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Management - Vikhanskiy OS

1. General characteristics of management

1.1. Organization and Management

Try to find someone from your environment who does not belong to any organization, and you will find that it is not so easy to do. The vast majority of members of society are members of one or more organizations. These organizations can be industrial, educational or research, public or private, large or small, temporary or permanent. This list can be continued for a long time. It is important to emphasize that there are a wide variety of organizations. Most people almost all their conscious lives are connected with one or another organization, being their employees or by coming into contact with them.

What is an organization? Is it possible to point out any common features characteristic of any organization, no matter how large it is, in what sphere does it function and what tasks does it solve? Distracting from some particular aspects, it can be said that the main constituents of any organization are people who are members of this organization, the tasks for which the organization exists and the management that forms, mobilizes and sets in motion the organization's potential to meet the challenges it faces .

Based on this understanding of the main components of the organization, it can be defined as a systematized, conscious association of people's actions, pursuing the achievement of certain goals. In the event that there are established boundaries of the organization, if its place in society is determined, the organization takes the form of a social cell and acts as a social institution. Such organizations are private and state firms, government institutions, public associations, cultural institutions, education, etc. If the organization is not institutionalized, then in this case it is about the organization as a process. For example, it could be the organization of a rally. With such an examination of the organization, it rather acts as a separate management function.

In the future, in the textbook, the term "organization" will be used in the first sense. If it is used in the second sense, the word "function" will necessarily be added; The concept of "organization function" * 1 will be used.

* 1: {If the word "organization" existed in Russian, then it would reflect the second meaning of using the word " organization "

Any organization can be represented as an open system built into the outside world. At the input, the organization receives resources from the external environment, it gives it the product created in the organization.

Therefore, the life of the organization consists of three fundamental processes:

• obtaining raw materials or resources from the external environment;

• product manufacturing;

• transfer of the product to the external environment.

All these three processes are vital for the organization. If at least one of the processes terminates, the organization can no longer exist. A key role in maintaining a balance between these processes, as well as in mobilizing the resources of the organization for their implementation belongs to management. It is for solving these problems that there is management in the organization, and this is the main role that management plays in the organization.

Since management plays such an important role in the organization and solves such multifaceted tasks, the management of an organization can not be represented only as a special kind of activity for the purposeful coordination of the actions of participants in the process of joint work. In addition to the functional characteristics of management responding to the question of what and how to do in management, very important aspects of management review are also:

• the relationship between management and the system of relations in the organization;

• management and external environment of the organization;

• Leadership.

Proceeding from this in the textbook, the management of the organization is viewed from several angles of view. Traditional consideration of organizational aspects of management is given. Particularly highlights issues related to the management of people in the organization. Separately outlines the provisions relating to the management strategy, i.e. How the organization is adapted to a changing external environment.

Since management is a multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses the processes occurring in the organization, connected both with its internal life and with its interaction with the environment, its consideration, depending on which processes are put at the forefront, can be conducted from various points View. The most significant approaches to the management of the organization are the following:

• consideration of management in terms of processes occurring within the organization;

• consideration of management from the viewpoint of processes of inclusion of the organization in the external environment;

• consideration of the management of the organization from the point of view of the process of implementation of this activity itself.