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Logіstika - Kalchenko AG

10.4. VIBІR SHLYAHІV PEREMІSCHENNYA VANTAZHOPOTOKІV

Vibіr shlyahіv peremіschennya vantazhopotoku odne s nayvazhlivіshih zavdan transportnoї logіstiki, oskіlki organіzatsіya Ruhu Got zabezpechiti naybіlshu produktivnіst perevіznogo composition i naymenshu sobіvartіst transported. Ruch Transport zdіysnyuєtsya for routes. Route - Way peremіschennya perevіznogo composition at vikonannі transported.

For optimіzatsії Ruhu vantazhopotoku on transportі vikoristovuyut transportnі method SSMSC give zmogu Pay naykraschy varіant transported vantazhіv s dekіlkoh punktіv postachannya in dekіlka punktіv priznachennya (spozhivannya) zabezpechuyuchi naymenshі sumarnі vitrati, pov'yazanі s virobnitstvom i transportuvannyam virobіv. For tsogo vivchaєtsya potuzhnіst skin klієntіv s (i postachalnikіv spozhivachіv).

Obirayuchi methodological virіshennya the agriculture zavdan, pochinayut s viznachennya permissible Pochatkova rіshennya, optimіzuyuchi yogo s hour. When analіzі transportnoї problemi viznachayut potuzhnіst skin postachalnika i require skin spozhivacha and takozh on vitrati transported od vіdpravnika skin to skin otrimuvacha. Vikoristovuyut rule "pіvnіchno-zahіdnogo Kuta" dotrimuyuchis such vimog:

1) vitratiti usyu potuzhnіst dzherela postachannya;

2) require skin zadovolniti spozhivacha warehouse;

3) perevіriti, chi OAO All require zadovolenі.

Vikoristovuyuchi matrix method, viznachayut іndeksi okremih klіtin. Yakscho values ​​usіh іndeksіv zbіlshuєtsya abo dorіvnyuє zero oznachaє Tse, scho mozhlive optimally rіshennya, z'yavlyaєtsya mozhlivіst polіpshennya rіshennya i zmenshennya sumarno vitrat transported.

Іsnuє takozh MODІ method (modifіkovany rozpodіlchy) for Yakima rozrahovuyut mozhlivіst pokraschannya rіshennya іndeksіv for kozhnoї nevikoristanoї klіtini.

Vikoristannya MODІ method pochinaєtsya s Pochatkova rіshennya, otrimanogo zgіdno s rule "pіvnіchno-zahіdnogo Kuta" if viznachayut znachuschіst cutaneous row i kozhnoї columns (rows poznachimo - R 1, the R 2, the R 3; ...; Ri, column - K 1; K 2; K 3, ...; Kj),

de R i - otsіnka row i (i = 1, m), Kj - otsіnka column j (j = 1, n), Sіj - vitrati in klіtinі іj (vitrati carried on for priznachennyam dzherela s).

MODІ method skladaєtsya s p'yati krokіv:

1. Rozrahuvannya otsіnki for dermal row i column in viglyadі Ri + Kj = Sіj, tіlki for quiet klіtin, kotrі poslіdovno vikoristovuyutsya abo zaynyatі. Napriklad, if klіtina znahoditsya peretinі to order 2 i columns 1, Won formuє otsіnochny nabіr R 2 + K 1 = C 21.

2. Coley vipisanі usі rіvnyannya, viznachayut R 1 = 0.

3. Virіshennya Sistemi rіvnyan for usіh R - K i -otsіnok.

4. Vіdbіr naybіlshogo for the absolute value of the negative іndeksa i prodovzhennya virіshennya zavdannya, vikoristovuyuchi method poslіdovnogo rіshennya.

The problem rozpodіlu, tobto delivery product spozhivachu, vzagalі peredbachaє virіshennya i problemi rozmіschennya virobnitstva, oskіlki deprivation in tsomu razі mozhna Know system rozpodіlu dіysno s mіnіmumom vitrat.

rozpodіlu System i mіnіmum vitrat on її funktsіonuvannya oposeredkovano will zabezpechuvati usі delivery of mіnіmalny termіn scho Yea neobhіdnoyu minds funktsіonuvannya System principle lіnіynogo programuvannya. When peremіschennі Vantage, scho for rozmіrami vіdpovіdaє popitu in chasі, appeared principle lіnіynogo programuvannya bude realnіshoyu, oskіlki system funktsіonuvatime on rіvnі mіnіmalnih zapasіv.

Usі tsі methodical shaping can Buti vikoristanі for rіznih vidіv Transport (Zaliznicnovo, avtomobіlnogo, water). For avtomobіlnogo Transport vazhlivy vibіr not tіlki ratsіonalnogo directly transported, and d їh obsyagu. For viznachennya ratsіonalnogo obsyagu transported vivchayut virobnichu dіyalnіst postachalnikіv, їh zv'yazki that іn.

Vantazhopotokom on transportі nazivayut vantazhіv Quantity in tonnes transported in one napryamі for viznacheny termіn hour. Vіn skladaєtsya s rіznih vantazhіv structure yakih podіlyaєtsya on galuzevu, grupovogo that species.

For vivchennya vantazhopotoku on avtomobіlnomu transportі skladayut shlyahovі tablitsі in Cauterets viznachayut vzaєmodіyu mіzh vantazhovіdpravnikami i vantazhootrimuvachami. Napriklad:

tABLE 4

Grafіchno vantazhopotoki shaping can Buti navedenі in viglyadі epyur, abo kartogram schemes.

Rozglyanemo pobudovu epyur vantazhopotoku on avtomobіlnomu transportі. Epyuru buduyut in coordinates obsyagu transported Q (t), vіdstanі L (km). Q value vіdkladayut on vіsі coordinates, L - on vіsі abscissa vіdpovіdno to obranogo scale. Epyura Got Straight i zvorotny eg Ruhu vantazhіv. Chat directly viznachaєtsya one Yakima slіduє naybіlsha Quantity vantazhіv. Vіdnoshennya rozmіru vantazhopotoku in direct napryamі to rozmіru vantazhopotoku in zvorotnomu napryamі Got titles koefіtsієnta neprіvnovagi vantazhopotoku for directly. Obsyag Vantage, Cauterets peremіschuєtsya in direct napryamі, vіdkladayut od vіdmіtki zero, and zvorotnomu - down od neї. To drain induced in the Table. 4, directly eg:

DA = BA + CA + CB + DA + DC,

zvorotny:

A D = AB + AC + A D + BC + D + B C D.

Koefіtsієnt nerіvnovagi vantazhopotokіv:

G = Q pr / Q areas.

Pobudova epyur pochinaєtsya Zi values vantazhopotokіv, kotrі peremіschuyutsya od step D, tobto naybіlsh od distant point A. Potіm vіdkladayut values vantazhopotoku, Cauterets ruhaєtsya s point C to A. Podіbnim rank vіdkladayut i values ​​іnshih vantazhopotokіv. Lower Chastina epyuri buduєtsya have Taqiy same sposіb, yak i the top. Otrimana epyura Got viglyad grafіchnogo The images vantazhopotokіv on viznachenіy dіlyantsі high road. Zagalny viglyad epyuri Mauger Buti so:

Fig. 51. Epyura vantazhopotokіv

Umovnі poznachennya

L - vіdstanі transported mіzh points;

L 1 - A i B;

L 3 - C i D.

Epyuri vantazhopotokіv give mozhlivіst viznachiti Quantity Vantage, Cauterets vіdpravlyayut s skin item pributtya i primіnyayuchogo; obsyag vantazhoobіg transported i on i on kozhnіy dіlnitsі vsіy kolії; serednyu vіdstan transported vantazhіv. Pong takozh dopomagayut viyaviti neratsіonalnі operatsії transported, tobto transported odnakovogo Vantage in zustrіchnih directly.

Vantazhopotoki shaping can Buti podanі th at viglyadі scheme. For tsogo vikoristovuєtsya map of the area transported s application to nіy points abo mіkrorayonami vіdpravlennya i priznachennya Vantage (vantazhoutvoryuyuchі chi vantazhopoglinayuchі points). Map of the area carried dіlyat into squares poslіdovnim s application to rіvnіy vіdstanі vzaєmoperpendikulyarnih lіnіy. Otrimanі such rank squares kodiruyutsya in letter-tsifrovіy sistemі (on zrazok shahovoї planks) for gorizontalі - lіteri at vertikalі - digits. Vihodyachi s kіlkostі tons Vantage, Cauterets pіdlyagaє transported s punktіv vіdpravlennya in paragraph priznachennya, i obirayut scale vіdpovіdno to Demba causing lіnіyami viznachenoї Shirini poznachki scho oznachayut vantazhopotoki. Vantazhopotoki mozhut zobrazhatisya in viglyadі kartogrami. Kartograma - tse grafіchne The images vantazhopotoku on kartі zgіdno s dіysnim peremіschennyam vantazhіv.

Zavdyaki schemes that epyuram stvoryuyut naochnі schemes carried mіzh points vіdpravlennya i priznachennya vantazhіv, viznachayut transport robot, ratsіonalne rozmіschennya zupinok road vehicles, dwellers neproduktivnі probіgi s garage to the Georeferencing Robot i have zvorotnomu napryamі boule mіnіmalnimi.

Postachayuchi Vantage spozhivachevі neobhіdno vrahovuvati minds delivery vihodyachi s of scho Vantage - product virobnitstva (sirovina, napіvfabrikati ready Produkciya) priynyaty for transported.

Sukupnіst vlastivostey Vantage, viznachenih minds i tehnіki transported, perevantazhennya i zberezhennya, Got titles transportnoї characteristics Vantage. Feature Vantage - tse zberezhennya mode sposіb pakuvannya, perevantazhennya i transported, junction of two physical-hіmіchnі vlastivostі, rozmіri, ob'єm, masa i form for pred'yavlennya transported.

Sposіb transportuvannya, vantazhno-rozvantazhuvalnі mehanіzmi and takozh type vagonіv, ship avtomobіlya, zberezhennya Vantage mode, come s tehnіki Bezpeka Bezpeka i pozhezhnoї viznachayut for the junction of two physical-hіmіchnimi vlastivostyami Vantage i Form pred'yavlennya Yogo for transported. W urahuvannyam Especially vantazhіv stvoryuyut vіdpovіdnі Vantazhni pristroї i transportnі zasobi.

Transported avtomobіlnim transport Mauger Buti organіzovano for with such a scheme (Fig. 52).

Fig. 53. The structure of the processes carried Vantage

Fig. 54. The structure of the processes carried Vantage in mіzhderzhavnomu spoluchennі

Ostannіmi rokami duzhe little uwagi pridіlyali plіchovim transported, Hoca їh vikoristannya daє zmogu priskoriti delivery Vantage, maintained upstream vikoristati Rukhs warehouse skorotiti vitrati carried on (Scheme 2).

According sutі, usі navedenі schemes carried Je logіstichnimi lantsyuzhkami on yakih peremіschuєtsya materіalny potіk.

Structure transported Vantage in mіzhregіonalnomu i regіonalnomu spoluchennі Mauger mother Taqiy viglyad (Fig. 53, 54).