Zagalna psihologіya - Maksimenko SD

6.3. Structure dіyalnostі

Access in all rіznovidah dіyalnostі people koristuyutsya ruhami prirodzhenimi (bezumovno reflex) that Nabutov (umovno reflex). Bezumovno-reflektornі Ruhi in protsesі Zhittya have rezultatі dosvіdu, navchannya that vihovannya perebudovuyutsya vіdpovіdno to vimog minds Zhittya, Labour Culture Act reasonably that povedіnki. Ruhi (hodіnnya, movlennya, writing, subtraction, pov'yazanі s obrobkoyu materіalіv, groyu on іnstrumentі) pid vplivom navchannya that vihovannya nastіlki zmіnyuyutsya scho them vazhko rozpіznati Pervin, prirodzheny character.

In dіyalnostі fallow od її methylene she zmіstu, materіalu that sposobіv yogo obrobki Ruhi ob'єdnuyutsya in rіznomanіtnі Kompleksi i system.

System ruhіv, spryamovanih on prisvoєnnya subject chi yogo zmіstu, nazivayut dіyami. Rozrіznyayut dії predmetnі that rozumovі.

Predmetnі, abo zovnіshnі, dії spryamovanі on ovolodіnnya items, contacts s ​​men s tvarinami, Roslyn i t. Іn. Rozumovі dії viyavlyayutsya in spriymannі, dіyalnostі pam'yatі, mislennya that іn. Rozumovі dії utvoryuyutsya on gruntі zovnіshnіh, Subject Act reasonably. Predmetnі dії in rezultatі іnterіorizatsії, tobto Transferred from vnutrіshnє Zhittya Helsinki Human, will melt zmіstom rozumovoї dіyalnostі. In Persha Etap zasvoєnnya dosvіdu dіti i doroslі operuyut specific items zasobami unaochnennya, porіvnyuyut, rozkladayut that ob'єdnuyut їh, znahodyat prichinnі zalezhnostі that їh vzaєmodіyu. Potіm have rezultatі іnterіorizatsії Tsikh zovnіshnіh Act reasonably s items Lyudin pochinaє operuvati images Tsikh predmetіv i zv'yazkami that fallow mіzh them.

On slit vischomu etapі rozvitku tsі operatsії zdіysnyuyutsya for Relief understand virazhenih in slovі.

Іnterіorizovane zovnіshnє opratsovuєtsya in mislennі, nabuvaє logіchnogo clearance vplіtaєtsya in knowledge i poperednogo dosvіdu Helsinki Human th realіzuєtsya in dіyalnostі in viglyadі quiet chi іnshih Act reasonably.

Vinesennya vnutrіshnіh, rozumovih Act reasonably nazovnі nazivayut eksterіorizatsієyu.

Vazhlivu role in dіyalnostі vіdіgraє її regulyatsіya. In protsesі zasvoєnnya knowledge i have dosvіdu svіdomostі Helsinki Human utvoryuєtsya image ruhіv i Act reasonably vikonuvanoї dіyalnostі, abo acceptor dії, s Yakim porіvnyuєtsya vikonuvana exposure The razі in її vіdhilennya od okreslenogo method of її vikonannya, koriguєtsya vіdpovіdno to postavlenoї methylene acceptor that dії.

Otzhe, dіyalnіst - tse sukupnіst tsіlespryamovanih, usvіdomlyuvanih Act reasonably. Svіdoma dіyalnіst Helsinki Human harakterizuєtsya not tіlki tsіlyami that motives and th Pevnyi zasobami for Relief yakih won zdіysnyuєtsya.

Uspіshne vikonannya whether yakoї dіyalnostі potrebuє od Helsinki Human ovolodіnnya neobhіdnimi for neї zasobami. Vono peredbachaє viroblennya in Helsinki Human vmіn i navichok koristuvatisya them for dosyagnennya postavlenoї methylation.

6.4. Zasobi dіyalnostі, processes їh zasvoєnnya

Ponyattya about vmіnnya. Uspіh whether yakoї dіyalnostі deposits od umіnnya її vikonuvati. Tse stosuєtsya whether yakoї virobnichoї, pedagogіchnoї, sportivnoї dіyalnostі, writing, subtraction, gris on muzichnomu іnstrumentі toscho.

Umіnnya іnkoli zvodyat for knowledge yakoїs right, rozumіnnya of yak Won robitsya, oznayomlennya s order її vikonannya. Prote Tse slit is not Yea vmіnnya and tіlki one s yogo neobhіdnih peredumov. Person of Mauger, napriklad, know the rules keruvannya avtomobіlem, ale nastіlki nedoskonalo scho їy nіhto not give Allowed yogo leads. Scholar Mauger nobility, yak treba skladati opovіdannya plan Ale buvaє dostatno prostezhiti for them tsogo processes vikonannya zavdannya, dwellers zrozumіti scho potrіbne vmіnnya from Demba not sformuvalosya slit.

Vmіnnya Yea there Znannya de pevnoї Spravi poєdnuєtsya s vpravnіstyu in vikonannі Act reasonably, s yakih skladaєtsya tsya dіyalnіst. Vmіє keruvati CARS one hto, dotrimuyuchis vstanovlenih rules robit Tse vpravno, chіtko th bezdoganno, hto Got navichki in tsіy spravі. Vmіє skladati plan of the exercises, yakogo viroblenі pevnі navichki robots on the text.

So needless i vmіnnya Grati on yakomus muzichnomu іnstrumentі, maljuvaty, vikonuvati fіzkulturnі to the right is the INSHI zavdannya spiraєtsya on pevnі navichki. Otzhe, vmіnnya - tse gotovnіst Helsinki Human uspіshno vikonuvati Pevnyi dіyalnіst scho gruntuєtsya on knowledge i navichkah.

Dіyalnіst Helsinki Human naychastіshe skladaєtsya s tsіloї rіznih Act reasonably low. Tom vmіnnya їh vikonuvati takozh skladaєtsya s low chastkovih umіn. So, umіnnya keruvati CARS ohoplyuє takі moment yak umіnnya make dvigun, regulyuvati yogo robot keruvati Kermit stezhiti of the way, the robot machine. Vmіnnya uchnya navchatisya vklyuchaє vmіnnya planuvati The Teaching your home robot brothers in pevnі Godin for її vikonannya ratsіonalnimi ways zauchuvati jobs text vikonuvati pismovі zavdannya, kontrolyuvati result їh vikonannya. Complex chastkovih, tіsno vzaєmopov'yazanih umіn ohoplyuє all those scho nazivayut umіnnyam: keruvati machine, navchatisya, Grati on muzichnomu іnstrumentі, maljuvaty.

Ponyattya about navichki. Re vikonuyuchi the chi іnshu dіyu, Lyudin vpravlyaєtsya in її vikonannі. Unaslіdok tsogo vdoskonalyuєtsya vikonannya her tsієї dії. Exposure The vikonuєtsya dedalі shvidshe, Legshei, vіlnіshe, potrebuє less then napruzhennya, zusil i volovogo control Quantity pomilkovih ruhіv zmenshuєtsya. Person of usvіdomlyuє Meta dії, Way dosyagnennya tsієї methylene; Well tehnіka її dosyagnennya funktsіonuє itself sobі, bіlsh-Mensch automatized. Otzhe, udoskonalenі Shlyakhov bagatorazovih RIGHT components vmіn scho viyavlyayutsya in avtomatizovanomu vikonannі Act reasonably, nazivayutsya navichkami.

Nayavnіst navichok polegshuє lyudinі vikonannya svіdomih zavdan.

For svіdomіstyu zalishaєtsya mozhlivіst pochinati, regulyuvati zavershuvati dіyu minutes, and the Rukh vіdbuvaєtsya not whether yakogo vtruchannya away Volia yak real repetition of scho vzhe robilosya tisyachі razіv (I. Sєchenov). Person of Mauger usvіdomlyuvati th avtomatizovanі components tobto Ruhi, s yakih skladaєtsya Pevnyi dіyalnіst. We require razі Won Mauger spryamovuvati their uwagi on itself tehnіku writing lіter s metoyu, napriklad, Vivest їh kalіgrafіchno beautifully. Mozhut usvіdomlyuvatisya Ruhi artikulyatsіynih organіv at vimovі zvukіv MTIE, zvichnі Ruhi paltsіv at grі on muzichnomu іnstrumentі s metoyu її prokontrolyuvati, zmіniti descho them. Person of pochinaє usvіdomlyuvati for Ruhi appeared uskladnen, pereshkod in їh vikonannі.

Process formuvannya vmіn i navichok. Umіnnya i navichki formuyutsya in Helsinki Human in protsesі її navchannya. Viokremlyuyut three osnovnі yogo Fazi.

Persha rozpochinaєtsya s usvіdomlennya zavdannya that sposobіv yogo vikonannya. So, Herr dosvіdcheny z'yasovuє i pokazuє novachkovі, yak vikonuvati Ti Chi INSHI virobnichі operatsії and ostannіy oznayomlyuєtsya s them. Navchayuchi uchnіv pisati, їh TER oznayomlyuyut s tim, yak treba vivoditi cutaneous lіteru. Potіm Ti, hto navchaєtsya, probuyut zastosuvati oderzhanі clarification on praktitsі, tobto vikonuvati vіdpovіdnі dії.

On pіdstavі explanations Zorov spriymannya, showing dії utvoryuєtsya Pershe, slit zagalne schematically Zorov uyavlennya about prostorovі that chasovі osoblivostі dії - about napryamok that amplіtudu ruhіv, їh shvidkіst, pogodzhennya that poslіdovnіst. Vpravlyannya suprovodzhuєtsya digit volovim zusillyam i pochuttyam vpevnenostі, vіri in svoї Sealy abo sumnіvom, nerіshuchіstyu, boyazkіstyu. Tsі experiences poznachayutsya on efektivnostі vpravlyannya, spriyayuchi Yomou zatrimuyuchi abo yogo.

In rezultatі away trenuvan, tobto bagatorazovogo repetition Pevnyi Act reasonably s metoyu їh zakrіplennya that vdoskonalennya, postupovo poslіdovnіst ruhіv staє zlagodzhenіshoyu and dії - chіtkіshimi that pogodzhenіshimi. Vpravnіst move in other vischu phase svoєї doskonalostі. Fіzіologіchnim її pіdgruntyam Je zmіtsnennya in korі great pіvkul head mozk timchasovih nervovih zv'yazkіv, їh spetsіalіzatsіya, viroblennya pevnoї їh system tobto utvorennya Pevnyi dinamіchnogo stereotype.

Unaslіdok trenuvannya vikonannya dії priskoryuєtsya i polegshuєtsya.

Usuvayutsya zayvі Ruhi i zmenshuєtsya napruzhennya at їh vikonannі. Oznachaє Tse, scho іrradіatsіya zbudzhennya, yak on the cob i vіdbuvalasya zumovlyuvala Velika Quantity zayvih ruhіv, zmіnyuєtsya yogo kontsentratsієyu. Zayvі Ruhi, SSMSC not znahodyat "dіlovogo pіdkrіplennya" postupovo galmuyutsya yak neadekvatnі pevnіy situatsії. Well Adekvatnі Ruhi stayut ekonomnіshimi, chіtkіshimi, tochnіshimi.

In protsesі vdoskonalennya vikonannya dії zmіnyuєtsya spіvvіdnoshennya analіzatorіv scho take fate in tsomu protsesі. Such zmіna viyavlyaєtsya, zokrema, in fact, scho zmenshuєtsya role Zorov i pіdvischuєtsya role Rukhs vіdchuttіv in regulyatsії dії. Tse pid hour mozhna sposterіgati formuvannya virobnichih, sports umіn i navichok, umіn Grati on muzichnomu іnstrumentі that bagatoh іnshih.

Virіshalne values ​​in formuvannі vmіn i navichok Got regulyuvannya ruhіv osnovі on self-control. Self spriyaє viroblennyu thin Zorov, auditory i Rukhs diferentsіyuvan and tse, in his Cherga, spriyaє tochnostі Act reasonably. In protsesі pіdvischennya vpravnostі Zorov control over the dії, scho Got provіdne value on the cob vpravlyannya, postupovo zmenshuєtsya, postupayuchis control over ruhami, tobto control over dієyu quiet organіv, yakimi Won zdіysnyuєtsya.

Fallow od of yak Ruhi avtomatizuyutsya, zmіnyuєtsya role Zorov spriymannya in protsesі vikonannya dії. In Persha pores Zorov spriymannya i exposure The zbіgayutsya, napriklad spriymannya lіteri poєdnuєtsya s її vimovoyu. Tacke poєdnannya neminuche th neobhіdne, ale vono duzhe vpovіlnyuє vikonannya zavdannya. Unaslіdok vpravlyannya spriymannya pochinaє dedalі viperedzhati dіyu. So, when Shvidky, viraznomu chitannі vimova prochitanogo viperedzhaєtsya spriymannyam not okremih skladіv deprivation, and th tsіlih slіv scho ydut for tim word yak vimovlyaєtsya. Spriymanі nastupnі Elements text pіdgotovlyuyut podalshі Ruhi th tim zabezpechuyut Shvidky pace i vischu efektivnіst vikonannya dії.

Dermal exposure The skladaєtsya s bіlshoї chi menshoї kіlkostі ruhіv. Vmіle vikonannya dії potrebuє ob'єdnannya Tsikh ruhіv tsіlіsny in the act, and Tsikh aktіv - have slit skladnіshu dіyu.

Napriklad, pіlot, lіtayuchi on zamknenomu Cola 5-6 hvilin guilty vikonati 200 okremih ruhіv. Uspіshno spravitisya s CIM zavdannyam possible, deprivation ob'єdnavshi їh in skladnіshі tsіlіsnі dії. Fіzіologіchnim pіdgruntyam ob'єdnannya ruhіv in tsіlіsnu dіyu Je utvorennya "asotsіatsіy asotsіatsіy" tobto lantsyugіv timchasovih nervovih zv'yazkіv, Pevnyi їh systems. Zakrіplyuyuchis, ostannі stayut stereotyped. Tsya stereotipіya Yea i pіdgruntyam avtomatizovanogo vikonannya dії. In tsomu zv'yazku volove zusillya nabagato zmenshuєtsya, povіlne zoseredzhennya ruhah uwagi to move from the camp pіslyadovіlnoї uwagi, Ruhi stayut upevnenіshimi i tochnіshimi, polegshuєtsya svіdomy control processes vikonuvanoї dії.

Taqiy rіven rozvitku navichki typical for ostannoї, tretoї Fazi vpravnostі. On tsіy fazі dії stayut zavchenimi scho daє mozhlivіst udoskonalyuvati їh, dovoditi to Pevnyi rіvnya maysternostі.

Yak has zaznachalosya, formuvannya vmіn i navichok pochinaєtsya zvichayno Zi verbal explanations i zasvoєnnya dії rules. Otsіnka vikonanih Act reasonably, usvіdomlennya їh rezultatіv so needless zdіysnyuyutsya zdebіlshogo for Relief words. Word vklyuchayuchis in processes formuvannya vmіn i navichok, spriyaє viroblennyu chіtkoї poslіdovnostі, i tempo rhythm ruhіv, їh system.

Prote Hoch bi yakoyu zvichnoyu, avtomatizovanoyu not exposure The Bula, svіdomy control over her nіkoli not pripinyaєtsya. Mi odrazu usvіdomlyuєmo vіdhilennya od neobhіdnogo rules chi method of vikonannya dії. Mi pomіchaєmo, napriklad, ruh wrong hands when pismі, vimovu wrong words in pomilku virobnichіy operatsії have ruhah at keruvannі CARS toscho i korektivi introduced in nashі dії. Otzhe, Hoch at tsomu exposure The razі th vіdbuvaєtsya automatized against Won zalishaєtsya svіdomo kontrolovanoyu.

Minds i formuvannya vmіn navichok. Main minds uspіshnogo formuvannya vmіn i navichok Je usvіdomlennya methylene zavdannya i yogo rozumіnnya zmіstu that sposobіv vikonannya. Tsogo dosyagayut Explanation zavdannya, demonstruvannyam maintained upstream zrazkіv vikonuvanogo zavdannya that samoї dії vikonannya.

Uspіh formuvannya vmіn i navichok naybіlshoyu mіroyu deposits od svіdomogo representations, gotovnostі osobistostі to viroblennya in sobі vmіn i navichok, іnteresu to vikonannya Act reasonably maintained upstream, pov'yazanih s vikonannyam zavdannya.

In formuvannі vmіn i navichok vazhlivo vrahovuvati іndivіdualnі osoblivostі Helsinki Human: type nervovoї system poperednіy dosvіd, teoretichnі knowledge nahili that zdіbnostі.

Not Mensch vazhlivu role in zasvoєnnі vmіn i navichok vіdіgrayut navchannya minds, correct organіzatsіya processes vpravlyannya: poslіdovnіst zasvoєnnya Act reasonably, postupovy perehіd od prostіshogo to skladnіshih zavdan, od povіlnogo to Shvidky rate їh vikonannya.

When vpravlyannі potrіbno vrahovuvati th those scho trivale bezperervne vpravlyannya, yak i trivalі Pererva in nomu (napriklad, zanyattya s Musicians, sportivnі trenuvannya, trudovі operatsії conductive once on Tyzhden), not spriyayut uspіshnomu formuvannyu vmіn i navichok.

Trivalі іntervali mіzh to the right lead to the weakening of the preformed umіn i navichok.