home Economy books Global trading system: rozvitok іnstitutіv, rules іnstrumentіv COT - Tsigankova TM

Global trading system: rozvitok іnstitutіv, rules іnstrumentіv COT - Tsigankova TM

4.3.4. Diskusіynі power vzaєmozalezhnostі rozvitku mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі that will navkolishnogo seredovischa

In problemі vzaєmozalezhnostі rozvitku mіzhnarodnogo torgovelno-ekonomіchnogo obmіnu that become global ekonomіchnogo seredovischa mozhna vidіliti dekіlko diskusіynih mainly supply:

Chi spriyaє lіberalіzatsіya torgіvlі wrong vikoristannyu navkolishnogo seredovischa?

Chi spriyaє ekologіchnіy bezpetsі bіlshe vikoristannya torgovelnih sanktsіy?

Chi toil regulyatornі іnstrumenti COT anti-ekologіchnu spryamovanіst?

Chi Je ekonomіchne zrostannya Jerel degradatsії navkolishnogo seredovischa?

Chi zavazhayut regulyatornі mehanіzmi COT vprovadzhennyu dієvih ekologіchnih polіtik Uryadov kraїn-chlenіv?

Chi nadaє lіberalіzatsіya torgіvlі competitive perevagu kraїnam scho toil nizkі ekologіchnі standards?

Rozglyanemo tsі power bіlsh detail. Pershe s them stosuєtsya negative vplivu lіberalіzatsії torgіvlі on otochuyuche seredovische. Prihilniki lіberalіzatsії torgіvlі viznachayut, scho negatively Taqiy vpliv mozhlivy i navіt іsnuє. Ale problem polyagaє not in themselves trade rules (laws), and in sistemі otsіnki resursіv in ekonomіtsі. On vіdmіnu od іnshih faktorіv virobnitstva such yak i Praca kapіtal, prirodnі resources "kupuyutsya not" for real svoїmi tsіnami, that Je tendentsіya їh zayvogo i neratsіonalnogo spozhivannya. Napriklad, Cena on Yabluko in torgovelnіy MEREZHI not vіdobrazhaє vartostі Skoda, nanesenoї navkolishnomu seredovischu zastosuvannyam pestitsidіv at Yogo viroschuvannі. Tsya Cena bula b nabagato vischoyu, yakbi Won included vartіst kompensatsії Skoda, nanesenoї navkolishnomu seredovischu virobnichim processes. Tse target used for virobnikіv ekonomіchny incentive Poshuk іnshih tehnologіchnih protsesіv, SSMSC would not boule such "expensive" for navkolishnogo seredovischa.

Tsya logіka mіrkuvan Je basis of the principle "zabrudnyuyuchy navkolishnє seredovische guilty platiti adequacy kompensatsіyu" yaky uspіshno vikoristovuє in ekologіchnih Programs deyakih kraїn. So rank, the wrong vikoristannya navkolishnogo seredovischa factuality obumovlyuє not lіberalіzatsіya torgіvlі and nevіrna system otsіnki virobnichih resursіv in ekonomіtsі.

Poshirenoyu point Zora Je іsnuvannya pryamoї zalezhnostі mіzh kіlkіstyu i zhorstokіstyu torgovelnih sanktsіy that pokraschennya will navkolishnogo seredovischa.

In sistemі COT torgovі obmezhennya for Zahist navkolishnogo seredovischa vipravdanі tіlki todі, if Skoda navkolishnomu seredovischu applied directly vikoristannyam torgіvlі abo vnaslіdok tsogo. Yakscho Skoda navkolishnomu seredovischu not directly pov'yazana s torgіvleyu, obmezhennya mozhut stvoriti perekruchuvannya faktіv i mother neperedbachenі negativnі naslіdki. Napriklad, dwellers uniknuti virubki lіsіv, Іndonezіya introduced visokі rates eksportnogo mita on tropіchny lіs (s pilomaterіali rіznih porіd tropіchnih trees). Ale rіven virubki lіsіv not tіlki not zmenshivsya and th uniquely pіdvischivsya. Vіdbulosya tse for rakhunok of scho obmezhenі in eksportі natsіonalnі virobniki spryamuvali svoї marketingovі zusillya vnutrіshnіy on rinok, proponuyuchi spozhivacham way of exclusive produktsіyu s rіdkih porіd tropіchnih trees. S of I hour popit becoming perevischuvati rіven Offers scho іsnuvav at the time of the introduction of obmezhennya. So rank, not OAO All torgovelnі sanktsії positive vplivayut the camp ekologії i, team bіlshe, pryamoї zalezhnostі here just do not Mauger Buti.

Yea i Obgovoryuvanim power antі-ekologіchnoї spryamovanostі regulatory іnstrumentіv COT. Vische mi rozglyanuli dosit wide range prirodoohoronnih the provisions in favor of the COT (div. X.2) zhodne s yakih Got no antі-ekologіchnoї spryamovanostі. Іnshoyu manage Je bagatoaspektnіst naslіdkіv zastosuvannya okremimi kraїnami torgovelnih obmezhen against yakih to rechі, vistupaє COT. Pokazovoyu in planі Zahist navkolishnogo seredovischa Je pozitsіya Acres schodo subsiduvannya. So, napriklad, Pіvnіchno-Amerikanskі that Єvropeyskі sіlskogospodarskі dotatsії obumovili pіdvischennya produktivnostі fermerskih Gospodarstwa for rakhunok іntensivnogo vikoristannya expensive pestitsidіv i Welcome. However, zalishki Tsikh produktіv mozhut cause stronger Skoda navkolishnomu seredovischu. Zusillya COT schodo strimuvannya subsiduvannya dopomagayut zmenshiti takі shkіdlivі for navkolishnogo seredovischa dії. Krіm of vіdkrita torgіvlya mіzh natsіyami takozh spriyaє aktivіzatsії konkurentsії scho pov'yazana s bіlsh efektivnosti vikoristannyam resursіv. And Global virobnitstvo spriyaє transition to clean tehnologіy, todі Mensch yak efektivnі, i scho takі zabrudnyuyut navkolishnє seredovische virobnitstva, zamіnyayutsya bіlsh efektivnosti i clean tehnologіchnimi processes.

Chi is not naybіlsh obgovoryuvanim Sered fahіvtsіv Je power vzaєmozalezhnostі ekonomіchnogo zrostannya that degradatsії navkolishnogo seredovischa. Zahisniki navkolishnogo seredovischa vvazhayut scho denote bіlshe lyudstvo viroblyaє, team bіlshe vono zabrudnyuє otochuyuche seredovische. So rank, vvazhayuchi scho ekonomіchne zrostannya Je Jerel degradatsії navkolishnogo seredovischa, stink vimagayut nulovogo ekonomіchnogo zrostannya, dwellers dati planetі hour for vіdnovlennya resursіv.

W іnshogo side, їh opponent has ekonomіsti vkazuyut on phone reception mіzh INCREASING income i mozhlivostyami polіpshennya navkolishnogo seredovischa. Pong vvazhayut scho scho Kraina deyakі rozvivayutsya, dіysno sturbovanі svoїm vizhivannyam, dwellers pіkluvatisya about zabrudnennya navkolishnogo seredovischa. Ale Je bezlіch іnshih kraїn s temple rіvnem virobnitstva, i h i Vod temple yakіstyu povіtrya. Opponent has ekvayromentalіstіv vvazhayut scho Dzherelo degradatsії navkolishnogo seredovischa Je not the Same ekonomіchne zrostannya and vіdsutnіst vіdpovіdnoї polіtiki Uryadov. So, the Brundtland Reports of i in order dennomu 21 Lіtnogo Sammіtu zaznachaєtsya, scho i Zahist navkolishnogo seredovischa dovgostrokovy stіyky rozvitok dopovnyuyut odne one, i protsvіtannya, viklikane torgіvleyu, Veda to polіpshennya navkolishnogo seredovischa. In quiet kraїnah de іsnuє polіtika stіykogo rozvitku, torgіvlya dopomagaє stimulyuvati ekonomіchne zrostannya yak, so i receptionists navkolishnogo seredovischa. The I navpaki in kraїnah de Absent podіbnoї polіtiki, torgіvlya Mauger pіdsiliti degradatsіyu navkolishnogo seredovischa. Napriklad have Ganі and Nіgerії, vіdsutnіst land kadastrіv in perіod lіberalіzatsії torgіvlі led to іntensivnoї virubki lіsіv, s metoyu peeled teritorії for viroschuvannya cocoa i bavovni, SSMSC koristuyutsya popitom svіtovomu on market analysis.

Seryoznim zvinuvachennyam on at COT Je pozitsіya deyakih fahіvtsіv i kraїn stosovno of scho Holds COT not give kraїnam provoditi seryoznu polіtiku schodo Zahist navkolishnogo seredovischa. Hoca COT clearly vіddaє perevagu bagatostoronnіm rіshennyam, nіzh odnostoronnіm against dozvolyaє kraїnam provoditi in Zhittya whether SSMSC vlasnі uhvali, ale s minds, scho stink not be unfair staviti zarubіzhnih postachalnikіv in gіrshі minds porіvnyano s natsіonalnimi tovarovirobnikami. Navіt, if obmezhuvalnі come in, scho zastosovuyutsya Pevnyi kraїnoyu diskrimіnatsіynimi Yea, all the stink Buti shaping can one sumіsnimi Zi statte XX GATT "General vinyatki" Yakscho їh neobhіdne of acceptance for "for Zahist Zhittya chi Zdorov'ya people tvarin that Roslyn" abo stosuyutsya " zberezhennya natural resursіv, SSMSC vicherpuyutsya, Yakscho takі come in time zastosovuyutsya s obmezhennyam vnutrіshnogo virobnitstva spozhivannya chi ". [1. s.467-468] After podіbnі locations of cells namagaєtsya vіdokremiti zakonnі prirodoohoronnі Holds kraїn-uchasnits od illegal trading bar'єrіv.

Deyakі fahіvtsі vvazhayut scho lіberalіzatsіya torgіvlі stvoryuє specific perevagu note kraїnam, SSMSC toil bіlsh nizkі ekologіchnі standards.

Zgіdno s position in the CIM kraїnі, scho Got nizkі prirodoohoronnі standardization is competitive perevaga utvoryuєtsya for rakhunok of scho vnutrіshnі virobniki unikayut vitrat, pov'yazanih іz zabrudnennyam navkolishnogo seredovischa and takozh toil mozhlivіst zaluchiti bіlshe іnvestitsіy od zabrudnyuyuchih virobnitstv scho pragnut Know kraїnu s lіberalnim ekologіchnim zakonodavstvom.

Zahisniki navkolishnogo seredovischa vvazhayut for dotsіlne obmezhiti eksport іz podіbnih kraїn for Relief rіznomanіtnih trading bar'єrіv. Prote prihilniki printsipіv lіberalіzatsії torgіvlі not skhilnі primushuvati INSHI Kraina zvichayno Ti, scho rozvivayutsya pіdvischuvati svoї prirodoohoronnі standardized Shlyakhov zastosuvannya to their trading sanktsіy. Naymensh rozvinenі Kraina klasifіkuyut takі dії yak eco-іmperіalіzm. So, napriklad have vіdomіy superechtsі about delfіnіv i tuntsіv US obvinuvatili in fact, scho stink vіddali perevagu vizhivannyu delfіnіv instead іnteresam meksikanskih Fishermen, chiїm zarobіtkam zagrozhuvala amerikanska trade zaborona. On praktitsі іsnuє svіdchen little about those scho promislovі virobnitstva skhilnі peremіschatisya (duzhe expensive processes), dwellers uniknuti vitrat on receptionists navkolishnogo seredovischa (in serednomu stink stanovlyat 3% vartostі virobnitstva), Ale budіvnitstvo novih ob'єktіv duzhe rozpovsyudzheno.

Doslіdzhennya Svіtovogo bank pokazuyut, scho for bagatonatsіonalnih kompanіy deshevshe vikoristovuvati takі Well tehnologії in kraїnah, SSMSC rozvivayutsya scho stink vikoristovuyut in svoїh fіlіyah in rozvinutih kraїnah. Tom zusillya schodo lіberalіzatsії torgіvlі scho vklyuchaє zmenshennya pereshkod for іnvestitsіy (right to stvorennya fіrm) mozhut zrobiti svіy vnesok in polіpshennya navkolishnogo seredovischa.