Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Superechki s normanіstami

In seredinі ЇH Art. Naddnіpryanschina in gospodarskomu, that cultural polіtichnomu vіdnoshennі zalishalasya tihoyu zavoddyu. Ale ere through 150 rokіv Won became the nitty gritty Kiїvskoї Rusі - Mogutnov polіtichnogo ob'єdnannya, Cauterets Shvydko peretvoryuvalosya on odne s naybіlsh rozvinenih i ekonomіchno protsvіtayuchih suspіlstv togochasnoї Єvropi. Yak is away dosyagti Tsikh gіdnih marvel for Change? Hto їh zdіysnyuvav? Shcho umozhlivilo їh - zovnіshnі stimulated chi podії vnutrіshnogo Zhittya? Abi vіdpovіsti on tsі zapitannya, zgadaєmo nasampered scho writes about pohodzhennya Kiїvskoї Rusі in naydavnіshomu skhіdnoslov'yanskomu lіtopisі "Povіst lіt of time": "The 852 Year ... became nazivatisya [our land] - Ruska land ... In Year 859. Vikings, prihodyachi іz zamor'ya, Danino took chudі s, i s words, i merі s, i s vesі, [s i] krivichіv. A hozari took s glades, i sіveryan s, i s vyatichіv; taken by the stench bіlіy vivіrtsі - stіlki od Dima ... I Vignali Year 862. [Chud, Slovenia, krivichі all i] varyagіv overseas, i did not give їm Danini, i became a samі volodіti. The I do not Bulo them the truth, i got up to rіd rіd, i boule usobitsі them, i stink voyuvati mіzh him Pocha. They said the I stink, "Poshukaєmo samі sobі Prince, yaky bi volodіv us i ryadiv of land, on the right." Pіshli stench of the sea to varyagіv to rusі. Bo so called quiet varyagіv - Rus, yak GRT odnі ZVUT sveyami and drugі - Normans, Angles, INSHI - Goths - Otak i tsі. Said rusі Chud, Slovenia, krivichі i all: "Our land is great i is generous, and the order nіy dumb. Іdіt-knyazhiti but i volodіti us. " The I vibrat troє bratіv іz birth svoїmi, i s him all uzyali Rus ".

Spirayuchis on Tsey urivok, nіmetskih number of scientists, zokrema Gotlіb Bayєr, Gerhard Mіller that August-Ludwig Shlotser, SSMSC in the XVIII century. They served in Russie, so rozvinuli Rank normansku teorіyu. In nіy arguments scho Kiїvsku zasnuvali Rus Vikings - German-skandіnavska narodnіst, vіdoma on Zahodі yak vіkіngi, abo Norman. Pіdkreslyuvannya vazhlivostі germanskih vplivіv that natyaki on nezdatnіst slov'yan stvoriti Vlasnyi power viklikali oburennya slavetnogo rosіyskogo vchenogo XVIII century. Mikhailo Lomonosov, yaky writing gnіvnu vіdpovіd nіmtsyam, dovodyachi pershochergovu role in slov'yan stvorennі Kiїvskoї Rusі. Tverdzhennya University dіstali titles antinormanskoї kontseptsії that poklal cob superechkam, SSMSC trivayut i dosogodnі. Zdaval, scho in the XIX century on the cob is the XX century. peremozhe normanska teorіya, oskіlki її pіdtrimala bіlshіst zahіdnih i series vіdomih rosіyskih іstorikіv. Prote antinormanskih poglyadіv rested Trimai takі two provіdnih of Ukrainian scientists, yak Michael Grushevskogo that Mykola Kostomarov. At the 30th Rokach radyanskі vchenі Pocha kontrnastup, ogolosivshi normansku teorіyu polіtichne shkіdlivoyu, more in nіy zaperechuєtsya zdatnіst slov'yanskih narodіv stvoriti Square power. When tsomu on nagoloshuvalosya tendentsіynostі Lіtopistsya Nestor, monk, yaky in XI century. writing "Povіst temporarily lіt" vkazuvalosya on bagato vnutrіshnіh superechnostey at Yogo rozpovіdі th those scho danі arheologіchnih rozkopok not pіdtverdzhuyut shirokomasshtabnoї prisutnostі varyagіv in Kiїvskіy Rusі. Vihodyachi s tsogo stench robili visnovok scho Kiїvsku Russia zasnuvali skhіdnі slov'yani.

Digit mіroyu tsі debate Nabeul lіngvіstichnogo for svoєyu Sutta nature th torkayutsya etimologії word "Rus". Normanіsti shall communicate, scho vono like od word gioіhі - fіnskoї titles shvedіv, yak in his Cherga vivoditsya s davnoshvedskogo gogіg word (row). Oskіlki fіnni pіdtrimuvali tіsnі th trivalі zv'yazki yak іz Swedes, so i Zi slov'yanami, pripuskayut scho Persha their titles to stink Pocha zastosovuvati minutes to ostannіh. In antinormanskіy kontseptsії word "Russia" s titles pov'yazuєtsya rіchok Ros i-virus in Tsentralnіy Ukraїnі. Іnsha gіpoteza pripuskaє mozhlivіst іsnuvannya zv'yazku mіzh CIM word i titles kochovogo plemenі roksolanіv, yak like od іranskogo goh scho mean "Svitlo". Oskіlki tsі gіpotezi toil seryoznі nedolіki, zhodna s them dіstala zagalnoї pіdtrimki. Shcho stosuєtsya the word "Russia", then, yak viyavlyaєtsya, it spochatku nazivali varyagіv, potіm zemlі field at Tsentralnіy Ukraїnі and Zgoda - the polіtichnu Yednist scho began to call Kiїvskoyu Rousseau. (The word "Ukraine" Vpershe z'yavlyaєtsya in lіtopisah at 1187 p. I spochatku vzhivaєtsya yak geografіchne poznachennya Kiїvskogo porubіzhzhya).

Analogіchno fact, not yak away dіyti particular visnovku pohodzhennya about the word "Rus", so i Absent zagalnoї Zgoda schodo shirshoї problem - spіvvіdnoshennya zovnіshnіh skandіnavskih vplivіv that chinnikіv Vlasnyi slov'yanskoї evolyutsії in viniknennі Kiїvskoї Rusі. Sider th zatyata superechka gave little novih danih factuality. Mozhlivo, through the marriage of knowledge bagato vchenih (for vinyatkom Radyans'ka) postupovo boule zmushenі shukati kompromіsnogo rіshennya. Ninі іsnuє zagalna Zgoda schodo vplivu skandіnavіv on suspіlstvo th culture skhіdnih slov'yan. Mandruyuchi in skladі smallest in gang-zapovzyatlivih voїnіv kuptsіv, Vikings Shvydko zasvoyuvali skhіdnoslov'yansku movu that culture, through its second malochiselnіst unlikely chi could seryozno vplinuti on sposіb Zhittya mіstsevogo population. Prote vazhko zaperechuvati fate ba navіt provіdnu role in varyagіv polіtichnomu zhittі s look around to those scho OAO All pravitelі of Kyiv already to Svyatoslav and takozh їhnі combatants Somalia skandіnavskі іmena. Vikings vіdіgravali role katalіzatora polіtichnogo rozvitku zavdyaki fact scho abo pіdkoryali slov'yan i polіtichne organіzovuvanіy їh, abo Well stvoryuvali for them zagrozu scho zmushuvala їh maintained upstream organіzovuvatisya themselves. Schopravda have ryadі vipadkіv Interests skhіdnih slov'yan i varyagіv spіvpadali. Tse. zokrema, stosuvalosya obmezhennya vplivu hozarіv, protistoyannya attacking kochovikіv, zabezpechennya th receptionists dnіprovskogo torgovelnogo high road on Vіzantіyu.

Kyiv 10-13 Art. (Rekonstruktsіya)

Tom іsnuyut vagomі pіdstavi vvazhati viniknennya of Kyiv dosyagnennyam not yakoїs okremoї etnіchnoї groupies, and the result skladnoї slov'yano-skandіnavskoї vzaєmodії. Neschodavno amerikansky teachings Omeljan Prіtsak, rozvivayuchi Tsey pіdhіd, Vistula

Viv Dumka, scho power about etnіchne pohodzhennya Rusі Je nesuttєvim. In yogo look, Russia has been viewed spochatku polіetnіchnim i bagatomovnim torgovelnim Union, scho s metoyu vstanoviti control over trading Shlyakhov mіzh Baltіyskim that Seredzemnim seas i utvoriv polіtichnu Yednist pid titles Kyivska Rus.