,736 million USD. However, the day, if nastaє payment date obmіnny dorіvnyuє rate of 0.15 USD for growing. rub. (Tobto hryvnia podeshevshala vіdnosno rubles), second іmporter musit already zaplatiti 10 million UAH. Zbitki іmportera dorіvnyuyut 2,105,264 USD.

Nezbіg currency tsіni i currency of payment - one s nayprostіshih metodіv strahuvannya riziku currency. Yakscho Exchange rates tsіni (napriklad, anglіysky pound sterlіngіv) znizivsya, the scrip payment (in nіmetskih stamps) proportsіyno zmenshuєtsya, i navpaki. For eksportera (lender) іsnuє rizik znizhennya tsіni currency exchange rates, and for іmportera (borzhnika) - rizik її pіdvischennya.

Okrіm right Vibor currency tsіni i currency of payment, pіdpriєmstva (fіrmi) mozhut vikoristovuvati th INSHI zasobi, spryamovanі on strahuvannya Monetary rizikіv. Until such zasobіv vіdnosyat: mozhlivіst zmіni termіnіv payment for the contract, zbalansovanіst penny vimog i zobov'yazan, currency tovarnі zasterezhennya, barternі lands included rozmіru mozhlivih zbitkіv in tsіnu. Krіm addition, active participation in protsesі strahuvannya Monetary rizikіv take banks SSMSC zdіysnyuyut hedzhuvannya Shlyakhov ukladennya forward i optsіonnih lands and takozh oblіkovo and discount, factoring i forfeiting operatsіy, SSMSC zahischayut klієnta not tіlki od riziku Monetary Oscillations and th od neplatospromozhnostі borzhnika.

1.3.2. minds payment

Minds viznachayut payment procedure i-line Pay vartostі product, yaky zaznacheny in zovnіshnotorgovelnomu kontraktі. Pong ustanovlyuyutsya іndivіdualno. Vibіr minds payment deposits od Sealy partnerіv on market analysis. In the minds of the parties obgovorennі payment duzhe vazhlivim Je pogodzhennya such power:

  • if nalezhit ROBIT platіzh (napriklad before, at the time of chi deprivation pіslya Supply of goods);
  • sposіb in yaky Got Booty zdіysneno platіzh (Form rozrahunkіv);
  • de vіn guilty Buti zdіysneny.

Analіz mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі svіdchit scho naybіlshogo poshirennya Nabeul two osnovnі Method torgovelnih rozrahunkіv: Minds on payment negaynogo second payment in rozstrochku. Krіm that often vidіlyayut Dvi dodatkovі platіzhnі minds - kombіnovany platіzh i s credit optsіonom negaynogo payment. Vidіlyati two ostannі in samostіynі minds nedotsіlno, oskіlki stink Yea deprivation pohіdnimi od Main platіzhnih minds.

Traditsіyno fallow od domovlenostey kontragentіv and takozh spetsifіki tovarіv scho prodayutsya, іmporter zdіysnyuє negayny platіzh for such odnієyu s minds:

a) pіslya otrimannya pіdtverdzhennya about zakіnchennya vіdvantazhennya vіdpravlennya product at the port;

b) when vruchennі іmporteru kit trademark dokumentіv s nadannyam to pay for kіlkoh pіlgovih dnіv i Godin;

c) if priymannі product іmporterom priznachennya at the port.

The practice of holding mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv svіdchit, scho minds negaynoї for payment of goods іmporteru that yogo bank nadaєtsya 3-5 pіlgovih dnіv for oznayomlennya s tovarorozporyadchimi documents i zdіysnennya payment, Yakscho INSHI minds not zaznachenі in kontraktі that platіzhnih іnstruktsіyah eksportera. When tsomu maximum line perevіrki dokumentіv from banks - sіm dnіv. In mіzhnarodnіy praktitsі dosit often zatrimuєtsya negayny platіzh on kіlka dnіv s rіznih reasons: teritorіalna vіddalenіst kontragentіv that їhnіh bankіv, neobhіdnіst zdіysnennya platezhіv through tretі banks zatrimannya Pay іmportera s blame. Prote, s bankіvskogo Look, negaynim vvazhaєtsya platіzh on zdіysnennya yakogo vitracheno hour not bіlshe, nіzh neobhіdno for opratsyuvannya counterparties that їhnіmi banks platіzhnih dokumentіv.

Mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki pereplіtayutsya s obmіnom currency i nadannyam kreditіv zovnіshnotorgovelnimi partners odne one. In tsomu proyavlyaєtsya phone reception mіzhnarodnih monetary i rozrahunkovih operatsіy. In svіtovіy torgіvlі widely vikoristovuєtsya komertsіyny loan, yaky realіzuєtsya through nadannya owner pokuptsyu vіdstrochki paying for the posed goods.

Rozstrochka payment peredbachaє vzaєmozv'yazok torgovelnoї that kreditnoї land. Zakіnchennya torgovelnoї operatsії zbіgaєtsya s cob kreditnoї land, yak in his Cherga, bude completed repayment pіdpriєmstvom-borzhnikom zaborgovanostі for pozichkoyu. Osoblivіst rozstrochki payment in the fact scho lands poziki not Je bunt metoyu. Vaughn deprivation suprovodzhuє favor kupіvlі s product sales.

Username Lost Password s a number of reasons to stretch out payment vіdstrochennya chastіshe, nіzh to otrimannya bankіvskogo negaynoї loan to pay for the goods. Poyasnyuєtsya Tse note scho bankіvsky credit often Yea i Duzhe expensive zavzhdi not available. Dіyti to vzaєmnoї domovlenostі s partners zavzhdi Legshei, Especially in razі trivalogo i plіdnogo spіvrobіtnitstva. Pragnennya pokuptsya platiti in rozstrochku obumovleno yogo negayno Bazhanov otrimati right vlasnostі on materіalnі tsіnnostі on їh vikoristannya in virobnitstvі abo for resale, todі yak platіzh to repay zaborgovanostі vіn Mauger zdіysniti pіznіshe.

Efektivnіst vikonannya zovnіshnotorgovelnih kontraktіv deposits od correct Vibor FORMS rozrahunkіv. Pid Form rozrahunkіv in zovnіshnіy torgіvlі rozumіyut way to design, the transmitted i th Pay tovarorozporyadchih platіzhnih dokumentіv, SSMSC vikoristovuyutsya in mіzhnarodnіy komertsіynіy i bankіvskіy praktitsі. The main forms of rozrahunkіv, SSMSC vikoristovuyutsya in mіzhnarodnіy torgіvlі, Je documentary letter of credit is the documentary іnkaso, bankіvsky perekaz, platіzh on vіdkrity rakhunok that avansovі platezhі. Detail OAO All FORMS mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv will rozglyanutі in the third that p'yatomu rozdіlah.

Vazhlivim moment when obgovorennі minds payment Je vibіr Kraina, de Buda zdіysnyuvatis platіzh. Aje digit vpliv on mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki Got Monetary she zovnіshnotorgovelne regulyuvannya. Yakscho in Tsikh areas znachnі obmezhennya Yea, it is the Shvidky efektivnosti Venue of rozrahunkіv mayzhe nemozhlive. Krіm tsogo negatively vpliv on shvidkіst Venue of mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv Got platіzhna system that rozrahunkova distsiplіna, SSMSC, napriklad in bagatoh kraїnah LICs, perebuvayut on nizkomu rіvnі. So, Russie, Ukraїnі that in іnshih kraїnah duzhe often sposterіgaєtsya situatsіya, if komertsіynі banks navіt at otrimannі vchasno platіzhnih dokumentіv, zarahovuyut Costa on rakhunok svoїh klієntіv Zi digit zatrimkami, scho negatively on vplivaє rozvitok vіdnosin mіzh torgovelnimi partners.