Basics of polіtologії - Bregeda AY

Rozdіl VI POLІTICHNA VLAD

1. Vlad yak yavische suspіlno-polіtichnogo Zhittya

Ponyattya Vladi Yea one іz in central polіtologії. Vono daє key to rozumіnnya polіtichnih іnstitutіv, polіtichnih ruhіv i samoї polіtiki. Viznachennya ponyattya Vladi, її sutnostі that nature Got nayvazhlivіshe values ​​for rozumіnnya Nature polіtiki that Power, umozhlivlyuє viokremlennya polіtiki th polіtichnih vіdnosin s usієї sukupnostі sotsіalnih vіdnosin. Vlad - tse Basic Element, scho zv'yazuє polіtichnu suspіlstva system odne tsіle. Same Vlad viznachaє nature i stіykіst polіtichnoї system virazhaє will sotsіalnih sub'єktіv. Tsya will zdіysnyuєtsya yak obov'yazkova, publіchna scho pіdkoryuє sobі vsіh chlenіv suspіlstva. Vlad zabezpechuє order tobto bring povedіnki sub'єktіv in vіdpovіdnіst s rules that tsіnnostyami, neobhіdnimi for іsnuvannya system. Vlad virazhaє th zahischaє dokorіnnі Interests th sukupnu will sotsіalnih ob'єdnan, Je zasobom realіzatsії Tsikh іnteresіv that Volya. Won Got gliboky vnutrіshnіy phone reception іz such suspіlnim yavischem, yak organіzatsіya. Tse i sotsіalny іnstitut, i order vіdnosin, i Zi tsіlespryamovana dіyalnіst stvorennya organіzatsії, pіdtrimki stabіlnostі th order. Vlad - tse osmisleny tsіlespryamovany processes scho viznachaє tsіlі, Roads Ahead th zasobi rozvitku suspіlstva, organіzuє vіdpovіdnu dіyalnіst yogo chlenіv. Vlad neobhіdna nasampered for organіzatsії suspіlnogo virobnitstva, yak nemislime without pіdkorennya vsіh yogo uchasnikіv єdinіy Volya, neobhіdna for pіdtrimki tsіlіsnostі that єdnostі suspіlstva [1].

Polіtika yak suspіlno-polіtichne yavische harakterizuєtsya directly abo oposeredkovanim zv'yazkom s Vladoiu dіyalnіstyu i Zi zdіysnennya Vladi. Vіdnosini in suspіlstvі mozhut mother ekonomіchny, іdeologіchny, sotsіalno-polіtichny i ​​t. N. Character. Polіtika - tse taka sphere vzaєmovіdnosin mіzh class, natsіyami, sotsіalnimi GROUP, okremimi іndivіdami i tsіlimi powers yak stosuєtsya, headaches, problems that Vladi upravlіnnya.

Ponyattya "Vlad" in pobutі i in naukovіy lіteraturі rozumіyut in rіznomu. Fіlosofi speaking about Vlad over ob'єktivnimi laws suspіlstva, sotsіologi - about Vlad sotsіalnu, ekonomіsti - about Vlad gospodarsku, lawyers - about Reigning Vlad polіtologi - about polіtichnu Vlad prirodoznavtsі - about Vlad over nature, psychologists - about Vlad Helsinki Human over them, Batko - about sіmeynu Vlad, theology -.... about God Vlad i t d i n t Je takozh ponyattya zakonodavchoї, vikonavchoї that sudovoї Vlad.

Chi is possible for takoї rіznomanіtnostі tlumachen dati Naukova viznachennya Vladi? Digit Chastina zahіdnih sotsіologіv polіtologіv she keeps talking about її "taєmnichіst" about those scho at svoїy polіtichnіy formі "Vlad Je naybіlsh grіznoyu enigma", scho SAME ponyattya "Vlad" Je mist neviznachenim i t. N.

Odnі vvazhayut scho Vlad oznachaє real zdatnіst one s elementіv іsnuyuchoї Sistemi realіzuvati vlasnі Interests in її furrows, in tsomu i rozumіnnі Vlad - tse mozhlivіst vplivu on processes, scho vіdbuvayutsya vseredinі system. INSHI vvazhayut Vladoiu mozhlivіst koristuvatisya results tsogo vplivu. Sche INSHI stverdzhuyut scho Vlad - tse vіdnosini mіzh people abo Grupo people sutnіst yakih polyagaє in mozhlivostі one vplivati ​​on іnshih, dosyagayuchi suspіlnoї rіvnovagi.

Vlad іnodі ototozhnyuєtsya s її znaryaddyami - Power, polіtichnoyu organіzatsієyu suspіlstva, s її zasobami - upravlіnnyam and takozh s methods - primus, perekonannyam, Enforced. Dehto prirіvnyuє Vlad to the authority, Cauterets Got bagato spіlnogo s her, ale od vіdrіznyaєtsya Vladi printsipovo.

Absent pіdstav i ototozhnyuvati Vlad s її methods - primus that perekonannyam. Primushuvati that perekonuvati mozhut not tіlki Ti, hto vladaryuє and second pіdvladnі. So, napriklad, that chi іnsha polіtichna organіzatsіya (partіya), scho not enter until uryadovoї koalіtsії, Uryadov Mauger zmusiti deyakih to act on his korist, ale od tsogo tsya organіzatsіya not staє vladnoyu.

Іsnuyut rіznі kontseptsії Vladi: marksistska, bіhevіoristska, relyatsіonіstska, systemic, teleologіchna, structurally funktsіonalna, psihologіchna that іn.

Marksistska kontseptsіya Vladi vihodit s of scho nature vladnih vіdnosin pov'yazuєtsya s viyavlennyam sotsіalno-polіtichnoї rolі vlasnostі, podіlom suspіlstva on antagonіstichnі KLAS s protilezhnimi іnteresami. Marksistska teorіya virіshalnogo value in realіzatsії polіtichnoї Vladi nadaє folk masam, the class that sotsіalnim GROUP. Find our tsієї characteristic doctrines Yea those scho power rozglyadaєtsya yak bunt chinnik polіtichnoї Vladi, and the form pravlіnnya - yak spetsifіchny sposіb zabezpechennya klasovogo panuvannya.

Bіhevіoristska kontseptsіya Vladi. Anglіyske word behavor in perekladі oznachaє "povedіnku". Tsey termіn in polіtologії Vpershe Bulo zastosovano amerikanskimi vchenimi for Naukova analіzu empіrichno dostovіrnih faktіv polіtichnoї povedіnki іndivіdіv. When tsomu povedіntsі people slapped Sotho polіtichnogo nature.

In relyatsіonіstskih kontseptsіyah Vladi (relyatsіya - reports) Stay postaє yak i mozhlivіst zdatnіst one іndivіdіv upravlyati processes of acceptance rіshen on local chi natsіonalnomu rіvnі, without looking around on the active chi Passive opіr іnshih іndivіdіv sotsіalnih chi group.

Systemic kontseptsіya Vladi. Main ponyattyam sistemnoї kontseptsії Vladi Je rozglyad polіtichnoї system at the macro (yak attribute makrosotsіalnih systems), meso (rіvnі on specific systems - sіm'ї, organіzatsії) mіkrorіvnі (Vlad yak VZAYEMODIYA іndivіdіv from within spetsifіchnoї sotsіalnoї system).

Teleologіchna kontseptsіya Vladi rozglyadaє Stop yak result zdіysnennya Pevnyi tsіley that obsession ranіshe zaplanovanih rezultatіv.

Structurally funktsіonalna kontseptsіya. Zgіdno s tsієyu doctrines Vlad Je viyavom ієrarhіchnoї pobudovi suspіlstva Especially that kind vіdnosin mіzh pіdleglimi th kerіvnikami.

Psihologіchna kontseptsіya Vladi vihodit s of scho representations іndivіda to polіtiki zumovlyuєtsya psihologіchnim mehanіzmom yogo osobistostі. For tsogo prihilnikіv napryamku (. Freud is the іn) problem Vladi - tse problem panuvannya pіdsvіdomostі over lyudskoyu svіdomіstyu that povedіnkoyu.

Otzhe, great rіznomanіtnіst pіdhodіv to vivchennya Vladi svіdchit not tіlki about great іnteres in svіtі Vladi up to the challenge, and the second about Nadzvychaina sytuatsia skladnіst її.

On Dumka rosіyskogo polіtologa F. Burlatskogo for viznachennya Nature Vladi neobhіdno vihoditi s kіlkoh momentіv: 1) klasovogo pіdhodu, 2) concrete sotsіologіchnogo pіdhodu scho vrahovuє plyuralіstichny character Vlady suspіlstvі 3) konstruyuvannya not tіlki zagalnogo ponyattya Vladi, and th s 'yasuvannya spetsifіchnih Especially Pevnyi її vidіv: ekonomіchnoї, polіtichnoї, derzhavnoї i t n 4) diferentsіatsії suspіlnoї th osobistoї Vladi, kotrі pereplіtayutsya mіzh him, ale shaping can Buti i s not pov'yazanі one odnoyu (napriklad, Vlad sіmeyna not Yea.. polіtichnoyu); 5) urahuvannya rіznih Especially Vlady rіznih sotsіalno-polіtichnih structures formatsіyah, tsivіlіzatsіyah; 6) viokremlennya volovih that legal ambush kotrі tіsno zv'yazanі mіzh him, ale not zavzhdi Je totozhnimi [2].

Vihodyachi s vischezaznachenogo can dati TAKE viznachennya Vladi. Vlad in zagalnomu rozumіnnі - tse zdatnіst i mozhlivіst spravlyati Pevnyi vpliv on dіyalnіst that povedіnku people s Relief vіdpovіdnih zasobіv - Volya, authority, right, vio [3].

Vlad Got yak suspіlne yavische structural zmіst scho umozhlivlyuє її klasifіkatsіyu. Analіz phenomenon Vladi daє zmogu dіyti visnovku, scho Got tipovі structure Vladi, rodovі that vidovі characteristics.

Type Vladi mozhna viznachiti, vihodyachi s іsnuyuchogo in derzhavі sotsіalno polіtichnogo-arrange, and the Same: totalіtarnogo, authoritarian abo democratic. Cutaneous іz tipіv skladaєtsya Vladi Vladi s rodіv: polіtichnogo, ekonomіchnogo, spiritual, sіmeynogo toscho. Rodi Vladi, in his Cherga can klasifіkuvati for the species. So, sferі polіtiki іsnuyut takі Vidi Vlady, yak Derzhavna, partіyna, Vlad suspіlnih ob'єdnan toscho.

Polіtichna Vlad, one yak s nayvazhlivіshih viyavіv Vladi, harakterizuєtsya real zdatnіstyu danogo class, groupies, іndivіda provoditi his will, scho Virage in polіtitsі. Ponyattya polіtichnoї Vladi Vladi Shirshov for ponyattya derzhavnoї. Vіdomo scho polіtichna dіyalnіst zdіysnyuєtsya not tіlki furrows in power, and in the second іnshih warehouses Chastain sotsіalno-polіtichnoї system: in furrows partіy, profesіynih spіlok, Gromadska, mіzhnarodnih organіzatsіy i, etc...

On vіdmіnu od polіtichnoї Vladi Derzhavna Vlada not obov'yazkovo vikoristovuє primus for dosyagnennya svoїh tsіley. Mozhut Buti vikoristanі іdeologіchnі, ekonomіchnі that INSHI zasobi vplivu. However, Vlad deprivation Derzhavna volodіє monopolієyu to those dwellers primusiti chlenіv suspіlstva vikonuvati її the brainchild.

Derzhavna Vlad - tse view polіtichnoї Vladi scho Got monopoly rights vidavati laws, obov'yazkovі for vsogo population, scho spiraєtsya on spetsіalny aparata kerosene stove yak one іz zasobіv for vikonannya її zakonіv that rozporyadzhen. Derzhavna Vlad oznachaє yak Pevnyi company profile, so i practicality dіyalnіst for zdіysnennya tsіley i zavdan tsієї organіzatsії.

Analіz tipіv, rodіv that vidіv Vladi daє zmogu pobuduvati її Naukova klasifіkatsіyu, yak Duzhe vazhliva for otsіnki rolі that Georeferencing Vlady suspіlstvі for viznachennya її funktsіonuvannya that perspective.

Vlad rіznih tipіv rozrіznyaєtsya the low vzaєmozv'yazanih acquaint themselves: 1) for organіzatsієyu - іnstitutsіonalno organіzovana, tobto taka, scho іsnuє in formі rіznih SET Zi svoєyu structures that ієrarhієyu vіdnosin (rozporyadzhennya, vikonannya) that іnstitutsіonalno not organіzovana, tobto taka, scho deprivation іsnuє in formі polіtichnih asotsіatsіy, lіderstva in informal GROUP i t. n .; 2) for the structure funktsіonuvannya - polіtichna th nepolіtichna Vlad (Ekonomichna, legal, іdeologіchna, sіmeyna, special person i, etc.);.. 3) for the spheres that obsyagom - Vlad powers in zovnіshnopolіtichnih vіdnosinah, mіzhnarodna Vlad vsesvіtnіh organіzatsіy, soyuzіv, blokіv kraїn that іntegrovanih Reigning spіvtovaristv; 4) for sub'єktom Vladi - parlamentska, Uryadova, ships, special person (monarhіchna, prezidentska), Collective (partіyna, kolegіalna, clan, folk, klasova i, etc.);.. 5) for the structure pravlyachogo sub'єkta - odnoosіbna (monarhіchna, autocratic, diktatorska, direktorska that іn) i polіarhіchna scho stvoryuєtsya GROUP of people (type grupovogo samovryaduvannya).; 6) for methods for scho zastosovuyutsya stverdzhennya Vladi - panuvannya, vio, INSHI Vidi Primus perekonannya, authority, charismatic Vlad; 7) for sotsіalno-polіtichnoyu by nature that structural organіzatsієyu nosіya Vladi - monarhіchna that respublіkanska; 8) for pravlіnnya regime - democratic, authoritarian, autocratic, totalіtarny, bureaucratic that іn .; 9) for sotsіalnim type - rabovlasnitsky, feudal, bourgeois, etc. i..

Vlad stvoryuєtsya th funktsіonuє in suspіlstvі on kіlkoh vzaєmozv'yazanih that vzaєmodіyuchih rіvnyah: makrorіvnі vischih Central polіtichnih іnstitutіv, vischih Reigning SET that organіzatsіy, kerіvnih organіv polіtichnih partіy that provіdnih suspіlnih organіzatsіy; serednomu, abo promіzhnomu, rіvnі ( "mezorіvnі" in zahіdnіy polіtichnіy termіnologії) tobto in regіonalnih, oblasne is the regional scale, i on mіkrorіvnі vіdnosin mіzh people malimi GROUP that vseredinі them kotrі stvoryuyut zagalnu picture polіtichnih vіdnosin, nastroїv, ruhіv in suspіlstvі i yogo polіtichnogo areas that suspіlnogo samovryaduvannya. Serednіy rіven Vladi zv'yazuє two INSHI system organіv upravlіnnya through Demba passing konkretnі rіshennya vischih іnstantsіy Vladi i vіn same spriymaє vіdpovіdnі reaktsії suspіlstva them. On tsomu rіvnі kontsentruєtsya The major Quantity polіtichnih Posadov osіb that osnovnі Kadri polіtichnogo upravlіnnya [4].

In suspіlnomu zhittі toil Location takі osnovnі Method zavoyuvannya that dosyagnennya polіtichnoї Vladi: polіtichna reform; polіtichna revolyutsіya; counter-revolutionary, mіlіtaristsky sposіb; rіznogo old polіtichnі coup. Yak svіdchit dosvіd lyudstva, sposіb zdobuttya Vladi zumovlyuє character dalshoї dіyalnostі polіtichnih forces SSMSC coming to Vladi.

Polіtichna Vlad vіdіgraє Nadzvychaina sytuatsia great role in zhittі suspіlstva i vikonuє takі golovnі sotsіalnі funktsії.

Іntegrativna funktsіya. A s the main priznachen Vladi Je іntegruvannya zusil rіznomanіtnih sotsіalno-polіtichnih forces polіtichnih partіy that suspіlnih ob'єdnan on platformі zagalnonarodnih іnteresіv. Same in Taqiy sposіb vladnі structuring namagayutsya Unikat konfrontatsіynih proyavіv, zapobіgati konflіktam i Dolata їh, spryamovuyuchi hіd polіtichnih podіy in a constructive way.

Regulatory funktsіya. Vazhlivim priznachennyam Vladi Je regulyuvannya zhittєdіyalnostі suspіlstva. Volodіyuchi such іnstrumentami, yak right that system polіtichnih rules vladnі zdіysnyuyut polіtiko structuring and regulatory regulyuvannya vsіh protsesіv suspіlnogo Zhittya.

Motivatsіyna funktsіya. Odnієyu s funktsіy Vladi Je formuvannya motivіv polіtichnoї dіyalnostі, pіdporyadkuvannya suspіlno znachuschim reasons usіh іnshih motivіv polіtichnoї dіyalnostі rіznomanіtnih polіtichnih forces that polіtiko-organіzatsіynih structures.

Konsolіduyucha funktsіya. Vazhlivim priznachennyam Vladi Je konsolіdatsіya vsіh elementіv polіtichnoї system. Urahovuyuchi character i tendentsії rozvitku in suspіlstvі polіtichnih vіdnosin, polіtichnih іnstitutіv, norms polіtichnogo Zhittya and takozh s vihodyachi Especially funktsіonuvannya polіtichnogo regime that rіvnya polіtichnoї crops, organic Vladi namagayutsya not dopustiti viyavіv konfrontatsії that konsolіduvati suspіlstvo. Vlad Yakscho Je nezdatnoyu konsolіduvati rіznomanіtnі Elements polіtichnoї system Tse Mauger prizvesti suspіlno-polіtichne Zhittya seryoznih deformatsіy to that crisis.

Stabіlіzatsіyna funktsіya. Vlad Je vazhlivoyu stabіlіzuyuchoyu power organіzatsії suspіlnogo th polіtichnogo Zhittya. Stabіlnіst Vladi viyavlyaєtsya in postіynomu zmіtsnennі polіtichnoї system bezperervnomu onovlennі that rozvitku democratically polіtichnih іnstitutіv have garantovanostі that zahistі polіtichnih rights is the freedom of gromadyan.

Slіd zaznachiti, scho for Pevnyi minds rozvitku polіtichnogo Zhittya suspіlstva Vlad Mauger Why th destabіlіzuyuchim chinnikom. Tse buvaє todі, if old Vlad viyavila Povny nezdatnіst upravlyati Powers abo todі, if a new one is staying in a slit Vlad protsesі Becoming i not Got pіdtrimki bіlshostі people. For such minds situatsієyu nestabіlnostі in suspіlstvі Mauger skoristatisya good organіzovana polіtichna force i come to Vladi on hvilі zagalnonarodnogo nevdovolennya trivalim nehtuvannyam ekonomіchnimi that sotsіalnimi suspіlstva problems.

Otzhe, funktsіonuvannya Vladi Je vazhlivim chinnikom zhittєdіyalnostі suspіlstva that yogo polіtichnoї system bo Vlad pov'yazuє OAO All polіtiko-strukturnі Elements in odne tsіle. Podіlyayuchis in democratic suspіlstvі on zakonodavchu, vikonavchu that vessels gіlki, Vlad staє guarantor polіtichnogo rozvitku that zhittєdіyalnostі vsogo suspіlnogo Zhittya.

Statte 5 Konstitutsії Ukraine read: "Ukraine Je respublіkoyu. Nosієm suverenіtetu i єdinim Dzherelo Vlady Ukraїnі Je people. People zdіysnyuє Vlad bezposeredno i through organic mіstsevogo samovryaduvannya. Right viznachati i zmіnyuvati konstitutsіyny way in Ukraїnі nalezhit viklyuchno narodovі i do not Mauger Buti uzurpovane powers, authorities її abo Posadov individuals. Nіhto not Mauger uzurpuvati Reigning Vlad "[5].